Historically, Russia was originally a European country and did not border my country. But since the Russians crossed the Ural Mountains, they began to expand wildly. Therefore, many small and weak countries in Siberia were gradually conquered by them.
In the 17th century, the Tsarist Empire had expanded to Eastern Siberia, and later built the city of Irkutsk by Lake Baikal. In 1658, Tsarist Russia invaded our territory and built the city of Nibuchu on the Shileka River, a tributary of Heilongjiang, and built the Yaksa Fortress on the left bank of the upper reaches of Heilongjiang.
With Yaksa as a stronghold, Tsarist Russian soldiers continued to penetrate the northeast of my country along the Heilongjiang River, burning villages, looting food and property, and even massacring local innocent people.
At this time, as the Qing Dynasty was falling into the San Francisco Rebellion, the southeast coast was also not peaceful. Therefore, Emperor Kangxi did not take much action in the northeast, but only negotiated, warned, and persuaded him to leave. In the face of the Qing Dynasty’s persuasion, Tsarist Russia decisively refused.
After the suppression of the San Francisco Rebellion, the Qing Dynasty finally freed its hands. In 1685, Kangxi sent General Peng Chun and led an army of 3000 to Yaksa. In just three days, Peng Chun attacked Kyaksa, and Russia’s Alexei Torbzin begged to surrender. After Peng Chun’s consent, Alexei Torbzin was released.
But what I didn't expect was that Tsarist Russia broke its faith and made a comeback in the second year, rebuilding the Yaksa, and assuming an aggressive posture. At this time, the Qing army attacked again and besieged the Russian army in the city. When the Russian army ran out of ammunition and food, the Tsar sent people to request the Qing government to withdraw from the siege of Yaksa.
At this time, Kangxi sent an order to the front line, released to the Russian army in Yaksa City, and began to prepare for negotiations.
In 1688, Kangxi sent Suoetu to the north, preparing to negotiate with the Russians. Before leaving, Kangxi instructed Suoetu to negotiate the bottom line;
Nebuchu, Yaksa, the upper and lower Heilongjiang, and the rivers and rivers that pass through this river are all land in China and cannot be given to the Russians.
According to this standard, the Qing Dynasty would never let go of the Nibuchu region east of Lake Baikal. But this time the negotiation did not succeed, because Galdan's army invaded Khalkha Mongol, the road was blocked, and Suo Etu returned to Beijing before reaching the negotiation site.
In the second year, the Qing Dynasty negotiated with Russia and negotiated in Nerchinsk. This time, Kangxi felt the threat of Galdan, so in order to free up his hand to deal with Galdan as soon as possible, he took a step back to Tsarist Russia and instructed Suo Etu to say;
今inibuchao (Chu) As the boundary, the Oros sent envoys to trade with no shelter, and it is difficult to communicate. When you first discussed it, the Nebu tide was still the boundary. If the messenger begged for the Nebu tide, the Ergun (river) would be the boundary.
On July 31, 1689, nearly 10,000 people from the Chinese mission arrived in Nerchinsk, preparing to negotiate. In the mission, two foreigners were particularly eye-catching. These two men are missionaries to China, one is Gerbillon Jean Franois, Chinese name Zhang Cheng, French. One is named Thomas Pereira, Chinese name Xu Risheng, Portuguese. Because he is proficient in astronomy and ordnance manufacturing, he is quite reusable by Kangxi. This time, the task of the two of them was the translation of the Qing court.
When the negotiations just started, Russian Ambassador Golovin accused China of provoking a border dispute, claiming a figure based on reason, and counting the crimes of aggression by Tsarist Russia. Both sides refused to give in, and the atmosphere was tense, and even reached a state of waiting.
Faced with this situation, Suo Etu once asked Tsarist Russia to return the Nerchinsk region and proposed to use the Lena River and Lake Baikal as the national border. Golovin apparently refused to agree, tried to use force to intimidate, and sent musketeers to demonstrate.
At this time, the negotiations were at a deadlock. Golovin informed the Russian soldiers of Yaxa to prepare for war and harvest crops at any time. Seeing this, Suo'etu informed Golovin that he could be bounded by the Gelbiqi River on the Shileka River. Dan GoloWen still refused to give up, claiming to keep Yaxa.
In fact, Tsarist Russia at this time was simply bluffing. Although the Qing Dynasty threatened Galdan, Tsarist Russia also had many concerns. Peter I was seizing power internally, and Russia was also competing with the Ottoman Empire for access to the Black Sea. Therefore, there is no strength to compete with the Qing Dynasty in the East.
The soft ones do not come to hard ones. Seeing this, Suo'etu immediately sent people to surround the city of Yaksa and destroyed the surrounding crops. Since the number of the Qing army occupies an absolute advantage in the Nerchinsk region, and the local Mongolian tribes have also risen to resist the aggression, Golovin also knows that there is not much benefit at all, so in order to avoid war, he is ready to accept the proposal conditions of.
However, before accepting the conditions proposed by Suo Etu, Golovin and the two missionaries Zhang Cheng and Xu Risheng began frequent contacts. Slowly, Golovin got to know the bottom line that Kangxi gave Suo'etu. In the end, the Nerchinsk Treaty between the Qing Dynasty and Tsarist Russia stipulated that the borders of the two sides were bounded by the Ergun River, with China in the east and Tsarist Russia in the west.
What exactly Zhang Cheng and Xu Risheng said to Golovin, no one knows for a long time. However, in the second half of the 20th century, after Dai Yi and many other scholars, both of them accepted Golovin's bribes during the Nerchinsk negotiations, and all told Golovin Kangxi’s instructions to Suoetu. . As a result, under many passive conditions, Tsarist Russia still obtained the greatest demand for interests, winning Lake Baikal and all the territories east of Lake Baikal to the Ergun River.
