Qing Xuanzong Aisin Gioro Minning (September 16, 1782-February 25, 1850), whose original name was Mianning, was changed to Minning after ascending the throne. He is the eighth emperor of the Qing Dynasty and the sixth emperor of the Qing army after entering the pass. He was the only emperor in the Qing Dynasty who inherited the throne as the eldest son. The second son of Emperor Jiaqing, and his mother was Empress Xiaoshurui, Xitala, born on September 16, 1782, the 47th year of Qianlong (1782). He died on the 14th day of the first lunar month of the 30th year of Daoguang (1850). He reigned for 30 years at the age of 69.
Aisin Gioro, Minning. In April of the 19th year of Daoguang (1839), Minning Opium War ordered Lin Zexu to ban opium trafficking in Britain and other countries to dispel cigarettes in Guangdong. In May, the British sailor killed the villager Lin Weixi, and the British consul Elliot refused to hand over the murderer, infringing on China's legal sovereignty, which is known in history as the Lin Weixi incident. In September, the British ship was provoking outside Humen, and the navy admiral Guan Tianpei led his troops to fight. In December, trade with the British was stopped, and Lin Zexu was appointed as the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi.
In the first month of the 20th year of Daoguang (1840), the Empress Niu Hulu passed away, and the emperor named him "Xiaoquan", and his son Yizhu was raised by Concubine Jing. In May, the British fleet gathered on the sea surface of Guangdong. The First Opium War broke out. Lin Zexu was in close defense, and the British army had no obstacles to take advantage of. In June, the British army invaded Dinghai in the north, massacred and occupied Dinghai. In July, the British army arrived directly in Tianjin, and the governor of Zhili, Qishan, and Elliot met with talks at Dagukou, and Qishan compromised with the British. Forced by the British army, Minning actually handed Lin Zexu and Deng Tingzhen to the Military Affairs Office for strict discussion. In September, Lin Zexu and Deng Tingzhen were dismissed and appointed as the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi as Qishan. In December, Qishan made an arbitrarily contract with Elliot to " wear a straw ", privately allowing Hong Kong to be ceased, Guangzhou open to compensation for tobacco prices.
In the first month of the 21st year of Daoguang (1841), the British army captured the Shajiao and Dajiao Forts of Humen, and Minning was forced to issue an edict to declare war on the British army. He sent Yishan as General Jing Ni to Guangdong to preside over the war. In February, the British army invaded Humen, Guangdong, causing the Humen naval battle, and Guan Tianpei died in the battle. Because of compromise and concessions in negotiations with the British, he seized the position of Qishan's Grand Secretary, arrested him and was arrested and transferred to his family. In May, the signing of the Guangzhou Peace Treaty aroused righteous indignation among the people of Guangzhou. The people of Sanyuanli, Guangzhou rose up to fight against Britain. In May of the 22nd year of Daoguang (1842), the British army captured the Wusong Fortress of the Yangtze River, and the Jiangnan Admiral Chen Huacheng died in a fierce battle and Shanghai fell. In July, British warships invaded the Nanjing River. The imperial envoy Qiying negotiated with the British ambassador to China on the British ship on the Nanjing River and agreed to all the terms proposed by the British side. Minning ratified the Sino-British Treaty of Jiangning (i.e., the " Nanjing Treaty ") and agreed to cede land, pay compensation, and five-port trading. The Treaty of Nanjing has thirteen articles, including China: (1) ceding Hong Kong Island;
(2) compensate the UK for opium prices, commercial arrears and military expenses of 21 million silver dollars;
(3) Five ports are traded, opening up the five trading ports of Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen , Ningbo , and Shanghai as trading ports, allowing British people to live and set up consulates;
(4) agree on tariffs, British merchants should pay import and export goods taxes and fees, and Chinese customs have no right to be independent;
(5) abolish the public system and allow British merchants to trade free trade in China, etc.
In addition, it also stipulates that officials from both sides exchange equal exchanges, release of the other side's military and civilians, and withdrawal of British troops.
This is the rough process of the Opium War.
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Comparison of military strength between China and Britain: First of all, China only had an army but no navy during the Opium War. This is the original sentence of " Qing History Draft " "Qing History Draft 11 Soldiers Seven" China initially had no navy. Since the Daoguang year, there has been a discussion on purchasing ships and foreign navy. The 113th and 9th army, the country's first coastal defense was only prepared for pirates. Since the sea ban in Daoguang has been opened, the situation has changed and the coastal defense has become more and more serious. "The army has the Eight Banners Green Camp Township Army Defense Army (ethnic minority), and the National Army is a professional army. In addition to Eight Banners and Border Green Camp, the Qing army is just a police force, and it mainly focuses on police functions. Even if there are military operations, it is mainly focused on fighting bandits.Since the Napoleon era, the British army has been fighting against strong countries and strong troops. They fought against regular countries and strong soldiers. At that time, Britain was even more powerful than the United States today. At that time, British Army was an upgraded version of the French army in Napoleon's era. The improved version of the Ming army two hundred years ago was even worse than that of the Ming army, because the Ming army must have fought with the regular army (the Qing army and Li Zicheng army had evolved into an anti-government army. The Western army was guided by " War Discussion " at that time. "War Discussion" was a summary of the French Napoleon's army. Napoleon was a world-class military strategist before Mao Xi after Genghis Khan. There are many reasons why the Western world can become the leader of modern industrial civilization, but Napoleon's personal ability is also a reason. During the Opium War, the Western army used Napoleon's army as the object of learning. The fifth chapter of the Army Chapter 4 of the Army: The proportion of different arms: Battle It is composed of two fundamentally different parts, firepower warfare and hand-to-hand combat (or single combat). The latter may be offensive or defense. Here it is proposed as two elements, which should be understood as completely absolute offensive and defense. The artillery is obviously able to play a role through firepower warfare. The cavalry only plays a role through single, and the infantry plays a role through two channels: "The above paragraph at least shows that the two armies have separated firepower warfare from hand-to-hand combat, emphasizing the coordinated combat of infantry artillery and cavalry. Our army I quoted "The History of Qing Dynasty 140 Soldiers Ten" in the first year of Daoguang, and all armies can be spear-ribbed and not specialized in horse rifles: "In the first year of Daoguang, Napoleonic War has ended, and our army is still emphasizing cold weapon combat. At that time, the gun pointed to the Red Tassel Gun at that time. The rifle was called a gun.
Qing army's gun lift
Navy comparison, if we say that the British army can still fight, the navy may not even fight, at that time British navy defeated Spain's Invincible Fleet , French Napoleon French Navy . At that time, the Age of Discovery ended the global colonial expansion of the British Navy. The British Navy was able to navigate and fight all over the world. This was a proof of its strength. The Qing army could only fight with the pirates on the coast and could not defeat them. Most of them were through the method of recruitment. The first line is a Qing fan, not a Ming fan. I always think that the Qing Dynasty is better than the Ming Dynasty, but the navy is honest, at least before the Westernization Movement, the Ming Dynasty's navy was stronger than the Qing Dynasty's navy. The Ming Dynasty's navy was at most the Dutch navy at that time. The Dutch navy was defeated by the British navy for two hundred years. The Qing navy defeated the British fleet was equivalent to the modern US Navy attacking the French fleet two hundred years ago. Let’s talk about the comparison of troops. The largest warship in China at that time was called the Dahengyangsuo, which was eight feet long (27.33 meters) and two feet wide (8.67 meters). Western warships were divided into six-level first, second and third-level warships called battleship , and the one behind was called cruiser , and the last six-level ship was 125 feet long (38.1 meters long). Specifically, during the Sino-British Opium War, the British army had four steam warships, the most famous of which was the Goddess of Nemesis, with a displacement of 660 tons, a length of 56.1 meters, a width of 8.8 meters, and a draft of 1.8 meters: 2 32-pound cannons, 4 6-pound cannons, a Congreve rocket launcher launcher, and a crew of 90 people was still an iron-shelled ship (the iron-shelled ship is not an iron-clad ship, but a wooden warship wrapped a layer of iron shell). The Qing army's warships were all wooden without iron shells. There is not even a hundred tons. The big serpent I just mentioned is just the best. There are very few such professional warships. Most of them are better merchant ships or even fishing boats equipped with cannons. This difference is not like the Yamato that is not equipped with radar and missile and the Aegis warship with modern information equipment. And it is not the Yamato but the Xuefeng. Only if you can fight it will be a ghost.
