Ming Dynasty Hongwu three years, Xu Da and others returned from the Northern Expedition, Zhu Yuanzhang decided to appoint the hero. Before awarding everyone, Zhu Yuanzhang first chased a king, this person is Zhu Yuanzhang's father-in-law, the king of Chuyang Guo Zixing .
The previous year ( the second year of Hongwu ), Chang Yuchun died of illness on the way back to the court by his class teacher, and was named as king of Kaiping by Zhu Yuanzhang. Therefore, Guo Zixing is the second king of a different surname that Zhu Yuanzhang pursued. In the imperial decree, Zhu Yuanzhang said:
Only the king of Chuyang, the people of Dingyuan , when the Yuan movement is about to end, the heroes will rise together, and the king will advocate the free travel and overcome the city of Hao for two years. When I was engaged, the courtesy was very generous.
Zhu Yuanzhang meant: Guo Zixing occupied Haozhou at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and made outstanding contributions. When I joined the Red Scarf Army , Guo Zixing took great care of me.
Actually, what Zhu Yuanzhang said is not a lie. Without Guo Zixing, there would be no later Zhu Yuanzhang. The reason why Zhu Yuanzhang was able to occupy Jinling and became emperor was because he inherited the mantle of Guo Zixing. Therefore, "Ming History·Volume 122" evaluated Guo Zixing:
Zixing is owned by Haozhou, and the land is weak. Of course, there is Mingjiye, which actually originated from the first trip to Chuyang.
means that Guo Zixing occupies Haozhou. Although his strength is not strong, the foundation of the Ming Dynasty actually came from Guo Zixing’s lineage.This is to regard Guo Zixing as the founder of the Ming Dynasty!
Guo Zixing in history is somewhat tragic. He has only been the leader of the rebel army for three years and died forever. Zhu Yuanzhang not only married his two daughters, but also killed his only two sons. Therefore, the "King of Chuyang" of the Ming Dynasty. Although I have enjoyed the sacrifice for 274 years, it has always been named. In this article, the author will tell about Guo Zixing, hoping that through historical materials, we can learn about a long history.
1. The wind and clouds gathered in Haozhou, Taizu first came to vote
In 1351 AD (Yuan Dynasty to the eleventh year of Zhengzheng), Han Shantong launched the Yellow River migrant workers' uprising, which was called because the rebels wore red scarves. "Red Scarf Army". Affected by the harsh government of the Yuan Dynasty, after the Red Turban uprising broke out, the people responded. Although the Yuan Dynasty sent out a large army several times to suppress it, it still could not stop the anti-Yuan wave among the people.
The following year, on the Jianghuai land, someone successively raised the Red Turban Army's righteous flag and declared the anti-yuan. Guo Zixing became the marshal of the Haozhou Red Scarf Army at this time.
"The History of Ming Dynasty·Guo Zixing Biography" records:
Guo Zixing, his first Caozhou people...hui Yuan political chaos, Zixing scattered family capital, Shii Niu wine, and settled with strong men. In the spring of the twelfth year of Zhengzheng, thousands of young people gathered and occupied Haozhou.
Guo Zixing's ancestor was from Heze, Shandong. He has a chivalrous heart since he was a child and likes making friends very much. When the Yuan Dynasty was corrupt, the people were suffering, and seeing the world chaos, Guo Zixing gathered thousands of people to occupy Haozhou and served as the marshal of the Haozhou Red Scarf Army.
At that time, Guo Zixing was not the only marshal in the Haozhou Red Scarf Army. In addition to Guo Zixing, there were also four people including Sun Deya, who occupied a corner of Haozhou and called themselves marshals. They are all Red Turbans in name, but in fact they are intriguing.
In 1352, a monk named Zhu Chongba came to Guo Zixing's army and changed the fate of the Red Scarf army. Interestingly, when Zhu Chongba first came, he was treated as a spy." Ming History " says:
The appearance of the grandfather of Zi Xingqi, unbinding and uttering, will be collected. As the chief of ten, he has gained meritorious service in the war.
Zhu Chongba was a hard-working man. When he was a teenager, his parents died and his relatives were separated. He lived in the rivers and lakes, first made a living by begging, and later by luck went to the monastery as a monk, and he also learned a few words in the temple. However, with the outbreak of the Red Scarf Army's uprising, the people were unable to survive and the temple was unable to make ends meet. Zhu Chongba was forced to walk out of the temple, begging again, and later simply joined the rebels.
When Zhu Chongba first came to Guo Zixing's camp gate, the guard saw that he was very suspicious and suspected that he was a spy, so he caught him and tied up with a rope to see Guo Zixing. When Guo Zixing saw Zhu Chongba's magnificent appearance, his words were so bold, he personally untied the rope for him and took him under the tent as the ten chief. And renamed him Zhu Yuanzhang , the word Guorui.
Since then, a monk named Zhu Chongba was missing in the troubled times, and an anti-Yuan Yishi named Zhu Yuanzhang was born.
After Zhu Yuanzhang was put under Guo Zixing's account, the Yuan Dynasty army came several times. Guo Zixing led his troops to fend off the enemy, and Zhu Yuanzhang made many achievements in battle. Guo Zixing was overjoyed, so he discussed with his wife Zhang Clan that he wanted to marry his righteous daughter Ma Clan to Zhu Yuanzhang, so that Zhu Yuanzhang would follow him desperately. Ma clan, later , is called the Queen of Ma by the people.
After Zhu Yuanzhang and Ma clan married, they were sent to Haozhou countryside by Guo Zixing to recruit soldiers. Zhu Yuanzhang recruited Xu Da and other generals. When Zhu Yuanzhang returned to Haozhou, Guo Zixing had an accident. It turned out that Sun Deya, together with Xuzhou Red Scarf Army Marshal Peng Da and others, designed to arrest Guo Zixing. After Zhu Yuanzhang heard this, he was furious. He led his troops into Sun Deya's camp and desperately snatched out Guo Zixing. Since then, Guo Zixing's soldiers have become more convinced of Zhu Yuanzhang.
Guo Zixing was also very brave in battle. Soon after, the Yuan Dynasty sent a large army to Haozhou. Guo Zixing led the people to defend Haozhou for more than five months. When the Yuan army retreated, Zhu Yuanzhang bid farewell to Guo Zixing, took Xu Da and other 24 generals to Dingyuan south, and began to open up another battlefield, known in history as "Southwest Dingyuan". Guo Zixing was not idle in Haozhou either, he and Sun Deya and others had a great fight.
From historical data, although Guo Zixing was the first group of righteous scholars against Yuan, he was not perfect. Like most peasant uprising leaders in feudal society, he has his own limitations. He rebelled against the Yuan Dynasty, but his ambitions were not big. This may be the reason why Guo Zixing could not be bigger. At that time, although Zhu Yuanzhang was under Guo Zixing's command, Zhu Yuanzhang understood that if he was stuck in Haozhou for a long time, it would not help the anti-Yuan plan. Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang went south to Dingyuan and planned to expand his influence on the north bank of the Yangtze River.
Therefore, in terms of structure, Guo Zixing is not as good as his son-in-law. But in any case, Zhu Yuanzhang can take this step thanks to Guo Zixing's cultivation.
2. Insufficient equipment, a hundred years of free hate
In 1353, Zhu Yuanzhang accumulated power to attack Chuzhou and successively recruited , Li Shanchang, , Feng Guoyong2span, Feng Dahai, and Deng Dahai, . The more you wait, you have become a hero. At this time, Guo Zixing's life in Haozhou was not easy. Sun Deya joined forces with Peng Da, Zhao Junyong and others to jointly squeeze Guo Zixing. In desperation, Guo Zixing brought his old tribe to the south and came to take refuge in his own. Son-in-law Zhu Yuanzhang.
said it was "refuge", but it is not accurate, because Guo Zixing is still Zhu Yuanzhang's boss. After he came to Chuzhou, he immediately took up the prestige of the old man. Zhu Yuanzhang is grateful to Guo Zixing,He immediately handed over the soldiers and horses under his command to Guo Zixing, and Guo Zixing's strength instantly grew.
Although Zhu Yuanzhang is grateful to Guo Zixing, Guo Zixing has a different attitude towards Zhu Yuanzhang. Guo Zixing listened to the slander of his wife and brother Zhang Tianyou and his son Guo Tianxu , saying that Zhu Yuanzhang's prestige is too great, and if he is not suppressed in time, he may be left behind. Guo Zixing thinks it makes sense. " Chronicles of Ming History " says:
Zixing is confused and slanderous, he has taken the Taizu soldiers, and wants to take Li Shanchang under his command. Good long tears and sobbing to profess, refused to do it. It is the right to conquer, and Taizu is not allowed to and, and increasingly alienated, and things become more respectful.
Guo Zixing heard that Li Shanchang was Zhu Yuanzhang's first adviser, so he called Li Shanchang privately and asked Li Shanchang to change to his own command. After Li Shanchang recommended Guo Zixing, he found Zhu Yuanzhang crying to show his loyalty, saying that he would never betray Zhu Yuanzhang. This is also the reason why Zhu Yuanzhang always respected Li Shanchang, and after the founding of the Ming Dynasty, he respected Li Shanchang as the first civil servant.
After this incident, Guo Zixing did not let Zhu Yuanzhang get involved in the military affairs, and Guo Zixing did not hand it over to Zhu Yuanzhang for any matter of leading soldiers to fight. Guo Zixing gradually alienated Zhu Yuanzhang, but Zhu Yuanzhang was still very respectful to his father-in-law. Later, Guo Zixing's generals sent troops several times, but they "had nothing." In desperation, Guo Zixing asked Zhu Yuanzhang to lead the troops, and Zhu Yuanzhang "all invincible".
No other generals can win, only Zhu Yuanzhang can use it, which makes Guo Zixing even more afraid of Zhu Yuanzhang. Fortunately, Zhu Yuanzhang's wife Ma clan mediated many times, and Guo Zixing did not embarrass Zhu Yuanzhang. However, next, something happened that made Zhu Yuanzhang very disappointed. The "Ming History Chronicle" records:
Taizu’s prestigious day work,The two sons of Zixing put poisonous wine in the dark, trying to harm them and vent them.
Guo Zixing does not harm Zhu Yuanzhang, but it does not mean that his son will not. Guo Zixing's two sons, Guo Tianxu and Guo Tianjue, once conspired to poison Zhu Yuanzhang's wine, but Zhu Yuanzhang found out.
Zhu Yuanzhang was horrified, and furiously said, ", why did I take you to you, and you are going to conspiracy against me? "
Guo Tianxu and Guo Tianjue were not directly frightened by Zhu Yuanzhang's momentum. He harmed Zhu Yuanzhang, but secretly vilified Zhu Yuanzhang even more brazenly in front of Guo Zixing.
In 1355, Zhu Yuanzhang bid farewell to Guo Zixing, left Chuzhou, and took Hezhou with his troops. Sun Deya, who was far away in Haozhou, encountered a famine and brought troops to Hezhou. Zhu Yuanzhang considered that they were all anti-Yuan teams, so he accepted them into the city. After Guo Zixing heard this, he was so angry that he came to Hezhou from Chuzhou, found Zhu Yuanzhang, and slapped Zhu Yuanzhang angrily. Zhu Yuanzhang's repeated explanations were useless, so he had to drive Sun Deya out of Hezhou. But in order to express his apology, Zhu Yuanzhang personally went to send Sun Deya, and also sent a few carts of grain to show his sincerity.
Unexpectedly, at this moment something went wrong in the rear. "The History of Ming Dynasty·Guo Zixing Biography" says:
The former camp has been sent out, and the German Yafang watched the rear army, and his army fought with the Zixing army, and many dead.
Zhu Yuanzhang set off from Sun Deya's front camp and suddenly heard the sound of a weapon fight. For some reason, Sun Deya fought with Guo Zixing in the back camp, with many casualties. Zhu Yuanzhang was shocked, and quickly turned around and went back to "persuade him to fight."
It turned out that Guo Zixing heard that Sun Deya was about to leave and tried his best to finally capture his old enemy Sun Deya. The generals under Sun Deya were furious, knowing that Zhu Yuanzhang was Guo Zixing's son-in-law, so he took Zhu Yuanzhang down.
In this way, Hezhou City has blown up the pot: Guo Zixing wants to kill Sun Deya; Sun Deya's subordinates want to exchange Zhu Yuanzhang for Sun Deya; Xu Da, Li Shanchang and others want to bring troops to rescue Zhu Yuanzhang; Guo Tianxu and others do everything possible to stop Xu Da.
Hezhou is not Chuzhou after all. Xu Da and other generals are Zhu Yuanzhang's confidantes. Guo Zixing didn't want to answer Sun Deya in exchange for Zhu Yuanzhang, but he couldn't stand the pressure of Xu Da and others. In the end, after Xu Da first replaced Zhu Yuanzhang, Guo Zixing released Sun Deya. "The History of the Ming Dynasty·Guo Zixing Biography" says:
Zixing regrets the deeds, and will be willing to explain it based on the Taizu's reason, and the town is not happy. Before long, he fell ill and died, and was buried in Chuzhou.
After Guo Zixing released Sun Deya, he was very unwilling. He was depressed from then on. Before long, he died in depression and died in Chuzhou.
As the leader of Zhu Yuanzhang, Guo Zixing has the "benefit of rebuilding" Zhu Yuanzhang, but Guo Zixing's cognition is not clear on the big issues of the anti-Yuan. On the whole, Guo Zixing's equipment is far from enough to support a strong rebel army.
From the perspective of human nature, the author regrets the death of Guo Zixing. But from a historical perspective, Guo Zixing blocked Zhu Yuanzhang's light, and the death of Guo Zixing happened to make Zhu Yuanzhang later.
Both three and two sons were condemned, and the two women entered the palace.
Guo Zixing had three sons and two daughters. Among them, the eldest son died early, the second son Guo Tianxu, the third son Guo Tianjue, the daughter Guo and the righteous woman Ma.
Guo Zixing's three sons were all born to Mrs. Yuan Pei. Although Zhu Yuanzhang's wife, Ma, was not Guo Zixing's birth, she has been with Guo Zixing for many years and has long regarded Guo Zixing as his father. Guo Zixing’s youngest daughter, Guo’s family, was born to his wife, Zhang’s. It’s worth mentioning that when Guo Zixing passed away, his little daughter Guo’s was just born and was still in her infant.
At that time, the leader of the Northern Red Scarf Army, Han Shantong, was dead, and his son Han Lin'er proclaimed himself emperor in Bozhou , and he was known as King Xiaoming in history.Han Lin'er was the nominal master of Guo Zixing. He heard that Guo Zixing had passed away, so he issued a decree: appoint Guo Zixing’s son Guo Tianxu as his father’s marshal, appoint Guo Zixing’s wife and brother Zhang Tianyou as the right deputy marshal, and appoint Guo Zixing’s son-in-law Zhu Yuanzhang as the left deputy. marshal. In this way, Zhu Yuanzhang still has to obey Guo Tianxu's mercy.
Guo Tianxu was at odds with Zhu Yuanzhang, and he had been in trouble with Zhu Yuanzhang many times in the army. In addition, Guo Tianxu was narrow-minded, and the soldiers refused to accept him. Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang, the left deputy marshal, was the most prestigious man in the army. Next, in the battle between the two, Guo Tianxu was finally calculated by Zhu Yuanzhang. Of course, there is a key person in the middle, that is Chen Yexian (also known as Chen Yexian).
When the author wrote about Deng Yu, Liao Yongzhong , Kang Maocai and other Ming generals, he mentioned Chen Yexian many times. Chen Yexian was a tough guy in the late Yuan Dynasty. During the Red Turban uprising, Chen Yexian led the villagers to protect the village. He was valued by the Yuan Dynasty and was promoted to the militia marshal. At that time, there were two Yuan dynasty forces near Nanjing (then called Jiqing). The first was Fushou, the prime minister of Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces in the Yuan dynasty, and the other was militia marshal Chen Yexian. Chen Yexian not only fought bravely, but also fought against the Yuan dynasty. Loyalty. Therefore, when Zhu Yuanzhang left Hezhou and crossed the Yangtze River south, Chen Yexian became Zhu Yuanzhang's opponent.
However, Chen Ye first had bad luck. In the battle of crossing the river, he was captured alive by Xu Da and Deng Yu. Zhu Yuanzhang admired Chen Yexian very much and persuaded Chen Yexian to surrender. "The Chronicles of Ming History" records:
(Chen Yexian) Yang is a ci, but the yin is really agitated, and it doesn't mean that the crowd will fall abruptly. And when he heard that he wanted to attack the celebration, the tribe said in private: "If you wait for the celebration, you don't have to fight, but I have to take it off, and I should join the Yuan soldiers." The Taizu heard the plan...
means that Chen Ye was forced to surrender Zhu Yuanzhang first. After Zhu Yuanzhang releases him,He found his subordinates and said: "When Zhu Yuanzhang led us to attack Nanjing, we should not fight to death, but find a chance to escape and return to the Yuan Dynasty."
Chen Ye did not expect that Zhu Yuanzhang arranged for internal response under his command. Zhu Yuanzhang knew about Chen Ye's conspiracy to surrender first. Next, Zhu Yuanzhang sang a good show.
Zhu Yuanzhang arranged a secret mission for Chen Yexian, asking him to "escape" to Nanjing and enter the Yuan dynasty army. When Zhu Yuanzhang attacked Nanjing, he asked Chen Ye to meet inside and outside first. When Chen Ye heard this, he was overjoyed, and returned to the Yuan Dynasty happily with his subordinates. Then the two parties communicated secretly and calculated each other when they attacked Nanjing.
Zhu Yuanzhang set the time to attack Nanjing. Guo Tianxu and Zhang Tianyou were not calm. He heard that Chen Yexian had been countered by Zhu Yuanzhang. If Zhu Yuanzhang successfully captured Nanjing, wouldn't his prestige be higher? As a result, Guo Tianxu and Zhang Tianyou decided to grab merit. They played both hard and soft, ordering Zhu Yuanzhang to guard the rear, and they led his protagonists to Nanjing. Don't you know that Zhu Yuanzhang wanted to lead the snake out of the cave, and Guo Tianxu and Zhang Tianyou were really in the game. The "End of the Chronicle of Ming History" says:
When the armies attacked Jiqing, the wild first and Fushou joined forces and refused to fight on the Qinhuai River. The army lost, Zhang Tianyou and Guo Marshal both died in battle. Marshal, son of Zixing.
Guo Tianxu and Zhang Tianyou went to Qinhuai River according to the time and route deployed by Zhu Yuanzhang, and they saw Chen Ye first responding, but they didn’t know that Chen Ye had never really surrendered to Zhu Yuanzhang, so they waited for the two to enter. , Chen Yexian and Fu Shou's army immediately encircled, Guo Tianxu and Zhang Tianyou both died in battle.
"The Art of War by Sun Tzu" says: Soldiers, tricks. Zhu Yuanzhang used Chen Yexian's surrender to successfully get rid of Guo Tianxu. Half a month later, Han Lin'er made an order to let Zhu Yuanzhang inherit the post of marshal.
Although Guo Tianxu is dead,But he also has a younger brother, Guo Tianjue. In 1356, Guo Tianjue avenged his elder brother and secretly assassinated Zhu Yuanzhang, but he was killed by Zhu Yuanzhang.
At this point, all of Guo Zixing's two sons have been lost by Zhu Yuanzhang, and the official surname of the Haozhou Red Scarf Army is Zhu.
However, at this time Zhu Yuanzhang is no longer the same as in the past. His celebrities are like clouds. After he occupied Nanjing, he immediately captured southern Anhui, , eastern Zhejiang and Jiangxi. In 1360, Zhu Yuanzhang won the battle of Longwan and severely damaged Chen Youliang . Three years later, in the battle of Poyang Lake , Zhu Yuanzhang wiped out the incredible Chen Youliang. After another three years, Zhu Yuanzhang began to encircle and Zhang Shicheng . In 1367, Zhang Shicheng was destroyed, Fang Guozhen surrendered, and Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed the emperor in Nanjing and established the Ming Dynasty. And Guo Zixing's righteous daughter Ma, was canonized as queen by Zhu Yuanzhang.
In fact, after Guo Zixing's death, his successor wife Zhang was still alive. Since Zhang had raised the Queen of Horses, Zhu Yuanzhang was very respectful to Zhang. After the Ming Dynasty was established, Zhang entrusted her youngest daughter Guo to Zhu Yuanzhang. After that, Zhu Yuanzhang accepted the Guo family into the palace, and the Guo family was also the concubine Guo Hui in the harem of Zhu Yuanzhang. (The picture below shows the concubine Guo Hui played by Baibing.)
At this point, Guo Zixing's two sons were all killed by Zhu Yuanzhang, and his two daughters were all married by Zhu Yuanzhang ( Na).
IV. Founding the country and chasing the king, enjoying sacrifices for generations
Although Zhu Yuanzhang established the majestic Ming Dynasty, no matter how brilliant the Ming Dynasty, the Ming Taizu came from Guo Zixing's commander, and this point can never be changed by Guo Zixing's favor.Therefore, in the third year of Hongwu, before Zhu Yuanzhang became the hero, Zhu Yuanzhang made sacrifices to the world, named Guo Zixing as the king of Chuyang, and built a temple for Guo Zixing in Chuzhou, and ordered local officials to sacrifice three times a year.
Not only that, Zhu Yuanzhang also ordered that Guo Zixing's neighbors be exempted from taxation, and his neighbor Youshi kept the tomb of Guo Zixing for generations. Zhu Yuanzhang deeply cherished Guo Zixing in the imperial decree. He said:
Yiwei, Nanxun Heyang, the infant died of illness. First, I ordered me to lead the army to fight the imperial Yang, and the king died. The prince could not control the heroes and soldiers, and was lack of food. I led the crowd to cross the river for ten to three years.
Zhu Yuanzhang put it very euphemistically, saying that Guo Zixing died of illness during the Southern Tour and State, and that Guo Zixing's son did not have the ability to control the tycoons, so he took over the banner of the Haozhou Red Scarf Army.
From these words of Zhu Yuanzhang, it can be seen that he did not deny the matter of inheriting Guo Zixing's mantle.
Some people say that if Guo Zixing is still alive, Zhu Yuanzhang may not be able to tolerate him before he becomes emperor. The author believes that this is a theory of condemnation. Guo Zixing is not Han Lin'er after all, and after all, he did not live to the founding of the Ming Dynasty.
According to the official history, Queen Ma had five sons (controversial), namely Zhu Yuanzhang's eldest son Zhubiao, second son Zhuqiao, third son Zhuzhen, fourth son Zhudi, five sons Zhuo Yeah. Concubine Guo Hui gave birth to Zhu Yuanzhang's eleventh son Zhu Chun , thirteen son Zhugui , and eighteen son Zhu Su.
Since the third year of Hongwu, every Qing Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang will send a son of Queen Ma to Chuzhou to worship Guo Zixing on behalf of Guo Zixing. But after Zhu Chun, the king of Shu, became an adult, the task of offering sacrifices to Guo Zixing every year was handed over to Zhu Chun. After all, Queen Ma is just the righteous daughter of Guo Zixing, and Concubine Guo Hui is related to Guo Zixing, and Shu King Zhu Chun is the grandson of Guo Zixing's relatives.It can be seen from this arrangement that Zhu Yuanzhang still respects Guo Zixing.
The author believes that although Guo Zixing has only been an anti-Yuan leader for 3 years, his achievements should be recognized by future generations. However, Guo Zixing's lack of equipment and his replacement by Zhu Yuanzhang is a historical necessity.
Tang Dynasty Qin Taoyu once wrote a song " poor girl", the last sentence is:
"Hate the gold thread every year and make wedding clothes for others."
Guo Zixing worked hard for three years. As a result, all his sons were killed. The Zhu Ming dynasty lasted for 276 years, and the Chuyang king enjoyed the 274 years of the court's sacrifices, but because Guo Zixing had no heirs, the Ming Dynasty sacrifices were nothing more than an empty temple.
.The author of this article is Bo Shi Tong Jin, refer to "Ming History" and "Ming History Chronicle".
