Zhang Heling Introduction:
Zhang Heling (1867-1908) an educator in the late Qing Dynasty. His courtesy name is Songlai and Changru, and his pseudonym is Xiaopu. Yanghu (now Changzhou urban area). In the 18th year of Guangxu (1892), he was appointed as the Hanlin Academy Shujishi and was promoted to the head of the Ministry of Revenue. He served as the chief of the Jingshi University. Later, he was distributed to Hunan as a Taoist and served as a grain storage road and a prisoner. For 32 years, he served as the Fengtian Education Envoy, and established a law and politics school, a women's advanced school, a women's normal school, a secondary agricultural school, etc., and was the first to be a new school in the three northeastern provinces. Died in the office. He is pragmatic in his studies, advocates the abolition of imperial examinations and promotes the school, and has formulated the school charter, advocates reform of the text, emphasizes consistency in language and text expression, and the country should unify grammar, etc. After his death, the governor of the three eastern provinces, Xu Shichang, was praised as "all scholars in the world are called Zhang Gong". He has written "Example Theory of Changes in Jingwei Gong".
Birth resume:
Zhang Heling (1867-1908), whose courtesy name is Songlai and Changru, and his nickname is Xiaopu and Jianpu. He is from Wujin County, Jiangsu Province (now Changzhou City). Educator and writing reformer in the late Qing Dynasty.
Born in the sixth year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1867), he was born in a family of scholars. His father Zhang Shenzhai was an official in Zhejiang, and his mother, Zhao's family, was still polite and educated. His enlightenment education came from his mother's teachings. He was 13 years old and understood the study of exegesis and verses.
In the fifteenth year of the Guangxu period (1889), he passed the imperial examination.
In the 18th year of Guangxu (1892), he participated in the palace examination of Renchen and passed the second place in the second place in the Jinshi. In May of the same year, it was changed to the Hanlin Academy Shujishi.
In April of the 24th year of the Guangxu period (1898), the library was disbanded and used it as a subordinate to be the head of the Ministry of Revenue. It was 1895 War , and Zhang Heling strongly advocated reform. After the failure of 1899 Reform , he took leave and returned home, and founded the Jingshi Society and Jiangsu Society (the predecessor of Jiangsu Education Association ).
In the 27th year of the Guangxu period (1901), he was appointed as the chief teacher of the Peking University by Zhang Baixi. During this period, in order to popularize China's new education, 20 systematic rules including the "Academic Affairs Outline" were formulated, commonly known as " Zuiding Academy Charter ", and submitted by Zhang Zhidong , Zhang Baixi and others to the Qing court for promulgation and implementation.
In the 29th year of the Guangxu period (1903), while advocating new learning, Zhang Heling advocated reform of the text. It is believed that there are three obstacles to the promotion of Chinese characters: "difficulty in meaning", "different laws and regulations", and "many sects". The reform method is: "The meaning of the character" is focused on the refuge and simplification, change the past "using the meaning to distinguish the characters as the sound" to recognize words, imitate the pinyin method promoted by the "Europe, America, and non-Australia" countries, emphasize the unity of language and literal expression, and achieve "a person who can speak is a person who can write"; the "laws and regulations" advocate that the country should be unified grammar, and cannot vary from place to place, and each should be the main focus, so that beginners will not follow anything; as for the issue of "there are many sects", a unified format should be stipulated, and the memorials should be used in the form of "establishing words", and the letter should be "the movement of the scriptures is the work". In the winter of the same year, he served as Prime Minister of Nanyang Public School.
In February of the 30th year of the Guangxu period (1904), the Russo-Russian War broke out on the 1st. Zhang Heling urgently negotiated with Zhang Meiyi, Zhang Yuanji, who had left Nanyang Public School to work in Commercial Press, and Zhao Fengchang, Lu Jingrui and others on this matter: "I am afraid that the National Assembly will make peace in the future, and will always put us out of the situation and lose all sovereignty." It was agreed that Zhang Meiyi would collect information on the Paris and Berlin Peace Conference and submit it to Sheng Xuanhuai, and would like to ask Sheng to ask Ruifang and Lu Haihuan to send it to the Qing court. Request to implement it.
In the same year, Zhao Erxun served as the governor of Hunan and submitted a memorial to the court to transfer Zhang Heling from the capital to Hunan, acting as the General Office of the Hunan Grain and Storage Road, and also serving as the Westernization Affairs, academic affairs, business affairs and supervision of copywriting matters. Later he served as the Hunan Censor. Hunan Province has built many schools under the planning and arrangement of its new school. In the same year, the government signed a Guangdong-Hankou Railway loan contract with the great powers. Zhang Heling publicly called for the "abolition of contracts and protection of roads" to support the people in regaining sovereignty, and the official voice was greatly boosted.
In April of the 32nd year of the Guangxu period (1906), the Qing court ordered the suspension of imperial examinations and the implementation of new learning. Zhang Heling was appointed as the first student envoy of Fengtian, and ordered him to preside over the new education education in the three northeastern provinces.After taking office, he set up a school affairs office in the provincial capital, founded a teacher education, and successively set up a specialized course in Measurement, an experimental school, and a provincial middle school, and took over the business school. He repaired Weicheng Primary School, Mongolian Literature School and simple urban and rural primary schools, and purchased equipment to make these schools take shape. The Provincial Education Association was also established in Fengtian and urged all counties to establish education.
In the 34th year of the Guangxu period (1908), according to investigation, the number of schools in the province increased to 2,122, with more than 85,000 students in school. Its school performance is comparable to that of provinces and cities in the Yangtze River basin. We also attached great importance to improving the quality of teaching. At that time, the simple science of the normal school was obtained through the Qing Dynasty's academic department. The evaluation was quite good and was commended and commended and circulated nationwide. He also founded the earliest provincial capital library in Fengtian (now Shenyang Library). In July of the same year, the library opened.
On September 5 of the same year, he died of illness due to overwork and was only 42 years old.
After Zhang Heling died of illness, Xu Shichang, the governor of the three eastern provinces, led colleagues from various prefectures and counties to pay condolences and allocated 3,000 gold as the cost of mourning. On September 23, his spiritual cage returned to his hometown and saw him off. The Shenyang County Chronicles record: "The sent-offs are filled with Daqu. After they are re-established, they pay tribute to the remote sacrifices and mourn thousands of gentry students in the province. "The tomb is in Sungongtang, Anxi Township, Wujin County, Jiangsu Province.
Zhang Heling is rigorous in his studies, read a lot of books, and is particularly fond of European and American translations. He advocates "abolition of imperial examinations and promoting schools" and advocates scientific and cultural. The proposition of "reform and reform" mentioned by Zhang Baixi, the Minister of Management, was praised as "broad and profound, broadening the minds of eternality, and overthrowing a hero for a lifetime." He has written "Wenbi Chapter" and so on.
Zhang Heling's poems:
imitation Yu Zishan poetry on the screen. One of them (Zhang Heling, Qing Dynasty)
five-character regular verse ash rhyme
south sacrifice back to the purple extreme, and the spring sunshine blooms. The weather in Hualin changed, and the Qionghua came to the ground.
is temporarily welcomed to lift the flying cover and look back at the dancing sleeves. I served in the Xiangchun Palace, but I didn’t care about the Liuxia Cup.
The second (Zhang Heling of Qing Dynasty)
Five-character regular verse is the first rhyme
The green Han slid down the light rain, and the layers of light are clear before the clearing of the tide. The bridge is flat and the fragrance of flowers hinders the ship.
New song leaning against the smoke paddle, and lotus trees emerge after brocade. The face of the lotus is low, and the echo is beginning to be lost.
The third (Zhang Heling of Qing Dynasty)
Five-character regular verses are the true rhymes
The rainbow lintel is in full bloom, and the orioles move the fragrant neighbors. The stoops are the beautiful woman who is left behind.
Rhinoceros zither promotes the phoenix pillar, and phoenix blows the hair and fishy lips. I express my favor and show my own feelings, and I wish to meet the God of Luo Bo.
The fourth (Zhang Heling of Qing Dynasty)
Five-character regular verse skeleton
Steps to the corridor and the empty pavilion is broken. The water comes out of coral air, and the mountain opens the mica door.
Choose to ride Changyangyuan, Feishang Jinguyuan. The beauty has not faded late, and the roots of the clouds are left intoxicated.
The fifth (Zhang Heling of Qing Dynasty)
Five-character regular verse essays sing the rhymes
Jiangdong's feast, the crown and foot of the roaming. The branches of the sun are flirting with the literary feathers, and the peach leaves send smoke and flow.
The stone beams are broken from a distance, and the clouds are close to the building. Why do you feel sad about the land and house? The former Marquis of Che of the Dongling?
The Sixth (Zhang Heling of Qing Dynasty)
Five-character regular verse precedent
The old dance Qingxi record, the new song is connected midnight. The hairpin is filled with treasure fan, and the bracelet is covered with jade beads.
After the low-brow barrier, the dense state is out of the stirrup. Who says that you have no green hair, and you have been entertaining for forty years?
The seventh (Zhang Heling of Qing Dynasty)
Five-character regular verse
The graceful and slender lyrics are arranged on the Dan Tang, and the car is flying back and out of the jewel. The spring flag blows on the willows on the shore and blows down the mountain flowers.
seems to be out of the Qi Teng room and will feast Chu Zhanghua. The Yi Geng is afraid of danger, and the steep slan is separated by Bao.
It is the Eighth (Zhang Heling of Qing Dynasty)
Five-character regular verse invades the rhyme
Jinwei fragrance is like the sea, and the golden garden flowers are made into forest. The new frost wipes the mirror, and the flying snow surrounds the green piano.
The general gave his confidant to make a simple heart. Don’t think of it in front of the wind, the glass of wine will be clear and deep.
Qijiu (Zhang Heling, Qing Dynasty)
Five-character regular verses yang rhyme
Danyan chard, green mist lingers in the orchid hall. Steps are blocked and surrounded by brocade, and the songs are long and the dust surrounds the beams.
. The flute and pipes in the room compete, reflecting the water and the silk fragrance. I had a long mat and red beans were placed on the bed.
The tenth (Zhang Heling of Qing Dynasty)
Five-character regular verse essay essay
Cold autumn anvil and pestle, and the sound hits the wind. The flowing yellow comes out of the slender hands, and the waist is shy.
Wu Ling just weaved, and Shu strings should be stopped. The letter from the side was passed on, and the captain was prostituted by Yao.
The eleventh (Zhang Heling of Qing Dynasty)
The five-character regular verse hymn
The rows of bright and floating black, and the water patterns are thin and silky.The long star is green and the house is open and the business song is turned into.
Yuanlingwang Pine cypress , Tingzhou rushes lotus. The singing and dancing area of Nandu, there is not much golden powder knives.
The twelve (Zhang Heling of Qing Dynasty)
The five-character regular verse is the first rhyme
The pillars and jades are opened, and the beads and tassels are hung in the cave. The birds fly in love with the thin bushes, and the fish play in the water lotus.
When you are hiding , the mandarin ducks do not get in the way of the boat. The remaining hairpin has not been abandoned, and the Qing Zun talks about the New Year before.
The Thirteenth (Zhang Heling of Qing Dynasty)
The five-character regular verse is in harmony
The dense bamboos are round the ground, and the tall trees are in harmony. Huaguan double-path scroll, the tent is low.
Danyan travels to the brocade phoenix, and the sky chicken is called outside the clouds. Cherish the fragrance together, and the orioles sing green trees.
Zhang Baixi's couplet (Zhang Heling, Qing Dynasty)
Couplets
Nine days of sorrow and eulogy express loyalty, clear and lonely, and still worry about Mandarin. The handwritten handwriting will be a farewell after a year, and the practice of hiding together will prove it. If you don't have a talent, you will be a known person.
imperial examination system in Chinese history started from Sui and Tang , and has not stopped until the Qing Dynasty, and has been used for more than 1,300 years. There is very few "system" that can compare with the profound and wide influence of the imperial examination system on politics, economy, culture, thought, folk customs and even national character. Its appearance is a reflection of social progress. In ancient society, it was the most open and fair system for selecting talents. The title of the Golden List is an idiom, which was first from the Five Dynasties· Wang Dingbao "Tang Literature·Volume 3".
The original meaning of this idiom refers to the candidates who passed the imperial examination and passed the imperial examination and were on the imperial examination admission list, and later generally refers to being admitted in the examination.
Since the founding of the imperial examinations in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, studying and becoming an official has become a right way for scholars all over the world to seek fame and fame. According to statistics, from the Sui and Tang Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, more than one million Juren, more than one hundred thousand Jinshi, and more than 700 top scholars in civil and military affairs were produced. The term "Zhuangzi" was once called "Zhuangzi" in in the Tang Dynasty. The results will be released after the palace examination, and the one who ranks first is "六子". It was not until the early Ming Dynasty that the court clearly stipulated that the "top scholar" was the special title of the first Jinshi. The palace examination is the last sprint for the scientific examination and the most glorious examination. According to the regulations of the Qing Dynasty, after the palace examination, the new Jinshi must wear a public uniform and a crown of three branches and nine leaves, and stand behind all officials to wait for the order. The emperor came to , the Palace of Supreme Harmony , and read out the ranking of Jinshi, which is called Chuanlu or Luzhuan. In fact, it is the ceremony for the emperor to announce the ranking of Jinshi. This method was the most solemn in the Song Dynasty and was in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Such a grand ceremony has many good stories and many strange things.
Taking the Qing Dynasty as an example, scholars took the exam for scholars at the county level. The first place in the provincial examination is called "Xieyuan". The first place in the national (community examination) exam is called Huiyuan. The first place in the palace examination is called "The No. 1", the second place is called "The No. 1", and the third name is "Tanhua". The rest are called "Jinshi". The top three are admitted to the Hanlin Academy. Other Jinshi must pass the examination and be selected before they can enter the Hanlin Academy for another three years. Entering the Hanlin Academy is the same as the top scholar. In the Qing Dynasty, he was not good at being a minister and prime minister, but he had to be a Hanlin graduate. The ancient imperial examination system was admitted to Jinshi after the palace examination, and the announcement of the ranking was announced. Because it was written on yellow paper, it was called Huangjia and Jinban. It is mostly designated by the emperor, commonly known as the imperial list. If you pass the Jinshi exam, you will be called the Golden List. Chinese traditional culture talks about "Four joys" in "There are "a long drought that lasts, a sweet rain, a foreign land, a wedding night, and a golden list to be named", which refers to the four biggest happy events in life.
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