The Song Dynasty people who love to eat lamb
The poor horse administration in the Song Dynasty led to the insufficient number of cavalry. The reason was very controversial on the Internet. But one of the important reasons is undoubtedly that the Song dynasty was addicted to lamb, raising sheep to occupy large areas of pasture. Even so, the Song Dynasty needed to import a large number of sheep from Liao and Xixia to meet domestic needs.
Chinese people also like to eat mutton, but they haven't squeezed the horse. The princes of the Tang dynasty and the second-ranked officials provided 20 sheep and 60 catties of pork every month. The middle class in the Song Dynasty often looked down on pork and believed that pork was the diet of the common people. The Northern Song Dynasty, without the sixteen states of Yanyun, loved lamb far more than the Tang Dynasty. There is a saying "Sha Tuo Song" on the
Internet. Although it is a ridicule, from the point of view of mutton, the smell of Huhua in the Song Dynasty is probably stronger than that of the Tang Dynasty, where the royal family has Xianbei blood.
The influence of Shatuo on the cavalry of the Song Dynasty
The jurisprudence of Song Dynasty was inherited from the Later Zhou and Shatuo dynasties, and it is impossible not to be affected by the Shatuo Daibei Group. From this discussion of the cultural tone of the Song Dynasty, we will find that Song has more inner Asian characteristics than the Tang Dynasty.
When the Tang Dynasty was founded, the Xianbei people had completely integrated into the Han people. In the previous Sui Dynasty, Yang Jian and Yang Guang's efforts to revitalize the Han culture removed most of the smell of Huhua. Therefore, the Chinese sense of honor of the Tang people was extremely strong. It was once said that "Yidi, animals and animals, fearing power but not virtue", the poet Li Bai who was born in Central Asia also wrote a poem "Human, Han Daochang".
As far as the Song Dynasty is concerned, there were the three dynasties of Shatuo before, and before the Anshi Rebellion and the Huhua of Hebei caused by the separatist regime of Heshuo. Although Shatuo and other foreign nobles from Inner Asia were indeed highly sinicized when they were established in the Song Dynasty, they are very different from the later Jurchen Mongolia, but these noble families have always occupied high positions in the Song Dynasty, and it is a fact that they have great influence. The Song dynasty was essentially an alliance of the lords and scholars of the Hu and Han ethnic groups. It did not undergo the reform of the land equalization system like the Tang dynasty, and it did not take into account the interests of the people at the bottom.
Among the military generals in the early years of the Song Dynasty, those with foreign ethnic backgrounds such as Shatuo and Xi are by no means individual. Guo Congyi, the first envoy, "the first Shatuo tribe"; the other magistrate Yang Chengxin, also "the first Shatuo tribe"; Guo Chong, the same messenger, "the father and grandfather of the northern chief"; Li Wanquan, he is "Tuyuhun people." Bai Chongzan, "Qixian Shatuo tribe"; Shi Xi, "the son of Jin ancestor Han Wanghui", was born out of Shatuo; Kang Yanze, son of Shatuo general Kangfu; Xue Huairang, "the first Rongman"; Dang Jin, "Benxiu tribe"; Mi Xin, "Benxi tribe".
These noble generals not only marry each other, but also marry the Song royal family for generations to form a community of interests. For example, the Queen of Song Renzong, Guo, is the great-granddaughter of Guo Chong.
Among the scholar-officials in the Song Dynasty, there was also Hu influence. The scholars of the Northern Song Dynasty mostly came from Hebei and Shanxi, which was the place where the Tanghe Shuofang Township was separated and the Daibei Group flourished. Typical examples include Sima Guang, Han Qi, and Wen Yanbo. The surname of Wen Yanbo's ancestor was Jing. Because he avoided Shi Jingtan's taboo, he changed his surname to Wen. He was clearly a favored minister of Shi Jingtang. The main activity of the surname of the Han nationality was south of the Yellow River and concentrated in Sichuan. The ancestor of Wenyanbo is very likely to be Shanxi Zahu.
The Song Dynasty advocated "using infantry to make cavalry". It was divided into two stages. The first stage was during the Song-Liao War. The pursuit of cavalry was refined. It was hoped that a small number of high-quality cavalry would fight against the large-scale Liao cavalry. The Serbian army and other elite cavalry did have outstanding performance when fighting Liaoning. In the second stage, Song Liao and later scholar-officials mastered public opinion, and Ma Zhengcai was seriously negligent.
We can see that the idea of pursuing a more refined cavalry itself reflects a very high inner Asian quality. Shatuo is famous for its iron cavalry. However, when Li Cunxu destroyed the Houliang, there were only 10,000 cavalrymen. In the heyday of the Later Tang Dynasty, there were only 35,000 horses. The Daibei Group defeated the Khitan, relying on the infantry as the main army and a small number of elite cavalry.
inner Asian outIt produces fine iron and good horses, suitable for training high-quality heavy cavalry, but it is barren and barren, and the horse storage is far less than that of the Mongolian Plateau, making the Shatuo, Sogdian and other Inner Asian peoples form the idea of relying on the cooperation of heavy cavalry and infantry. Going further up can be traced back to the earliest nomadic Scythians, they also have excellent infantry, which is obviously due to the lack of horses.
The idea of building an army in the early Northern Song Dynasty was obviously inherited from Daibei Group. It can be seen from the drawing cultural relics that there were a considerable number of armored archers in the early Northern Song Dynasty. This is a common type of armour among the Turkic peoples in Central Asia, but is rarely seen in the Mongolian plateau nomads.
Obviously, due to the internalization of the army, the demand for war horses itself is far less than that of the Han and Tang Dynasties, where war horses were nearly a million horses. The horses of the Song Dynasty were very small at the beginning and dared to use more grasslands. Raising sheep for meat is not surprising.
Other influences of Shatuoization
In addition to causing Song people to especially love to eat mutton, what other effects did Shatuoization bring to the Song Dynasty?
Although the "Hu/Han" context gradually disappeared during the Five Dynasties and the early Song Dynasty, all ethnic groups pretended to be Han people. However, from the Five Dynasties, Shi Jingtang's traitorous An Chongrong, and his collusion with the Khitan people, can see the hypocrisy of nationalism from the Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty.
Tang also claimed to the Turks, but then he would wipe out the Turks. The Song dynasty and the Khitan were not ashamed as a kingdom of brothers. In the northwest, in order to win the Qiang righteous soldiers, they allowed the Qiang people to kill the Han people. They could use money to redeem them. When Jingkang was ashamed, it was even more as a princess and noble daughter. The scandal of the gold man to offset the compensation. This undoubtedly proves that the Huhua of the Tang Dynasty is only superficial, and the Huhua of the Song Dynasty penetrated into it, causing the backbone to be far inferior to the average Han dynasty. Diplomacy has no bottom line at all, it is the characteristics of Hu people, especially the peoples of Central Asia and West Asia.
The extreme intensification of official-civilian confrontation in the Song Dynasty and the weakening of the protection of the people at the bottom could not be attributed to the influence of Huhua.
Highly civilized empires generally attach importance to restraining land annexation, maintaining the number of self-cultivating farmers, and paying attention to the protection of the bottom people. For example, the Han Empire, the Tang Empire, and the Byzantine Empire in the West. However, the status of tenant farmers has declined extremely, and even become serfs, the rights and interests of the people at the bottom are arbitrarily violated, and the honor and honor are unscrupulous, which means that society is regressing in the direction of slave society. While the Song Dynasty had a prosperous culture, the protection of the people at the bottom level declined drastically. Not only did they "do not suppress mergers and the land system was not established," but the status of tenant farmers was like a pig and dog, "the rich dare to kill exclusively." From the time of Song Renzong, if a landlord killed a tenant, he only had to reduce the crime by one class and be assigned to a neighboring state.
In the backward nomadic fishing and hunting tribes, the people at the bottom are often just the property of the nobles, without any human rights. The Song Dynasty, which is known as highly civilized, "gets money from the people, for fear that there will be more than it." Isn't it a strange thing to catch a hundred officials for fear of insufficient?
Obviously, after the nobles of all ethnic groups including Shatuo combined with Han Chinese doctors to form a new interest group, although they pretended to be Han, they still hope to maintain the privileges of being a nobleman in the tribal era, and they can live and kill at will. This gave rise to the characteristic that although the Song Dynasty has a splendid culture, the rights and interests of the people at the bottom are greatly retrogressive.
Conclusion
Huhua is not necessarily a bad thing. For example, the Tang Dynasty took the blood of the northern Serbia and learned the Hu people's customs a little while retaining the strong and arrogant heart of the Han people. The idea of "being light" and the idea of combating mergers with legalists.
However, since the Song Dynasty, since the Chanyuan League, the Huhua has basically eliminated the essence and selected the dross. The Song Dynasty was affected by the Shatuoization, and the result was not only addicted to eating mutton to destroy the horse government, but also caused "the people are poor, the soldiers are weak, the wealth is scarce, and the scholar-officials are shameless." Finally, they were killed again after the shame of Jing Kang Yue Fei, a general of civilian origin and no honorable family background. And after another hundred years, the broken ship of Song Dynasty finally sank in the waves of Yashan.
Reference materials:
"Song History"
Deng Xiaonan "On the Dissolution of the "Hu/Han" Context in the Five Dynasties and Early Song Dynasty"
