The Junggar Khanate (Tibetan : ཇུན་གར།; Uygur : جوڭغار), is the leader of the Junggar tribe (a branch of the Oirat region) Galdan defeated the leader of the Oirat alliance After Eqirtu Khan , the monarchy was established after gradually changing the loose alliance system into a centralized political power system.
Galdan officially established a khanate in 1678 by elevating the Taiji status of the Junggar leader to the Khan King status.
Because in 1635 the leader of the Oirat alliance Gushi Khan sent envoys to submit to Houjin , and in 1646 the leaders of the Oirat tribes jointly submitted to the Qing Dynasty , Galdan changed the master-slave relationship between the Oirat and the Qing Dynasty, marking the Oirat Mongolia is re-independent.
Junggar and the Qing Dynasty
Junggar tribe (history)
During this period, its leader was " Taiji", whose status was lower than that of Khan, let alone a khanate (Khan is divided into two levels: tribal khan and national khan)
Junggar was and The conflict between the Oira tribe in the Ming Dynasty, and later the Oara tribe moved westward and split under the attack of the rising Mongolian Tatar tribe. In history, it was also called the Oirat tribe, and was divided into the Junggar tribe below. Part , and Shuote part , Torgut part and Durbot part four parts, also known as Mosi Oirat. The area under the jurisdiction of extends to the upper reaches of the Irtysh River, Ob River, Yenisey River in the north, to the Tianshan Mountains in the south, to the Tianshan Mountains in the east, to the dividing line between Altai Mountains and Mongolia Hangai Mountains in the west. Package Balkhash Lake region.
In the seventeenth century, the Junggar tribe became stronger and oppressed the Torgut tribe to the west, causing it, part of the Durbot tribe and the Heshuote tribe to be forced to move to the lower reaches of the Volga River . Press the Dulbert tribe to the east, seize its territory, and force it to contain Qing Dynasty . And attempted to annex Heshuo Special Department and invade Qinghai . The Junggar tribe also defeated the Kazakhs, crossed the Tianshan Mountains and conquered the Chagatai Khan and the Islamist factions, the White Mountain and Black Mountain factions, flying soldiers to Lhasa, and Ling Sheng to Tibet. Finally the powerful Junggar Khanate was established.
In 1634, the leader of Junggar tribe, Hara Hula, passed away. His son, Batur, became the leader. He expanded the territory and built his own city in Boxer (today's Boxer Mongolian Autonomous County) in 1638. In 1640, he participated in the formulation of the "Khalkha-Oirat Code".
Batur, known as Batur Hutaiji , repelled Russian aggression twice in a row, forcing Russia to recognize the Junggar Khanate , and the two countries traded with each other. Previously Houjin had changed the country's name to Qing in 1636.
In 1648, Batur Hutaiji ordered Lama Zanyabandida to transform the past Mongolian script into "Tuoqin" text, which was used as the unified text of Junggar.
returned to the Qing Dynasty
In the third year of Shunzhi (1646), 22 leaders of various tribes in the Oirat (including the Junggar tribe) jointly paid tribute. The Qing court granted them armor bows and arrows, and ordered them to take charge of the tribes - confirming the relationship of sovereignty. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Xinjiang and other places were officially included in the Qing Dynasty's sovereign territory (it had not been "ordered to rule" in 1635, and there was no such formal confirmatory authorization relationship) . Therefore, Galdan fought against the Qing Dynasty, which was a rebellion in terms of relationship.
Overview of Junggar
Defeat the leader
In the early Qing Dynasty, the Oirat in the Western Regions had a loose alliance. The Oirat was a group of northern ethnic groups that belonged to the Mongolian during the Genghis Khan period (the article in the "Mongolian- Oirat Code " also juxtaposes the Mongolian and Oirat concept) , and the Shuote chief clan ( Gushi Khan's ancestors) are descendants of Genghis Khan's younger brother, so they have a higher status, serves as the leader of the Oirat alliance.
In 1636, Heshuote leader and leader of Oirat Gushi Khan sent an envoy to express his submission to Houjin .
When Gushi Khan went to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to develop in 1637, he handed over the position of leader of Heshuote and leader of the Oirat alliance to his eldest nephew Oqiltu Khan.
1675-1676 The leader of the Junggar tribe Galdan sent troops to defeat the leader Ozil Tuhan, turning the loose alliance of the Oirat tribes into a regime where Junggar monopolized power, the Junggar Khanate.
Establishment of the Khanate
In 1678, Galdan received the title of "Galdan Boshu Ketu Khan" given by the fifth Dalai Lama. To this end, Galdan Boshu Ketu Khan held a grand ceremony, and Khalkha Zhasak Tuhan Chenggun also came to participate. The Junggar Khanate was formed in this way..
Conquered everywhere
Galdan was deeply influenced by Lamaism , and always wanted to establish a Junggar Empire with Lamaism as the state religion.
Therefore, his first step was to lead his troops to destroy the Yarkand Khanate in 1678. At the same time, he also used troops to Kazakhstan to consolidate his rule there. When he cleared all obstacles and prepared to implement his plan, he sown the seeds of his future defeat because of his suspicion: as time passed, Sengge's three sons have grown up, especially the eldest son Cewangala. Butan was even more heroic. According to Junggar law, Cewang Alabutan should be the legal heir to the position of leader of the Junggar tribe. Galdan gradually suppressed Cewang Alabutan in order to avoid losing power.
In 1688, assassinated his brother Sonobu Alabutan. This made Cewang Alabutan feel that his own safety could not be guaranteed, so he led 5,000 tribesmen and fled to accompanied by 7 old Sengge ministers. The area around the Bortala River is recuperated.
Overview of the territory of the Qing Dynasty after the recovery of Junggar
Attack on Eastern Mongolia
Galdan did not take Cewang Alabutan seriously. After conquering the western Kazakh Khanate , he gathered troops and fought with the central government of the Qing Dynasty. The original Monan , Mobei , in 1690, invaded Khalkha, marched eastward, went straight to Ujimqin, and then turned around, and near Chifeng Ulanbutong goes south.
Against the Qing Dynasty
In 1688, the Junggar army invaded Mobei. The Chechen tribe of the Khalkha Tuxie Tube and others failed in the battle, so they fled into Inner Mongolia and surrendered to the Qing Empire. Galdan led his army to pursue and enter Inner Mongolia in 1690.
The leaders of the Khalkha tribes could not resist, so they jointly asked Emperor Kangxi for help. Aixinjueluo Xuanye led the Qing army to a decisive battle with Galdan's Junggar army in Ulanbutong. Although Galdan was brave and good at fighting and invented the famous "Camel City" tactics, he was still defeated by the Qing army equipped with heavy artillery in the Battle of Ulanbutong.
Galdan's death
Galdan, who had withdrawn to his base, was trapped in a attack by two powerful enemies, but he believed that as long as he defeated the Qing army and opened up his own passage to the east, Cewang Alabutan was not worth mentioning.
So, in 1695, Galdan once again marched into Khalkha. At this time, Khalkha had been occupied by the Qing Dynasty. Kangxi once again went on the expedition himself. Galdan was determined to win, but at this time his strength was different from that of last time. It was already much worse than before, but Kangxi gathered more troops to completely eliminate him. The two armies went through an extremely brutal war, and Galdan's concubine Anu also died in the battle. In the end, his 30,000 cavalry could not defeat Kangxi's 200,000 army, and they were defeated.
At this time, Cewan Alabutan seized the Hami under his control and cut off his circuit. After a year of escape, that is, on March 13, 1697, , in Acha, Altai Amutatai, Galdan committed suicide by taking poison.
The fall of the Khanate
The reign of Cewang Alabutan and his son Galdan Cezero (1698~1745) was the heyday of the Junggar Khanate, and its territory included Uzbekistan , Xinjiang, Qinghai, the western part of the Mongolian Plateau , modern Kazakhstan , Afghanistan and other vast areas, with a population of more than 5 million, an army of 300,000, and defeated the Qing army several times.
Because Dawazi did not meet Amursana 's request to allocate his territory, the two went to war and started a war. Amursana was defeated and surrendered to the Qing Dynasty.
So the Qing Dynasty raised a large army and attacked Dawaqi from the north and south on the spring equinox in 1755.
In 1755, Amursana defected to the Qing court and served as a guide to attack the Junggar Khanate. Dawaqi led his army to resist. After dozens of battles, he was finally defeated because he was outnumbered. Dawaqi was betrayed by the Xinjiang noble Huo Jizhan. Being captured by the Qing army, the Junggar tribe lost all its members, and was ultimately unable to compete with the Qing Dynasty. Xinjiang was incorporated into the Chinese territory.
In 1759, Zhaohui led the Qing army to conquer the Tianshan South Road. At this point, the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains were merged into the territory of the Qing Empire
