In February 1951, it was the most critical moment for to resist US aggression and aid to Korea . President Peng went to Beijing urgently to meet the chairman. President Peng spent about a week in Beijing. What happened this week ? How did the whole situation of resisting U.S. aggression and aid to North Korea be reversed? Let me do it for you today.
Summary of this article:
- rushed overnight and returned to Beijing in a hurry
- See the chairman, detailed report li strong11 strong li strong 11 strong _strong14 strong strong li14 strong strong li14 strong 17 Arrange
- Prime Minister’s meeting, no results
- Mr. Peng, get into a big fire
- rush, raise money
- strong11_strong _strong li li14 strong 11 strong _strong li li14 strong 11 strong _strong11 See results
1951.2.16,Peng Dehuai, who was commanding operations on the front lines of the Korean battlefield, sent an urgent telegram to the central government in an anxious tone of 10 minutes. The telegram read:
After receiving the telegram, Chairman Mao rushed back and approved Mr. Peng’s return to Beijing. Work.
On the 18th, President Peng rushed to Pyongyang and met with Kim Il Sung. He explained that he needed to return to Beijing to report and solve the practical difficulties faced by the Chinese and North Korean forces. The two also took time to analyze the current situation and discuss the situation. After considering the follow-up combat plan and strategic defense issues, at the same time it was decided that the overall work of the volunteers in the DPRK during the reporting period when President Peng returned to China should be supported by Deputy Commander Deng Hua.
After arranging these tasks, Peng Dehuai did not take a break, and simply led his staff and guards to set off overnight. They rode in a military jeep along the bumpy road after the war, risking being discovered by the enemy. , Drove all the way north overnight, and finally arrived at Anton in the early hours of the next day.
According to the instructions of the telegram, the special plane sent by Acting Chief of Staff Nie Rongzhen had been waiting at the An Dong Airport on time. Peng Dehuai immediately took the special plane to Shenyang after a simple meal at the airport. At 11 am, after a few hours of flying, the special plane landed at Shenyang Airport. He Jinnian, deputy commander of Northeast Military Region , and Guo Ruile, director of the office, were already waiting at the airport.
Later, Guo Ruile specifically mentioned this meeting in his memoirs. Through his description, we can clearly and truly feel Peng's anxiety and selfless work spirit.
At 1 o'clock in the afternoon of the same day, Mr. Peng’s special plane landed at Beijing Airport on time, and the special car that had been waiting immediately sent Mr. Peng to Zhongnanhai. President Peng first had a brief exchange with President Dai Nie Shuai, about the basic situation of the Korean battlefield, and learned that the recent chairman is not in Zhongnanhai, but in Jingmingyuan in the western suburbs, so President Peng has been non-stop. Rushed to Yuquan Mountain Jingming Garden.
The chairman has the habit of taking a nap,It was just during a nap at that time. The security guards stopped Mr. Zhu and persuaded Mr. Zhu to have lunch before coming to see the chairman. Mr. Peng was angry and shouted: "I came from North Korea, and there is an emergency report!" The guards also knew him. President Peng, knowing President Peng's temper, didn't dare to stop too much, so President Peng pushed the door directly into the chairman's bedroom, and directly awakened the chairman who was still taking a nap.
The chairman knew that Mr. Peng was coming back, but he didn't expect to fight so fast. Suddenly he was woken up by Mr. Peng, who was awe-inspiring on the Korean battlefield during his nap. Not only was he not angry, he was also very happy. The two of them have been fighting side by side for more than 20 years, and the chairman has already felt very clear about Mr. Peng’s temper. So the chairman got up and dressed, and said jokingly: "The one who can wake me from my dream, it seems that you are the only one who can wake me up from my dream. Mr. Peng!”
When he learned that Mr. Peng had not eaten his lunch, the chairman pretended to be serious and said, “People are iron rice or steel. It’s not good for us ordinary people not to eat, not to mention you, the commander of thousands of troops. Mr. Peng, you must have lunch first, otherwise I won’t listen to the report.” Hearing what the chairman said, Mr. Peng had no choice but to go to the cafeteria and simply eat something, then immediately returned to the chairman’s bedroom to start the report on the Korean War The focus is on the situation of the war and the difficulties it faces.
Combined with the actual case of the Korean battlefield, Mr. Peng pointed out: "We are not fighting at home, but abroad, so there are many differences:
1) The source of troops cannot be replenished in time
in North Korea Due to years of war, men over the age of 16 have basically participated in the war, and the captured UN Army prisoners cannot be used for combat. All of the above have led to a serious reduction in the number of volunteers. If the new soldiers cannot be added immediately, they will be The battlefield is extremely passive and it is difficult to withstand the attack of the US military.
2) The guarantee of weapons, ammunition and logistic materials cannot be guaranteed
Due to continuous wars, roads and bridges have been greatly destroyed, and the Volunteer Army’s armaments and supplies All food needs to be transported domestically,Therefore, it is difficult to obtain timely supplements. In addition, even if the enemy's advanced weapons and equipment are captured, there are not enough technicians to use them, so they can only be discarded in vain.
3) Severe non-combat attrition caused by severe cold
The war caused severe damage to the infrastructure in North Korea’s northern region close to the Chinese border. There were almost no necessary supplies for life, and it was completely dependent on domestic supplies. The severe cold at that time caused the volunteers In addition, a large number of soldiers died of freezing and frostbite, and the phenomenon of non-combat attrition was serious.
4) Logistics problems lead to a decline in combat effectiveness
Due to the lack of weapons, equipment and food supplies, the volunteers have trouble with basic food and clothing. Sometimes the majority of officers and soldiers can only rely on simple fried noodles to satisfy their hunger and drink water. Relying on snow eating has led to severe malnutrition and physical exhaustion, all of which have led to a decline in the combat effectiveness of the troops.
At this time, Mr. Peng stopped for a while, but his emotions became more agitated: "The thing that is intolerable is that after we won three consecutive battles, the Soviet ambassador to North Korea Insisting that the Volunteer Army should continue to go south and pursue the U.S. Army, similar perceptions exist within the Korean People’s Army and the high-level government. They all advocate that the Volunteer Army cannot relax and must continue to go south to control the whole of North Korea as soon as possible.”
Mr. Peng continued to report. "I sneered at their thoughts. They completely ignored the real war situation and objective conditions, so I had a big quarrel with them before returning to Beijing. I have already made a brief report on this matter to the Central Telegraph. They have completely disregarded the real war situation and objective conditions. These people completely ignore the life and death of the volunteers and don’t know how difficult we are. This is not only related to the safety of the volunteers, but also to the situation of the entire Korean War;”
Peng further analyzed: “The biggest difficulty we are facing now is weapons. There is no good enough solution to food and food. As the saying goes, soldiers and horses have not moved, food and grass go first. If these problems are not resolved, how can we confront the US military? Another very important issue is that our air and air defense forces are basically blank.In this way, how can it be possible to compete with the US military that still has more than 1,000 aircraft in North Korea? If we no longer have a solution to air power and anti-aircraft artillery, it will be very difficult for us to win subsequent wars. "
In the process of Peng's report, the chairman has been listening carefully and thinking with frowning, and has been smoking continuously. After listening to the report, the chairman thought for a while and said: "The central government told us The situation of the Volunteers on the Korean battlefield feels the same, and they are doing everything possible to solve the problem. The key point is to ensure the protection of weapons and ammunition, logistics food, and clothing, especially cotton-padded clothes. I have already explained this to Enlai, and he will organize relevant departments. The leading comrades coordinated and resolved.
Chairman paused, and concluded: "According to your report, combined with the judgment of the central government, we are currently trying to win quickly if we can win quickly. If we can't win quickly, we need to win slowly. The actual judgment is executed!
Mr. Peng later recalled and was impressed by the chairman’s report. The chairman clearly pointed out the direction for the Korean War: “If you can win quickly, you will win quickly. If you can’t win quickly, you will win slowly.” Mr. Peng said in this report. After the instructions, he was moved to relieve the pressure on his thoughts, and his mood improved obviously.
There is one more thing he wants to solve when Mr. Peng comes back this time. This matter has been pressing in his heart for quite a while, and it has become a huge heart disease for him, and that is the unfortunate sacrifice of Chairman Mao Anying.
1950.11.25, Mao Anying unfortunately died for the country on the Korean battlefield, the Volunteer Army Command was the first time. The news was reported to the country. Premier Zhou Enlai decided to postpone the notification of the news to the chairman and Mao Anying’s wife based on the physical condition of the chairman at the time. Later, President Peng learned of this situation and said: “Mao Anying died in his country, this There is no way to hide things, so let's tell him the old man earlier.
1951.1.2, Premier Zhou sent a telegram from the General Command to the country about Mao Anying’s sacrifice and told the chairman that although General Gong thought that the chairman was a great revolutionary, he would be able to withstand the blow.But when he really faced the chairman, he was still anxious.
President Peng faced the chairman and reported in detail the process of Mao Anying’s sacrifice. The chairman had a painful expression after hearing this, and he had not spoken for a long time. He kept smoking one by one, sometimes turning his back and closing his eyes. At this time, the chairman is no longer a leader of a country, but a kind father. When President Peng saw these situations, he blamed himself even more:
After a long pause, the chairman slowly said: "Whether there are undead people in the war, in order to resist the United States and aid Korea and defend the country. Many soldiers have given their precious lives. Every soldier who sacrificed is memorable and glorious. Kishi Ying is also a soldier. I can’t make such a big disturbance just because he is my son!"
continues The chairman said: “I have to remind you of another point. Your support army command does not attach importance to air defense measures. This point is to be criticized. You must not be careless in the future. Now the US military has invested more than 1,000 aircraft on the Korean battlefield, so Since last year, I have repeatedly telegraphed to remind you to pay attention to air defense issues, and you must be very careful about enemy air strikes in the future." The North Korean battlefield can't provide much help, but we will actively negotiate with the Soviet Union to try to solve some of the problems. As for other aspects, Enlai is responsible for convening meetings of the heads of various departments to solve them."
Peng The president returned to Beijing to report on the reception and other matters personally arranged by Mr. Nie. Mr. Nie worked meticulously and thoughtfully, especially the arrangements for the meeting with Mr. Peng and his wife. Mr. Peng was also very touched.
At that time, President Peng went to the Korean battlefield in secret. The strict degree of confidentiality caused President Peng’s wife Pu Anxiu to not know where President Peng went. So President Nie thought of taking advantage of President Peng’s return to Beijing this time to arrange them. The couple reunited once. So, without letting Mr. Peng know, Mr. Nie asked his subordinates to use the name of Military Commission General Office ,I called the leaders of the Northwest Bureau of the Communist Party of China and asked them to arrange for Comrade Pu Anxiu to come to Beijing from Xi'an by plane the next day. There are important matters to discuss, but there is no explanation that Mr. Peng has returned to Beijing.
At that time, Pu Anxiu was not in Xi'an, but at a textile factory in Xianyang to participate in a grassroots reform discussion meeting. President Nie sent a special plane to take him back to Beijing from Pu Anxiu from Xi’an. President Nie’s meticulous and thoughtful arrangements made President Peng I was greatly moved, and it also embodied the support from the central to the local level in the war against the United States to aid Korea.
2.22, Peng Dehuai, who had been busy for a whole day, returned to the temporary dormitory of Zhongnanhai East Eighth Research Institute, and suddenly saw his wife "Pu Anxiu," I was both happy and surprised, ""Hey! You are not Are you in Xi'an? How can you be in Beijing?” Mrs. Peng said: “Yesterday the Northwest Bureau informed me that I was transferred to Xi’an to come to Beijing urgently. If I asked anything, they didn’t say anything. I guessed it might be you back to Beijing.
Mr. Peng laughed loudly after hearing this, “This Mr. Nie, he is really thoughtful. If someone else comes back, he won’t necessarily get this treatment.”
2.24, follow It is planned that Peng Dehuai will hold talks with General Shakhanov, the Soviet military adviser in China. The main topic is that the Soviet Union dispatched air force to assist the volunteers in the Korean war. Mr. Peng first introduced the situation in North Korea and explained that due to air combat power and air defense forces Lack will lead to passiveness on the battlefield and casualties. If this situation continues, the Volunteers will face serious difficulties. Therefore, it is hoped that the Soviet Union can send two air combat divisions to assist the Volunteer Army rear and the Korean People’s Army in relevant combat preparations. Ensure smooth and efficient logistics.
But Shakhanov's words are like pouring cold water. On behalf of the Soviet government, he explained that the current situation is complicated and that the Soviet army should not directly enter the Korean battlefield, but can apply to the country to give the volunteers a batch of anti-aircraft artillery. President Peng argued for reasons that the lack of air force cover caused huge problems in logistical supplies and ammunition supplies. In this state, the Soviet Union, the big brother of the social camp, was in urgent need of help to withstand the US attack on the Korean Peninsula.
However, Shakhanov’s statement disappointed Mr. Peng. He was very dissatisfied with the performance of the Soviet Union.As a result, Mr. Peng was extremely disappointed and had no choice but to return.
2.25, according to the chairman's instruction, Premier Zhou presided over an enlarged meeting of the Military Commission held in Huairentang, Zhongnanhai. The main topic was to discuss support for frontline soldiers who were fighting bloody battles in the Korean battlefield. Participants are mainly the various headquarters and branches of the military system, as well as the leaders of the relevant departments of the State Council. The focus is on solving problems in weapons, equipment, grain and cotton clothing, and soldiers.
The meeting was presided over by the prime minister. Mr. Peng first gave a speech to introduce the war situation and the difficulties faced by the frontline. Based on the situation at the scene, Mr. Peng focused on three issues:
1) Too many non-combat attritions
Mr. Peng said emotionally and sadly: “Our volunteers need to resist the US army armed to the teeth on the front line. You’re not on the scene and don’t know the status quo. You just got the news of exciting 3 victories, but the actual difficulties are beyond your understanding.”
Mr. Peng continued to list a series of data: "Our Volunteers entered the DPRK for the first time with a total of 9 armies. After more than three months of fierce fighting, more than 45,000 people have been killed or injured in battle. In addition, the non-combat attrition caused by cold and hunger is close to 40,000. The casualties are due to the large gap between the enemy’s weaponry and the enemy’s main weapons such as aircraft, artillery, tanks, etc., but we do not have these, only some infantry light weapons. This is the biggest gap between the two sides."
2) Logistics supply The U.S. military has absolute air superiority. The roads, bridges and other infrastructure behind the Volunteer Army have basically been destroyed. Our military equipment and logistics materials cannot be replenished in time, and there is no food in North Korea. Food, the army can’t even guarantee the basic necessities of life, causing the soldiers to suffer from severe malnutrition, which reduces their combat effectiveness.
3) Serious lack of air power
Now the volunteers are facing a huge problem,The air power and air defense force are basically blank. Under the successive destruction of more than 1,000 enemy aircraft, the battle is very passive. The troops have to face a completely unequal war. If the air force and air defense force cannot be improved quickly, the war Will be unsustainable!
After listening to President Peng’s introduction, see that the Minister of Finance, the Minister of Logistics, and the Air Force Commander at the meeting have all spoken to support the frontline operations, but once the concrete and specific problems are encountered, they continue to emphasize The difficulties faced by myself, such as a country that has just been established, incomplete institutions, insufficient manpower, etc., have all come out, to the effect that the difficulties of the volunteers cannot be solved domestically.
President Peng heard this and couldn't help it anymore. Originally, he was dissatisfied with the previous meeting with Soviet adviser Shakhanov, especially when the other party clearly refused to send out air force support, which made President Peng very annoyed. President Peng became more and more angry when he listened to these people's speeches. The anger became unbearable. He snapped to his feet and slapped his big hands on the table, almost yelling in a shouting tone: "You all have difficulties, just my volunteer army. Isn’t it difficult? The volunteers freeze to death and starve to death on the front line, and you have to fight the enemy desperately. What are you doing?"
Peng Dehuai slowed down, and continued: "You can go to the front line to see. We are indeed facing difficulties in our country. , But the difficulties faced by the soldiers on the front line are a hundred times more difficult than you. Our young and lovely soldiers, you will not say that if you go to see what they eat and wear."
President Peng continued to slow down his tone: " The situation and difficulty faced by the Volunteers at the scene is no exaggeration. It is beyond the time of the Red Army. Many of the non-combat attritions we froze to death and starve to death are young children. Can we not think of a solution in China? Everyone will compare their hearts."
The anger of President Peng and the situation of the volunteer army described by President Peng shocked and impacted everyone present, and everyone was silent. Premier Zhou, the host of the meeting, also understood Mr. Peng’s temper and personality well, and empathized with the situation at the scene. He immediately instructed: “In terms of weapons and equipment, the central government will coordinate with the Soviet Union, but it will take a certain time for the food to arrive at the scene. In terms of domestic support,Must overcome difficulties and be transported to the front line. "But in general, the meeting here basically did not solve too substantive problems, and everyone broke up.
According to Mr. Peng’s wife, Pu Anxiu, recalled afterwards, Mr. Peng returned to his temporary residence in Zhongnanhai afterwards, but it was still surviving. Still angry, he said to his wife: "At the meeting today, I was fiercely ignited. The front-line fighters were desperately fighting, facing battles with the enemy, and even more severe cold and hunger. The difficulty was beyond imagination. When you are hungry, you can only eat frozen potatoes that you can’t bite. Drinking water means eating snow. There is a serious shortage of cotton-padded clothes and cotton shoes. Sometimes you even have to be exposed to the cold air. Many people have lost their lives because of this. They are living young people My baby! "
Mrs. Peng persuaded President Peng to calm down. If you have something to say, you will always find a way to solve the difficulties. President Peng said: "The reason why I rushed back in such an urgent situation is to report to the chairman on the one hand. On the other hand, they asked for help from the central government. If there is no follow-up assistance, this war will be very difficult to fight. "
2.26, President Peng and Premier Zhou went to the chairman's office together to continue discussions to solve the difficulties of the volunteers. This small meeting was more efficient and decided:
1) Ask the Soviet Union for help
immediately Send a telegram to Stalin, requesting the Soviet Union to supply two air divisions , and also to reinforce a part of the anti-aircraft guns and other weapons to help the volunteers fight against the US military
2) Material aspects_strong pstrongp
strongp Vigorously raise supplies from the country, call on the people and all walks of life to save and donate to buy weapons, equipment and food items, and quickly transport them to the front line3) Replenish troops and rotate troops The decision was to first mobilize young and middle-aged people across the country to actively enlist in the army,The second is that domestic troops can take turns to rest on the Korean battlefield. On the other hand, they can take the opportunity to improve their actual combat capabilities!
The above specific measures have effectively solved the support of Volunteer Army weapons and equipment, food, clothing and other logistics materials. At the same time, the method of wheel station has solved the problem of military combat effectiveness, which can be said to have a profound impact on the situation of the Korean War.
Mr. Peng spent more than a week in Beijing time. In the past few days, he was reporting and meeting again, and he was busy raising various supplies, even more than at the scene of the Korean War. Be busy. Seeing that Mr. Peng is so busy, the chairman couldn't bear it, so he said to Mr. Peng: "You will come back this time and stay in Jingdo for a few days. The scene has been handed over to Deng Hua, so you can rest assured."
President Peng said: "Forget it, I can't stay here either. The front line is tight. The enemy is attacking Seoul with superior forces. I must go back immediately." Questions raised: "We still hope that Comrade Enlai can supervise and implement several important things that we have studied. We urgently need it at the scene. One day earlier is one day."
President Peng can't stay in Beijing for a moment, 3.1, multiply The special plane arrived in Shenyang, and after discussing basic logistical supplies and other issues with several leaders of the Northeast Military Region, he rushed to the headquarters of the North Korean Volunteer Army with Anton for 3.5 days.
President Peng's round trip from North Korea to Beijing was in a hurry, but he saw the real effect. Peng Dehuai’s on-site report made the chairman and the top leaders of the Central Committee more clearly aware of the practical difficulties of the Volunteers, which attracted great attention and took practical actions. As soon as President Peng left, the chairman sent a report to the Soviet Union, asking the Soviet Union to provide airpower support; Premier Zhou arranged separate operations for the meeting, and the 19th Corps and Artillery Corps took turns to fight North Korea. At the same time, they also dealt with logistical supplies and wounded handling. Make careful arrangements.
More importantly, all units of the entire army immediately took action and rushed to fight in North Korea in turns.The chairman even made predictions and deployment arrangements for the war situation and pointed out that we must be prepared for long-term operations. This is a major change in strategic thinking.
The Soviet Union also sent good news. After the chairman and Stalin sent the report, Stalin 3.3 responded to the telegram:
Peng Dehuai’s efforts to return to Beijing in this cyclone Under the arrangement of the chairman and the prime minister, great results have been achieved, and great progress has been made in terms of combat preparations and logistical supplies. It is conceivable that if he had not personally returned to the country to report the real situation on the front line, these major issues would certainly not have been implemented and resolved so quickly. It is with the strong domestic support this time that the situation on the Korean battlefield has also undergone a fundamental change. , Laid a good foundation for our subsequent victory.
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