No. 1: King Zhou of Shang
The main "black" points: cruelty, uneducated, militaristic, and an eternal tyrant
The actual situation:
Regarding the evaluation of King Zhou Di Xin, some people have long questioned it. . For example, the first person to raise questions in history was Zigong, the great disciple of Confucius. In response to the phenomenon of endless smearing of Emperor Xin, he once pointed out pointedly: "The bad reputation of Emperor Xin is not as bad as this. If a gentleman lives in the lower class, all the evil in the world will go there." This means that King Zhou's bad reputation is not as good as this. As serious as the legend says. But once a gentleman thinks that someone has bad conduct, he will blame him for all the bad things in the world.
King Zhou of Shang
In one sentence, Zigong believed that Emperor Xin's notoriety was the result of accumulated destruction.
Luo Mi of the Song Dynasty also believed in "The Theory of Jie and Zhou's Many Mistakes": "The sins of Emperor Xin and Jie are exactly the same. All the sins of Jie are the sins of Emperor Xin. There is no distinction between Jie and Zhou. These are all based on imitation. "
Modern educator Feng Youlan used archeology, oracle bones and other materials to prove that Emperor Xin was a monarch with excellent martial arts. Guo Moruo once visited the ancient place of the Yin Shang Dynasty and came to a similar conclusion. Even Chairman Mao said this about King Zhou: "King Zhou was a very capable, literary and military man. He managed the southeast and consolidated the unification of Dongyi and the Central Plains, which was historically meritorious."
In fact, Emperor Xin of the Zhou Dynasty was talented, eloquent, and extremely powerful. It was said that he could fight fierce beasts with his bare hands. After inheriting the throne, he worked hard to strengthen the country, pacify Dongyi, and conquer all directions, laying the foundation of China.
Emperor Xin in the later period was indeed a bit fatuous, but it was not to the point of robbing people's hearts and wine ponds. However, The Battle of Muye ruined the great rivers and mountains of the Yin and Shang Dynasties. Of course, the Zhou royal family was extremely slanderous. Being capable of doing things, he imposed all the bad things on Di Xin. Just as Zigong said, Di Xin was smeared by others and became King Zhou!
Second place: Sima Yan, Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty
The main "black" point: passing it on to the mentally retarded, engaging in enfeoffment, leading to the chaos of the Eight Kings, and excessive debauchery.
Sima Yan
Actual situation:
Sima Yan was scolded the most for passing the throne to the idiot emperor Sima Zhong. But in fact, Sima Yan also had his own reasons. First of all, Sima Zhong was the eldest son (although Sima Zhong was the second son, the eldest son died young) and had the natural status of heir. Secondly, Sima Zhong's mother was the Yang family of Hongnong, and his wife was the Jia family of a wealthy family. The two families were very powerful in the court, and the Sima family's ability to conquer the world had a lot to do with the wealthy family. Sima Yan made Sima Zhong the prince, which not only appeased the two powerful families of Yang and Jia, but also stabilized the country's political affairs. Third, with the help of Crown Princess Jia Nanfeng, Sima Zhong did not behave hopelessly.
Sima Zhong and Jian Nanfeng
The issue of enfeoffment is a matter of opinion. Liu Bang and Zhu Yuanzhang have both done it. The direct cause of the Rebellion of the Eight Kings was Jia Nanfeng's interference in politics. If Sima Yan was blamed for this, then all disasters in the Jin Dynasty should be blamed on Sima Yi.
As for Sima Yan's excessive debauchery, it is mainly because " Yang Che Wang Xing " is too famous. In fact, there is nothing to criticize in his sexual life. At least there are no serious consequences due to his "excessive debauchery". Moreover, "looking upon the sheep's carriage" should also be a sign of harmony in the harem. Sima Yan's move was to avoid any trouble caused by competition for favor in the harem.
Yang Che Wang Xing
Generally speaking, Sima Yan did quite well during his more than 20 years in office. Militarily, he destroyed Wu Jia and pacified Qin Liang. Politically, he restandardized the law and abolished the tyranny of Cao Wei and started the system of three provinces and six ministries. The prototype, in terms of culture, was the rise of Taikang literature after Jian'an literature, and there was the definite Taikang rule .
No. 1: King Zhou of Shang
The main "black" points: cruelty, uneducated, militaristic, and an eternal tyrant
The actual situation:
Regarding the evaluation of King Zhou Di Xin, some people have long questioned it. . For example, the first person to raise questions in history was Zigong, the great disciple of Confucius. In response to the phenomenon of endless smearing of Emperor Xin, he once pointed out pointedly: "The bad reputation of Emperor Xin is not as bad as this. If a gentleman lives in the lower class, all the evil in the world will go there." This means that King Zhou's bad reputation is not as good as this. As serious as the legend says. But once a gentleman thinks that someone has bad conduct, he will blame him for all the bad things in the world.
King Zhou of Shang
In one sentence, Zigong believed that Emperor Xin's notoriety was the result of accumulated destruction.
Luo Mi of the Song Dynasty also believed in "The Theory of Jie and Zhou's Many Mistakes": "The sins of Emperor Xin and Jie are exactly the same. All the sins of Jie are the sins of Emperor Xin. There is no distinction between Jie and Zhou. These are all based on imitation. "
Modern educator Feng Youlan used archeology, oracle bones and other materials to prove that Emperor Xin was a monarch with excellent martial arts. Guo Moruo once visited the ancient place of the Yin Shang Dynasty and came to a similar conclusion. Even Chairman Mao said this about King Zhou: "King Zhou was a very capable, literary and military man. He managed the southeast and consolidated the unification of Dongyi and the Central Plains, which was historically meritorious."
In fact, Emperor Xin of the Zhou Dynasty was talented, eloquent, and extremely powerful. It was said that he could fight fierce beasts with his bare hands. After inheriting the throne, he worked hard to strengthen the country, pacify Dongyi, and conquer all directions, laying the foundation of China.
Emperor Xin in the later period was indeed a bit fatuous, but it was not to the point of robbing people's hearts and wine ponds. However, The Battle of Muye ruined the great rivers and mountains of the Yin and Shang Dynasties. Of course, the Zhou royal family was extremely slanderous. Being capable of doing things, he imposed all the bad things on Di Xin. Just as Zigong said, Di Xin was smeared by others and became King Zhou!
Second place: Sima Yan, Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty
The main "black" point: passing it on to the mentally retarded, engaging in enfeoffment, leading to the chaos of the Eight Kings, and excessive debauchery.
Sima Yan
Actual situation:
Sima Yan was scolded the most for passing the throne to the idiot emperor Sima Zhong. But in fact, Sima Yan also had his own reasons. First of all, Sima Zhong was the eldest son (although Sima Zhong was the second son, the eldest son died young) and had the natural status of heir. Secondly, Sima Zhong's mother was the Yang family of Hongnong, and his wife was the Jia family of a wealthy family. The two families were very powerful in the court, and the Sima family's ability to conquer the world had a lot to do with the wealthy family. Sima Yan made Sima Zhong the prince, which not only appeased the two powerful families of Yang and Jia, but also stabilized the country's political affairs. Third, with the help of Crown Princess Jia Nanfeng, Sima Zhong did not behave hopelessly.
Sima Zhong and Jian Nanfeng
The issue of enfeoffment is a matter of opinion. Liu Bang and Zhu Yuanzhang have both done it. The direct cause of the Rebellion of the Eight Kings was Jia Nanfeng's interference in politics. If Sima Yan was blamed for this, then all disasters in the Jin Dynasty should be blamed on Sima Yi.
As for Sima Yan's excessive debauchery, it is mainly because " Yang Che Wang Xing " is too famous. In fact, there is nothing to criticize in his sexual life. At least there are no serious consequences due to his "excessive debauchery". Moreover, "looking upon the sheep's carriage" should also be a sign of harmony in the harem. Sima Yan's move was to avoid any trouble caused by competition for favor in the harem.
Yang Che Wang Xing
Generally speaking, Sima Yan did quite well during his more than 20 years in office. Militarily, he destroyed Wu Jia and pacified Qin Liang. Politically, he restandardized the law and abolished the tyranny of Cao Wei and started the system of three provinces and six ministries. The prototype, in terms of culture, was the rise of Taikang literature after Jian'an literature, and there was the definite Taikang rule .
Although in the later period, Sima Yan was a little keen on comfort and enjoyment, so that the government was in ruins and the monarchs and ministers were rich, which felt a bit bright and dark, but compared to Li Longji, he was still on a higher level. After all, he had no Rebellions like the " Anshi Rebellion" occurred.
Sima Yan was "hacked" in fact, just like Sima Yi, he felt a bit dragged down by his unworthy descendants.
Third place: Tang Gaozong Li Zhi
Main "black" points: letting women take the upper hand and being weak
Actual situation:
The worst thing about Li Zhi is that he handed over power to Wu Zetian during his reign, making a Women were able to play a central role and control state affairs, and later they almost overturned and Li Tang.
In fact, Li Zhi's appointment to Wu Zetian was not a big mistake, whether it was for the people of the world or the progress of history. This just stems from our ancient machismo.
Li Zhi and Wu Zetian
Moreover, Li Zhi had no choice but to entrust political affairs to Wu Zetian. Li Zhi's physical condition has always been poor. Especially in his later years, "the bitter wind made his head heavy and heavy, and he could not see clearly." He had to rely on someone to handle state affairs. Moreover, Wu Zetian herself is of high quality and has many similarities with Li Zhi in handling political affairs. Wu Zetian's "accomplishing everything she did" was the main reason why she was able to gain Gaozong's trust and entrust her with the government.
Li Zhi entrusted political affairs to Wu Zetian, not just letting it go. What's more, he often asked the prince to supervise the country and handle state affairs on his behalf, instead of completely relying on Wu Zetian alone. During Gaozong's imperial career, he always handled state affairs personally as long as his health allowed. Not only was he diligent in state affairs during the Yonghui period, he went to court every day. Even in March of the first year of Hongdao (683), a few months before his death, he still paid attention to the status of the imperial prime ministers and dismissed those who bullied his uncle's family. Prime Minister Li Yiyan .
Li Zhi
Moreover, even when Li Zhi was terminally ill, he was still able to add measures to restrict Wu Zetian in the political arrangements behind him. Wu Zetian could not prevent Gaozong from making this decision. It can be said that until his death, Li Zhi still controlled the highest power.
Besides, from 660 when Wu Zetian began to participate in politics to 683 when Li Zhi died of illness, Wu Zetian's natal family was never promoted. There was even a strange phenomenon of "the queen participated in politics but had no relatives in the court." This can also be seen in the "Two Saints" Who is the head of the family?
Wu Zetian
Li Zhi has always given people the impression of being weak because he can put a woman in power, so he is naturally a weak person. In fact, everyone has misunderstood Li Zhi. He was never weak or timid in dealing with matters involving the emperor's authority and endangering the stability of the throne.
The most representative example is his handling of rebellion cases involving close relatives of the clan in the third year of Yonghui (652). At that time, Princess Gaoyang conspired with the consort Fang Yiai, Chai Lingwu, Xue Wanch, and Jing Wang Yuanjing to launch a coup. After the incident was exposed, Li Zhi decisively ordered: Fang Yiai, Xue Wanche, Chai Lingwu, etc. be beheaded, and Jing Wang Yuanjing, Jing Wang Yuanjing, Wu Wangke, Princess Baling, etc. committed suicide. At the same time, a large number of important officials were demoted, such as Shizhong Yuwenjie, Jiangxia King Li Daozong, etc. Wu Wangke's brother was deposed as a commoner, and Fang Yiai's brother was demoted. , Xue Wanche's younger brother was exiled, and his connections were wide.
How could Emperor Gaozong tolerate Wu Zetian's "specializing in power" with such a way of handling things? His way of doing things is neither "cowardly" nor weak!
Fourth place: Ming Wuzong Zhu Houzhao
Main "black" points: not doing business properly, " Eight Tigers ", Leopard Room
Actual situation:
In " Ming History ", the evaluation of Zhengde Emperor Zhu Houzhao is basically It is negative, thinking that he is "encouraged to use martial arts to achieve self-importance". In the eyes of later generations, he is also a complete bad guy, saying that he does not do his job properly, favors the "Eight Tigers", builds leopard houses for fun, etc.
Zhu Houzhao
But the actual situation is far from that simple. Although Zhu Houzhao is a bit absurd and fun, he is not confused at all on major matters.For example, in the early stage, the "Eight Tigers" were used to suppress the power of the cabinet and attack the civil servant group. Later, when the eunuch group became more powerful, they killed the leader of the "Eight Tigers", Liu Jin, with a snap of the finger to balance the power of the cabinet and the eunuchs; during the great victory in Yingzhou, Zhu Houzhao even more He personally went into battle to defeat the Mongolian prince; there were also the rebellion of King Ping An, King Ning, and so on.
Zhu Houzhao
Chairman Mao once commented that Zhu Houzhao was one of the four best emperors of the Ming Dynasty (the other three were Zhu Yuanzhang, Zhu Di, Zhu Qizhen). The main reason why Zhu Houzhao was hacked was because he was described as useless and extremely ridiculous in "The Record of the Ming Dynasty". The root of all this is that the person who succeeded to the throne was not his son, but the vassal. The king's cousin Ming Shizong entered Datong. Sejong had neither a good impression of Wuzong nor a direct blood relationship with him. Under this premise, it was natural for later dynasties to belittle the previous dynasty in order to highlight the sage of the emperor who succeeded him.
As for Zhu Houzhao living in the Leopard Room for a long time and enjoying himself, which emperor in the era of autocratic monarchy could avoid it? It's just a desire to inflict a crime.
Zhu Houzhao
The fifth place Song Taizong Zhao Guangyi
The main "black" points:The sound of the candle shadow and ax, killing the nephew and killing the younger brother, emphasizing literature and restraining the martial arts, the donkey cart drifting
The actual situation:
Let's not talk about it yet, the sound of the candle shadow and the axe. , Is it true that killing a nephew and killing a younger brother is true? Even if it is true, this is not unique among the royal family. How about Li Shimin and Zhu Di? This is not to whitewash Zhao Guangyi, but to put yourself in Zhao Guangyi's shoes and consider it.
Zhao Guangyi, as the eldest brother of Song Taizu , was not only the main contributor and planner of the Chenqiao Mutiny, but also against the background of and the five dynasties of the troubled times when all countries sacrificed their youth to grow up, he became the first successor after Zhao Kuangyin. It's hard to imagine, so the suspicion of killing his brother to seize the throne is not high.
Chenqiao Mutiny
Emphasizing culture and suppressing military force was the national policy of the Song Dynasty formulated by Zhao Kuangyin during his lifetime. Zhao Guangyi just followed the rules. It can only be said that he lacked strategic vision and did not see what emphasizing culture and suppressing military force would bring to the Song Dynasty. He did no harm and did not have the courage to change the ancestral law. It is hard to say how much of a fault he had.
Besides, Zhao Guangyi reigned for 21 years. He stabilized the internal and external affairs, pacified Jinghu, made forced landings in Zhejiang and Fujian, and destroyed the Northern Han Dynasty. At the same time, he reformed the imperial examination and compiled books. He can be called a wise king.
Zhao Guangyi
The only thing that Zhao Guangyi can be "hacked" to say is the drift of the donkey cart. At that time, Zhao Guangyi led the Northern Han Dynasty to conquer the Northern Han Dynasty, and led the imperial army to conquer Youyun in the north. The 300,000 Song army marched all the way to the city of Youzhou.
At that time, the Song army numbered 300,000, and the Liao soldiers trapped in Youzhou City were less than 30,000. Moreover, the people responded and the enemy generals rebelled. But Zhao Guangyi was stunned that he had no way to deal with this isolated city. After half a month of siege, the Khitan cavalry came to help, and the two sides started a fierce battle on the Gaoliang River. Zhao Guangyi went to the battlefield in person, but was shot by two arrows in the thigh and buttocks. As a result, he could not ride a horse and could only escape in a donkey cart.
Perhaps it was because Zhao Guangyi’s donkey cart drifting impressed people so deeply that people all sneered at Zhao Guangyi’s military talent. In fact, except for the first Northern Expedition where he really had nothing to eat, other military defeats were not his fault. For example, the responsibility for the second Northern Expedition was mainly the fault of Cao Bin, Wang Dong, Pan Mei and others. , Xixia The independent pot is mainly his son Song Zhenzong Zhao Heng.
Although Zhao Guangyi was the least accomplished among the famous Taizong emperors, he still proved that he had merit, and being hacked like this was indeed a bit too much.
The sixth place Qing Shizong Aixinjueluo Yinzhen
Main "black" points: improper access to the throne, killing brothers and brothers, indiscriminate killing of meritorious officials, harsh governance
Actual situation:
About Yongzheng "Accession of the throne "Unjust", the attitude of official history has long been clear, and the legal successor designated by Kangxi is Yongzheng.
Yongzheng
Taking a step back, even if Yongzheng did usurp the throne bloodyly, compared to Li Shimin, Li Shimin could be forgiven by history and become an emperor through the ages. Why can't Yongzheng be forgiven?
Regarding Yongzheng's "indiscriminate killing of heroes", it mainly talks about the treatment of Nian Gengyao and Longkoduo, the two major heroes of Yongzheng's ascension to the throne. Nian Gengyao was demoted to eighteen levels in a row and then sentenced to death. Longkodo's house was confiscated and his house was confiscated. The endings of both of them were very tragic, but unlike , Han Xin, , Yingbu, Feng Sheng and others who "cunning rabbits died and were cooked by lackeys" in history, both of them had a way to die.
After Yongzheng ascended the throne, Nian Gengyao became increasingly arrogant and domineering. According to records, Nian Gengyao was so arrogant and domineering that he turned a blind eye to the kneeling officials, and used the imperial guards sent by Yongzheng as slaves with "whips and stirrups", and even faced him. For Yongzheng, Nian Gengyao also "sat in front of the emperor, and no one was courteous"; Nian Gengyao formed a party for personal gain, and all those recommended by Nian Gengyao were given priority in hiring, known as the "annual election"; what is even more serious is that Yongzheng asked Nian Gengyao to When Yao implemented the New Deal in the northwest, he also acted against it and even obstructed it in every possible way.
年gengyao
If people like this don't die, what's the law of heaven?
Longkodo's situation is similar to that of Nian Gengyao. In addition to forming cliques and corruption, he also secretly colluded with the remaining Ba Ye Party, and even participated in the prince's succession. Therefore, Longkodo’s imprisonment was not a harsh sentence, but a light one.
Regarding Yongzheng's "killing brothers", let's not talk about right or wrong. "The winner is a prince and the loser is a bandit." As a winner, it is hard to overstate how Yongzheng should deal with the "losers". What's more, Yongzheng is still in power after he ascends the throne. Lao Ba and Lao Ninth, who stirred up troubles, only ended up being imprisoned for life. Compared with those emperors who raised a butcher knife to carry out bloody massacres against their brothers as soon as they ascended the throne, Yongzheng was already quite merciful.
Finally, let’s talk about Yongzheng’s “strict governance”
Yongzheng
Yongzheng’s dynasty can indeed be called strict in governance, but “governing the world with heavy codes” and “politics that advocate lenient benevolence” like Kangxi’s, how could Yongzheng govern? The Qing Dynasty where air leaks everywhere? What's more, there are too many people who restrict Yongzheng everywhere.
Moreover, Yongzheng was not blindly harsh. His harshness was only directed at those corrupt officials and those who violated the law. His attitude towards those good ministers and officials who worked loyally was still very gentle.
Just as " Qing History Manuscript " said: "The Holy Ancestor's policies were tolerant and benevolent, and Shizong followed them with strictness and clarity. The commentator compares them to the writing and scenery of the Han Dynasty.". The achievements of Yongzheng's short thirteen-year rule are comparable to those of Emperors Wen and Jing of the Han Dynasty, but the comments of later generations are far less than that. Do you think Yongzheng was hacked?
The seventh emperor of the Song Dynasty, Zhao Gou
The main "black" points: the unjust killing of Yue Fei, and the negotiation with Jin
The actual situation:
Regardless of whether Yue Fei had "unreasonable suggestions to establish the throne", "successful achievements to shock the emperor" or "confronted Zhao" "Zhao Gou is disrespectful", it was wrong for Zhao Gou to kill Yue Fei, but because of this, he put a "foolish emperor" hat on his head and was nailed to the pillar of shame in history forever. This is obviously not fair enough. of.
Zhao Gou and Yue Fei
When the country was ruined and the family was destroyed, Zhao Gou had the courage to shoulder the heavy responsibility and sent Jinying as envoy as hostage. He was calm, resourceful and brave. The city of Bianliang was destroyed and the Northern Song Dynasty was destroyed. When Zhao Gou crossed to the south, he only had more than a thousand soldiers at his side. He quickly mobilized military forces to build a defense line and guard the Huaihe River and Yangtze River lines. After several hardships, he finally settled in Hangzhou and laid the foundation for The foundation of the Southern Song Dynasty. Compared with the situation in later generations Nanming , the situation Zhao Gou faced was worse, but in the end all the officials of Nanming were killed, but Zhao Gou successfully formed a confrontation with the Jin Kingdom, which shows that Zhao Gou is indeed outstanding. This cannot be discussed as a "foolish king".
Regarding the peace talks between the Song and Jin Dynasties, the editor, like everyone else, is filled with indignation and believes that Zhao Gou ruined the great anti-Jin Dynasty situation and humiliated and betrayed the country for his own selfish desires. But in fact, under the historical conditions at that time, the Song-Jin peace talks had a large market in both the government and the public.
Moreover, Zhao Gou advocated peace because he had no choice but to do so. Not to mention that the Southern Song Dynasty court was already overwhelmed with military expenditures due to successive years of war. Peasant uprisings in various places had already occurred one after another, seriously endangering the rule of the court. Zhao Gou knew that the top priority was to reduce military expenditures. Taxation and people's livelihood.
Zhao Gou
In addition, the Northern Song Dynasty's Chanyuan Alliance achieved peace that lasted for more than a hundred years at a very small cost. Such a successful case also prompted Zhao Gou to be inclined to negotiate peace with Jin.
In short, Zhao Gou certainly had to bear some responsibility for the death of Yue Fei, but he was able to turn the tide when the mountains and rivers were broken under the coercion of the Jin soldiers, establish the Southern Song Dynasty regime in Lin'an, and maintain an undefeated relationship with Jin The separation situation is also meritorious. It is obviously unfair to blindly smear Zhao Gou.
For example, in the early stage, the "Eight Tigers" were used to suppress the power of the cabinet and attack the civil servant group. Later, when the eunuch group became more powerful, they killed the leader of the "Eight Tigers", Liu Jin, with a snap of the finger to balance the power of the cabinet and the eunuchs; during the great victory in Yingzhou, Zhu Houzhao even more He personally went into battle to defeat the Mongolian prince; there were also the rebellion of King Ping An, King Ning, and so on.
Zhu Houzhao
Chairman Mao once commented that Zhu Houzhao was one of the four best emperors of the Ming Dynasty (the other three were Zhu Yuanzhang, Zhu Di, Zhu Qizhen). The main reason why Zhu Houzhao was hacked was because he was described as useless and extremely ridiculous in "The Record of the Ming Dynasty". The root of all this is that the person who succeeded to the throne was not his son, but the vassal. The king's cousin Ming Shizong entered Datong. Sejong had neither a good impression of Wuzong nor a direct blood relationship with him. Under this premise, it was natural for later dynasties to belittle the previous dynasty in order to highlight the sage of the emperor who succeeded him.
As for Zhu Houzhao living in the Leopard Room for a long time and enjoying himself, which emperor in the era of autocratic monarchy could avoid it? It's just a desire to inflict a crime.
Zhu Houzhao
The fifth place Song Taizong Zhao Guangyi
The main "black" points:The sound of the candle shadow and ax, killing the nephew and killing the younger brother, emphasizing literature and restraining the martial arts, the donkey cart drifting
The actual situation:
Let's not talk about it yet, the sound of the candle shadow and the axe. , Is it true that killing a nephew and killing a younger brother is true? Even if it is true, this is not unique among the royal family. How about Li Shimin and Zhu Di? This is not to whitewash Zhao Guangyi, but to put yourself in Zhao Guangyi's shoes and consider it.
Zhao Guangyi, as the eldest brother of Song Taizu , was not only the main contributor and planner of the Chenqiao Mutiny, but also against the background of and the five dynasties of the troubled times when all countries sacrificed their youth to grow up, he became the first successor after Zhao Kuangyin. It's hard to imagine, so the suspicion of killing his brother to seize the throne is not high.
Chenqiao Mutiny
Emphasizing culture and suppressing military force was the national policy of the Song Dynasty formulated by Zhao Kuangyin during his lifetime. Zhao Guangyi just followed the rules. It can only be said that he lacked strategic vision and did not see what emphasizing culture and suppressing military force would bring to the Song Dynasty. He did no harm and did not have the courage to change the ancestral law. It is hard to say how much of a fault he had.
Besides, Zhao Guangyi reigned for 21 years. He stabilized the internal and external affairs, pacified Jinghu, made forced landings in Zhejiang and Fujian, and destroyed the Northern Han Dynasty. At the same time, he reformed the imperial examination and compiled books. He can be called a wise king.
Zhao Guangyi
The only thing that Zhao Guangyi can be "hacked" to say is the drift of the donkey cart. At that time, Zhao Guangyi led the Northern Han Dynasty to conquer the Northern Han Dynasty, and led the imperial army to conquer Youyun in the north. The 300,000 Song army marched all the way to the city of Youzhou.
At that time, the Song army numbered 300,000, and the Liao soldiers trapped in Youzhou City were less than 30,000. Moreover, the people responded and the enemy generals rebelled. But Zhao Guangyi was stunned that he had no way to deal with this isolated city. After half a month of siege, the Khitan cavalry came to help, and the two sides started a fierce battle on the Gaoliang River. Zhao Guangyi went to the battlefield in person, but was shot by two arrows in the thigh and buttocks. As a result, he could not ride a horse and could only escape in a donkey cart.
Perhaps it was because Zhao Guangyi’s donkey cart drifting impressed people so deeply that people all sneered at Zhao Guangyi’s military talent. In fact, except for the first Northern Expedition where he really had nothing to eat, other military defeats were not his fault. For example, the responsibility for the second Northern Expedition was mainly the fault of Cao Bin, Wang Dong, Pan Mei and others. , Xixia The independent pot is mainly his son Song Zhenzong Zhao Heng.
Although Zhao Guangyi was the least accomplished among the famous Taizong emperors, he still proved that he had merit, and being hacked like this was indeed a bit too much.
The sixth place Qing Shizong Aixinjueluo Yinzhen
Main "black" points: improper access to the throne, killing brothers and brothers, indiscriminate killing of meritorious officials, harsh governance
Actual situation:
About Yongzheng "Accession of the throne "Unjust", the attitude of official history has long been clear, and the legal successor designated by Kangxi is Yongzheng.
Yongzheng
Taking a step back, even if Yongzheng did usurp the throne bloodyly, compared to Li Shimin, Li Shimin could be forgiven by history and become an emperor through the ages. Why can't Yongzheng be forgiven?
Regarding Yongzheng's "indiscriminate killing of heroes", it mainly talks about the treatment of Nian Gengyao and Longkoduo, the two major heroes of Yongzheng's ascension to the throne. Nian Gengyao was demoted to eighteen levels in a row and then sentenced to death. Longkodo's house was confiscated and his house was confiscated. The endings of both of them were very tragic, but unlike , Han Xin, , Yingbu, Feng Sheng and others who "cunning rabbits died and were cooked by lackeys" in history, both of them had a way to die.
After Yongzheng ascended the throne, Nian Gengyao became increasingly arrogant and domineering. According to records, Nian Gengyao was so arrogant and domineering that he turned a blind eye to the kneeling officials, and used the imperial guards sent by Yongzheng as slaves with "whips and stirrups", and even faced him. For Yongzheng, Nian Gengyao also "sat in front of the emperor, and no one was courteous"; Nian Gengyao formed a party for personal gain, and all those recommended by Nian Gengyao were given priority in hiring, known as the "annual election"; what is even more serious is that Yongzheng asked Nian Gengyao to When Yao implemented the New Deal in the northwest, he also acted against it and even obstructed it in every possible way.
年gengyao
If people like this don't die, what's the law of heaven?
Longkodo's situation is similar to that of Nian Gengyao. In addition to forming cliques and corruption, he also secretly colluded with the remaining Ba Ye Party, and even participated in the prince's succession. Therefore, Longkodo’s imprisonment was not a harsh sentence, but a light one.
Regarding Yongzheng's "killing brothers", let's not talk about right or wrong. "The winner is a prince and the loser is a bandit." As a winner, it is hard to overstate how Yongzheng should deal with the "losers". What's more, Yongzheng is still in power after he ascends the throne. Lao Ba and Lao Ninth, who stirred up troubles, only ended up being imprisoned for life. Compared with those emperors who raised a butcher knife to carry out bloody massacres against their brothers as soon as they ascended the throne, Yongzheng was already quite merciful.
Finally, let’s talk about Yongzheng’s “strict governance”
Yongzheng
Yongzheng’s dynasty can indeed be called strict in governance, but “governing the world with heavy codes” and “politics that advocate lenient benevolence” like Kangxi’s, how could Yongzheng govern? The Qing Dynasty where air leaks everywhere? What's more, there are too many people who restrict Yongzheng everywhere.
Moreover, Yongzheng was not blindly harsh. His harshness was only directed at those corrupt officials and those who violated the law. His attitude towards those good ministers and officials who worked loyally was still very gentle.
Just as " Qing History Manuscript " said: "The Holy Ancestor's policies were tolerant and benevolent, and Shizong followed them with strictness and clarity. The commentator compares them to the writing and scenery of the Han Dynasty.". The achievements of Yongzheng's short thirteen-year rule are comparable to those of Emperors Wen and Jing of the Han Dynasty, but the comments of later generations are far less than that. Do you think Yongzheng was hacked?
The seventh emperor of the Song Dynasty, Zhao Gou
The main "black" points: the unjust killing of Yue Fei, and the negotiation with Jin
The actual situation:
Regardless of whether Yue Fei had "unreasonable suggestions to establish the throne", "successful achievements to shock the emperor" or "confronted Zhao" "Zhao Gou is disrespectful", it was wrong for Zhao Gou to kill Yue Fei, but because of this, he put a "foolish emperor" hat on his head and was nailed to the pillar of shame in history forever. This is obviously not fair enough. of.
Zhao Gou and Yue Fei
When the country was ruined and the family was destroyed, Zhao Gou had the courage to shoulder the heavy responsibility and sent Jinying as envoy as hostage. He was calm, resourceful and brave. The city of Bianliang was destroyed and the Northern Song Dynasty was destroyed. When Zhao Gou crossed to the south, he only had more than a thousand soldiers at his side. He quickly mobilized military forces to build a defense line and guard the Huaihe River and Yangtze River lines. After several hardships, he finally settled in Hangzhou and laid the foundation for The foundation of the Southern Song Dynasty. Compared with the situation in later generations Nanming , the situation Zhao Gou faced was worse, but in the end all the officials of Nanming were killed, but Zhao Gou successfully formed a confrontation with the Jin Kingdom, which shows that Zhao Gou is indeed outstanding. This cannot be discussed as a "foolish king".
Regarding the peace talks between the Song and Jin Dynasties, the editor, like everyone else, is filled with indignation and believes that Zhao Gou ruined the great anti-Jin Dynasty situation and humiliated and betrayed the country for his own selfish desires. But in fact, under the historical conditions at that time, the Song-Jin peace talks had a large market in both the government and the public.
Moreover, Zhao Gou advocated peace because he had no choice but to do so. Not to mention that the Southern Song Dynasty court was already overwhelmed with military expenditures due to successive years of war. Peasant uprisings in various places had already occurred one after another, seriously endangering the rule of the court. Zhao Gou knew that the top priority was to reduce military expenditures. Taxation and people's livelihood.
Zhao Gou
In addition, the Northern Song Dynasty's Chanyuan Alliance achieved peace that lasted for more than a hundred years at a very small cost. Such a successful case also prompted Zhao Gou to be inclined to negotiate peace with Jin.
In short, Zhao Gou certainly had to bear some responsibility for the death of Yue Fei, but he was able to turn the tide when the mountains and rivers were broken under the coercion of the Jin soldiers, establish the Southern Song Dynasty regime in Lin'an, and maintain an undefeated relationship with Jin The separation situation is also meritorious. It is obviously unfair to blindly smear Zhao Gou.
