Outer Mongolia As a country sandwiched between my country and Russia, it has always been easy for people to ignore its existence. It seems to be very peace-loving. However, as a country that has been inextricably linked to our country in history, Outer Mongolia is not without ambitions.
What the editor will tell you today is the only battle between our country and Outer Mongolia, the Battle of Beitashan.
This battle, was the first and only battle after Outer Mongolia became independent from China. They were instigated by the Soviet Union and wanted to take advantage of the opportunity they had just gained independence to launch an invasion of China.
Battle of Beita Mountain
So in 1947, Outer Mongolia brazenly launched an invasion of our country's Beita Mountain area, attempted to invade our country's territory from here, no one expected that the seemingly honest and honest Outer Mongolia would take the initiative to initiate this war, and accepted the Soviet Union's
However, our country's border guards were not vegetarians. Even though Outer Mongolia's offensive was very fierce with the support of the Soviet Union, our soldiers still repelled them, protecting the integrity of our country's territory. sex.
Although this battle was initiated by Mongolia , they were defeated one after another under the offensive of our defenders. The original ambition to invade was gradually lost in the fierce battle, and no longer dared to What bad intentions do you have towards our country?
Outer Mongolia now
So why did Outer Mongolia become independent? Why did they invade China? How did our country's soldiers guarding the border repel them?
welcomes everyone to todayās brief discussion of history. If you in front of the screen are interested in this period of history, you can like and follow the editor. your support is very important.
China and Outer Mongolia
The reason why Mongolia is called Outer Mongolia is because historically, it was also part of the territory of our country. Until the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Mongols had been thriving on the Mongolian Plateau .
Mongolians
In this process, even if there were objections from various Mongolian ministries, due to the strong strength of several feudal dynasties, they adopted marriage alliances and force deterrence to suppress these opposing voices. .
It is precisely because of this that all Mongolian ministries can always live in peace. During the Qing Dynasty, Mongolia had the term "Inner and Outer Mongolia", which also laid hidden dangers for future independence.
If the strength of the Qing government could continue to be strong, and not pay more attention to the Mongolian ministries, perhaps the Mongolian independence elements would not cause too much trouble, but history has not been like this. Because of the isolation of the country in the late Qing Dynasty, our country gradually derailed from the world, and the country The strength is greatly reduced.
Opium War
After the Opium War in 1840, our country signed an unequal treaty with Britain. , induced and forced the Qing government to sign the "Secret Treaty between China and Russia", which shows the corruption of the Qing government.
Faced with the weak and incompetent Qing government, the independent elements in various Mongolian ministries were even more dissatisfied with being ruled. So they took advantage of the chaos and began to make troubles to establish themselves as kings. wanted to break away from the control of the Qing government.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the Qing government had become existential in name only under the oppression of the great powers, and the Tsarist Russian government, which had always had designs on Mongolia, also began to incite Mongolian independence elements to cause trouble.
Revolution of 1911
After the Revolution of 1911 in 1911, the feudal monarchy system that had existed in China for more than two thousand years came to an end completely. However, the series of unequal treaties signed by the Qing government and foreign powers did not end with the fall of the Qing government. Disappeared, The great powers of various countries also want to obtain greater benefits from the newly established Republic of China.
The Independence of Outer Mongolia
Just when the Republic of China was in dire straits, on February 15, 1912, under the secret instigation of Tsarist Russia, Outer Mongolia officially declared its independence.
Although the situation was chaotic at the time, the National Government was busy stabilizing the domestic warlords' melee situation. At the same time, it had to always be wary of other countries' aggression against our country. Even if it knew that the shadow of the Tsarist Russian government was behind this incident, it could not do it because of its strength. What to do, but the Nationalist Government does not recognize the independence of Outer Mongolia.
China during the Warlords Period
Although the Beiyang Warlords at that time did not dare to do anything to Tsarist Russia, but in order to eliminate the restless factors in the Mongolian region, took back the power of independent management of the Mongolian region, so they sent General Xu Shuzheng Go to pacify Mongolia.
After this, the independent elements in Outer Mongolia were suppressed by General Xu, independence was hindered, and the Mongolian region once again came under the rule of China.
The good times did not last long, and the partisan struggle between the National Government intensified. In order to stabilize the situation, General Xu was recalled to Beijing. Outer Mongolia, which had never given up its independence, also had a chance to breathe, and received more support from the Soviet Union.
Xu Shuzheng
924, Under the leadership of the independent activist Qiao Bashan, With the continuous help of the Soviet Union, Outer Mongolia once again officially declared independence and established the Mongolian People's Republic. The Soviet Union also extended support to the newly established Mongolia. The ministry dispatched garrison troops, euphemistically called military assistance.However, at this time, the Nationalist Government had already fallen into a warlord melee situation. could not spare the time to intervene in the independence of Outer Mongolia. could only let it develop.
In 1945, the Yalta Conference was held, the United States, the Soviet Union and Britain met. The "Big Three" who were quite influential in the world at the time officially put the independence of Outer Mongolia on the table.
Yalta Conference
Outer Mongolia, which had been in private contact with the Soviet Union, also launched a "public voting election". hoped to take this opportunity to formally become independent. The results showed that those who participated in the vote were willing to have Outer Mongolia become independent from China.
And Chiang Kai-shek In order to establish friendly relations with the Soviet Union, After some thinking, Outer Mongolia officially recognized the independence of Outer Mongolia on January 5, 1946. This also meant that Outer Mongolia officially became an independent country. s country.
After this, Chiang Kai-shek did not take the matter of Outer Mongolia to heart. Instead, he provoked a civil war and concentrated on the domestic struggle. China and Mongolia did not establish diplomatic relations. The two countries had issues with regard to the land and borders in the border areas. The division of the lines was not clearly dealt with, which caused Outer Mongolia to frequently cause trouble on the border.
Chiang Kai-shek
However, Chiang Kai-shek still did not pay attention to this problem. He only sent cavalry to the local area when problems occurred at the border and strengthened border patrols, and did not do anything extra.
The ambitions of Outer Mongolia have long been obvious during the many invasions of my country's Xinjiang region by after the Revolution of 1911. Beita Mountain is a major invasion site.
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A certain tribe in Outer Mongolia
Beita Mountain
Speaking of the origin of the name Beita Mountain, we have to trace it back to a Swede named Leonard in the early 18th century. At that time, Leonard was in Russia and Sweden He was captured during the war and began to work for Russia. He also drew maps of Siberia and some mining areas.
But then Leonard was captured by Junggar people, and drew a map of their country for them. On this slightly rough map, the place name Beita Mountain appeared for the first time.
In addition, Beita Mountain was also called " worship mountain " on early Chinese maps, meaning an independent mountain. Because of its unique geographical location and name, Outer Mongolia has been coveting this place for a long time.
Morning fog in Beita Mountain
Beita Mountain is now the boundary mountain between my country and southwestern Mongolia. It is adjacent to the Altai Mountains to the north and the Junggar Basin to the south. It is located in the northeast of Xinjiang. It has been inherent in our country since ancient times. territory.
Due to its special geographical location, the Beita Mountain area has an unshakable position in our country, because it is the only channel connecting northern Xinjiang to the Altai Mountains.
If this area is occupied by Outer Mongolia, then they can rely on Beita Mountain to invade Zhenxi and Qitai in Xinjiang. Once it develops to this point, Xinjiang will be equivalent to opening the door to Outer Mongolia. my country's national security will also be threatened.
Beita Mountain
The almost abandoned Beita Mountain
is such a very important area. was once abandoned during the warlord war period mentioned above. Because Outer Mongolia wanted to be independent and frequently caused trouble, the Republic of China government once wanted to Border areas such as Altay should be abandoned.
The Republic of China government planned to concentrate on guarding the Central Plains region, but this idea was opposed by Yang Zengxin, the first governor of Xinjiang . In Yang Zengxin's view, in order to stabilize the chaos in Xinjiang, Altay must be preserved. Keep the country's territory intact and not divided.
It was precisely because of Yang Zengxin's persistence that the Republic of China government did not abandon the border areas. In order to take into account the situation in Xinjiang, after that, the Altay region was no longer directly under the central government, but belonged to the Xinjiang region.
Altay
Mongolia has always wanted to invade the Xinjiang region and launched several wars, but they were all repelled by the garrison in Xinjiang, so they have never succeeded. Outer Mongolia has also temporarily died down, The Soviet Union also came second because of The outbreak of World War II had no time to pay attention to the situation in Mongolia.
After the Anti-Japanese War ended, the Soviet Union continued to help Mongolia, supporting their encroachment on my country's Xinjiang region.
Crossing the border
In February 1947, the top commander of the troops stationed in Xinjiang at that time was Song Lian. As the domestic situation was not stable, border-related issues could only be solved by Xinjiang itself.
Ma Xizhen
At that time, Mongolia sent a team of more than 2,000 people to the Beita Mountain area. In order to find out Mongolia's purpose and protect the security of our border, Song Lian sent Ma Xizhen to lead a cavalry company to the final site of Beita Mountain. Stationed at the peak.
After Ma Xizhen and the soldiers of the company went up the mountain, they immediately used the wood, stones and other materials on the mountain to build a position on Beita Mountain and patrolled alternately to prevent the invasion of troops from Outer Mongolia.
In May, the Mongolian army began to march towards the southern region of Beita Mountain with a large number of war horses, cattle, sheep and other livestock. In the process, Ma Xizhen captured several Mongolian soldiers who crossed the border. , and reported it to superiors.
War scenes
In June of this year, two border guards from Outer Mongolia came to the Wo Army's station in Beita Mountain wearing regular uniforms and wanted to meet the commander of the army. After meeting with Company Commander Ma, they said , this is the territory of our own country.
Strongly demanded that Captain Ma and the others must leave here within the specified time, and release the two soldiers who were captured at the beginning, otherwise Ma Xizhen would have to bear all the consequences.
Company Commander Ma immediately said it was impossible and rejected the other party's unreasonable request. The two sides launched a heated debate on this issue. Because there was no clear handover of border issues between the two countries at the beginning, so Ma Xizhen telegraphed to her superiors for instructions. Should we hold on or retreat?
Border restricted area
Because it had to be reported at all levels, it had already been more than 48 hours when this telegram arrived at the Xinjiang Security Command. What was unexpected was that Outer Mongolia actually dared to start a war.
Launched the Battle
In the early morning of June 5, 1947, Mongolia, which thought it could win with the support of the Soviet Union, directly launched an attack on Ma Xizhen's troops. Mongolia sent a battalion plus an artillery company. In the light of the fire, During the war, they also sent five aircraft with the Soviet red five-star logo to launch low-altitude strafing attacks on our troops.
What the Mongolian army did not expect was that even if it had advanced weapons and equipment from the Soviet Union, it still could not defeat our army. Under the command of Ma Xizhen, the troops relied on grenades and several light and heavy equipment to repel the attacks from Outer Mongolia again and again. .
Make a plan
By the afternoon of June 5, the Mongolian army was finally repulsed, but their artillery fire did not stop, and they were still bombing our military base until late at night.
Although the enemy was temporarily repelled, Company Commander Ma also lost 15 soldiers. Under this situation, Ma Xizhen urgently contacted her superiors to report the incident, and specifically pointed out that the Soviet Union had dispatched fighter planes. Intervene and ask for reinforcements.
After discussion, Song Lian sent a cavalry regiment, automobile company, and camel team to Beita Mountain to be responsible for support and logistics support.
Cavalry Unit
html On June 7, the Mongolian army launched another attack, attempting to attack Beita Mountain under the cover of firepower from Soviet fighter planes and artillery . However, Ma Xizhen's troops have always stood their ground. They were not frightened by the Soviet fighter planes. Instead, they became more morale, holding steel guns in their hands, and struggled to drive these invaders out of China.The sound of artillery fire during the war also attracted the attention of the ethnic minorities living near Beita Mountain. They also had their own armed forces. Under the command of the leader Usman, they rushed directly into the positions of the Outer Mongolian army. fought.
And the leader single-handedly broke into the heavy machine gun position of the Outer Mongolian Army. He raised his knife and fell, directly hacked two machine gunners to death, grabbed a heavy machine gun.
Crossing the river
The Outer Mongolian army was attacked from both sides and was in chaos. They wanted to break through forcefully. But the supporting troops had already arrived. Our army launched a counterattack. The Outer Mongolian army was already tired and unable to resist. They could only fight and retreat, entering In the high mountains north of Beita Mountain.
Although our side also suffered damage in this battle, the Outer Mongolian army was beaten and fled. A large number of weapons and equipment were left behind on the battlefield and there was no time to take them away.
Soviet participation
While cleaning up the battlefield, Chinese soldiers discovered some documents that the Mongolian army had no time to take away. They included important documents such as the battle plan. After translation, they learned that this attack was requested by the Soviet Union. .
Soviet army documents
pointed out that the Soviet Union required the Outer Mongolian army to capture Beita Mountain, so that it could cooperate with the armed forces in northern Xinjiang to launch attacks on the southern region.
The Soviet Union, which was hiding behind, finally showed its "fox tail". The National Government published this situation in newspapers, openly expressed dissatisfaction to the Soviet Union and Mongolia, and condemned their acts of aggression. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs requested the two governments to disclose Apologize.
However, Outer Mongolia did not admit that it was invading our country's land and began to mess around. wanted to put all the blame on us. even said that the Chinese army had invaded Mongolia.
Soviet fighter planes
Not to mention the actions of Outer Mongolia, Chiang Kai-shek was caught in a tangle at this time. Because the Kuomintang suffered heavy losses during the civil war between the two parties, it was unable to take into account the war situation in Xinjiang; and he was worried about the Soviet Union's Participation will make things worse and directly use Outer Mongolia to separate the Xinjiang region from our country.
In this entanglement, Chiang Kai-shek did not come up with any good solutions. could only give orders to the troops stationed in Xinjiang, requiring them to continuously strengthen their vigilance and strictly guard against foreign invasion.
Although Mongolia did not gain much benefit from its last attack, they did not give up the attack on Beita Mountain. Mongolia had already lost itself under the support of the Soviet Union. It felt that with the Soviet Union as its back, it could Successfully repulsed our soldiers.
read out the battle plan
start the war again
Against this background, after a short rest, the Mongolian army soon launched another attack.
htmlOn June 9, the Mongolian army sent people to bring back the bodies of those who died on the battlefield, but they always stayed in front of the positions built by the Chinese defenders and did not leave for a long time. The Chinese defenders used them The gunfire dispersed.On June 15, the Outer Mongolian Army dispatched a cavalry company. Under the cover of tanks and armored vehicles provided by the Soviet Union, started a fierce battle with the Chinese army for more than an hour. Both sides suffered varying degrees of damage. The Outer Mongolian army was still repelled by our army.
Precious images
Two days later, The Outer Mongolian army used artillery and tanks again. They began to fire at our army's positions, but they were still repelled by our army. This was still the case three days later.
Seeing that the combat effectiveness of the Outer Mongolian Army was no match for the Chinese defenders, they did not show any advantage despite repeated attacks. The Soviet Union, the biggest supporter behind Mongolia, provided a large number of weapons to the Outer Mongolian Army. Let them continue Launch an attack.
On June 26, the Outer Mongolian Army, under the cover of fighter planes provided by the Soviet Union, launched another attack on Beita Mountain. This time it lasted about half a day, the Outer Mongolian Army was exhausted, and retreated again.
Soviet Air Force
One day later, the Outer Mongolian army launched another attack under dozens of artillery provided by the Soviet Union. Unfortunately, the combat effectiveness of these Outer Mongolian troops was too low, and was repelled again by the Chinese defenders.
On July 3, a large number of aircraft and artillery dropped a large number of artillery shells on our army's positions. Under the continuous artillery fire offensive, our army soldiers held their positions and did not let the enemy's cavalry and infantry troops occupy the positions. At the end.
Faced with so many defeats, Mongolia and the Soviet Union never thought that would have been an easy victory in their plan. Why was so difficult?
Chinese soldiers in the battle
The end of the battle
In 1948, the garrisons in Outer Mongolia and Xinjiang fought dozens of small-scale battles, but they all ended in defeat in Outer Mongolia. It was not until September of this year that the two sides were completely defeated. The exchange of fire ceased.
After Mongolia announced its withdrawal, the 1st Cavalry Division of the Xinjiang Garrison Command, which had been participating in the war, also received orders from its superiors to withdraw its troops at the end of autumn, and then hand over the Beita Mountain defense area with the Border Card Brigade.
The battle in Beita Mountain ended here. After that, no matter how much the Soviet Union instigated, Mongoliaās ambition to invade our country had long been eliminated with this war. It can be said that their ambitions had already seen me. The bravery and skill of the military officers and soldiers have been wiped out after that.
Tao Zhiyue
Shortly after the war ended, the overall commander of the Xinjiang garrison commander was replaced by Tao Zhiyue, and this general was not willing to guard the border, but led a group of soldiers to declare an uprising. Among them was Ma Xizhen, the 1st Cavalry Division of the 1st Cavalry Division, who made great contributions in the Battle of Beitashan, is missing.
In 1949, with Tao Zhiyue's uprising, our boss Peng commanded the First Field Army to march towards Xinjiang, advanced into the Hexi Corridor, gathered the main forces in Yumen and other places, and directly surrounded Xinjiang. .
Under this situation, Tao Zhiyue could only surrender. Since then, Xinjiang has also returned to peace, and after the founding of New China, our country established the Bayi Farm in the Beitashan area, for the soldiers stationed on the border. Provide daily supplies.
Bayi Farm
In fact, after the Beitashan War occurred after the independence of Outer Mongolia, applied to join the one-year observation period of the United Nations , However, according to the Beitashan War, our country was in the United Nations Metropolitan City, as far as Outer Mongolia was concerned. Delivered a speech on applying to join the United Nations. In
's speech, my country pointed out that Outer Mongolia attempted to occupy our territory during the Beita Mountain battle, and provided corresponding evidence to oppose Outer Mongolia's joining the United Nations. Therefore, after the United Nations' deliberations and votes, Outer Mongolia failed to join the United Nations.
The angry Mongolia wanted to launch another attack on my country's Beita Mountains, but after many failures, they no longer had the courage to dare to fight against our army, so they could only silently suffer the consequences of the war they provoked.
Mongolian yurt
After this, the relationship between China and Mongolia has been very calm. As a neighbor of China, Mongolia has witnessed the rapid development of China since then, and has felt the power of China, and hopes to cooperate with our country. Make good friends.
Not only that, Mongolia also hopes to develop trade with China to develop its own country. During the epidemic, Mongolia, which has always focused on animal husbandry, also donated 30,000 sheep to our country. Through this Support my country's anti-epidemic cause.
It can be seen that the relationship between my country and Mongolia has been very harmonious in recent years. There are no permanent friends and no permanent enemies. In the current changing international situation, Mongoliaās behavior in making good friends with my country is still very clever. of.
Sino-Mongolian relations
Our country has always been a peace-loving country, and after this battle, Outer Mongolia has never had any evil intentions. China and Outer Mongolia have developed friendly relations. Mutual benefit and win-win results. From this point on That said, there is nothing wrong with it.
The era of obtaining peace through war has quietly passed. In the current era of globalization, the economies of various countries are closely connected. Therefore, while developing military strength, it is more important for to have a presence in the global industrial chain. vigorously develops new industries and masters more core technologies, so that we can establish friendly relations with other countries and maintain peace with other countries.
Todayās talk about the only battle between China and Mongolia, the Battle of Beitashan, ends here. See you in the next issue.
