After the last Zamp of the Tubo Dynasty and the anti-Buddhist Damo were stabbed to death by the Buddhist monk Laron Begidje in the second year of Huichang in the Tang Dynasty, the posthumous son Osong born to the little concubine of Damo was born, and the one who pretended to be

Tubo

Zanpu (king), anti-Buddhism Damo (also known as Dama, commonly known as Langdama), was in the second year of Huichang, Tang Dynasty (842) After the Buddhist monk Laron Begidorje was stabbed to death, the posthumous son Osong (also known as Osong), born to Concubine Damo, was born to him. The son of Yundan (also known as Osong), who was pretending to be the power of the princess, was actually adopted. Yongdan, the "New Book of Tang Dynasty: The Biography of Tubo" " Qili Hu ") fought for the throne, and the Tubo Dynasty quickly split. Then the Wei Ke Xieliedong (Ko Xielieden) Uprising in the eastern Dokang area (now Changdu area in Tibet and Ganzi area in Sichuan) occurred, and it continued to fight to the vicinity of Luoshe (now Lhasa); Wuru area (now western Lhasa). ) Wei Lopoloqiong (Loporoqiong) revolt; Qinpu (now Zanang area) in the south and Gongbu (now Gongbu Jiangda and east of Lushe City) in the east of Qinmu Gongmizhu and Xubu Daznie (Xu Budaize) and other uprisings. The Xubudaznie uprising army once captured Qin Wadaze (now Qiongjie), where Zanpu tombs were located in all dynasties, and destroyed all tombs except Songtsen Gampo. . This time, from the end of the Tang Dynasty to the early stage of , it lasted for more than half a century, and large-scale uprisings of slaves and civilians in a large area broke out one after another. Tibetan history is called "Bangjinluo", which means to make up gangsters and reverse the situation. It not only brought a devastating blow to slavery, promoted the development of the feudal serfdom and , but also destroyed the Tubo dynasty, forming many feudal lord regimes dominated by descendants of the Tubo royal family and divided. The descendants of Yundan of the Tubo Dynasty were located in the capital, Luoshecheng area, and were known in history as the Lhasa royal family.

One of the descendants of oh-song retreated to Nari (now Ali) area Bujang City (now Pram), known in history as the King of Ali; one of them lived in the western Ma Domain (also known as Meng Domain, that is, Ladakh , the Kashmir region, which is controlled by India today, is known in history as the King of Ladakh; the descendants of another branch live in the Yaze (now the western part of Nepal) region in the east of Breng, is known in history as the King of Yaze. Another descendant of Osong is in the Yalong area (now unknown, it is in the southeastern Tibet), and is known in history as the Yalong Jue'a King; one of them later moved in Qingtang (now Xining District, Qinghai). It is called Qingtang Qiang, and the , Yangsilu of the Song Dynasty was the famous leader of Qingtang Qiang.

In addition to the above-mentioned independent separatist regimes established by descendants of the Tubo Dynasty royal family, many other feudal lords also separatist one place and dominate their own affairs. History says: "The race is scattered, with thousands of families in the big ones and hundreds of families in the small ones, and no ones in the small ones. "This situation continued until Mongolia and the Yuan Dynasty ruled the Tubo region.

The rise of Tibetan Buddhism (Lamaism) is equivalent to the early in the Tang Dynasty. In the early 7th century AD, Buddhism was introduced to Tubo. It is equivalent to the middle of the Tang Dynasty. During the late 8th century AD, Buddhism became the state religion of Tubo. It was more than ten years before the destruction of Buddhism in the fifth year of Huichang in Emperor Wuzong of Tang Dynasty (845). Dama (Dama) Zanpu ascended the throne (the third year of Kaicheng in Emperor Wenzong of Tang Dynasty, 828), and soon began to destroy Buddhism on a large scale. Except for remote areas, Tubo Buddhism was basically destroyed. Before this, Buddhism in the Tubo region was basically the spread of Indian Buddhism and its doctrines and forms, and Tibetan Buddhism history called it the "pre-propagation period".

With the relative stability of social order and the development of social economy, the feudal serfdom economy was generally established. Buddhism first gradually developed in border areas. The re-emerging Buddhism absorbed the primitive religion of Tubo . See Wei Liangta: " Kala" The relationship between of the Khan Dynasty and the Song, Liao and Gaochang Uighurs , published in the first volume of "Central Asia Journal", 1984. Many characteristics of the "Bencao" ("Black Cult") in history have alleviated the long-term struggle between Buddhism and Bencao, and are more easily accepted by the serf owners and serfs in Tubo. This kind of Buddhist monk with the characteristics of Tubo's original religion is called Lama, which means "superman" and "guru", so it is also called Lamaism. This is a different Buddhism from other regions. Tibetan Buddhism History It is called "Last-Hong Period".

Ixijiasan (Ixijianzan) of the descendant of the Tubo Dynasty, the king of Lhasa, was the , Sanye Monastery and the serf master in the Shannan region. He sent people to Duokang in the third year of Taiping Xingguo in the Song Dynasty (978). Today, in Xining, Qinghai, learning Buddhism and seeking Buddhist scriptures, this year was designated by Buddhists as the beginning of the post-propaganda period, and it was also the beginning of Tibetan Buddhism (Lamaism) with the characteristics of Tubo's original religion. The Buddhist scriptures translated after that (mainly Tantric scriptures) are called new translations, so history also calls the Later Hongqi the era of "New Sutra". At about the same time, Yixio (Yixiwo, Songe, Zhiguang) of another descendant of the Tubo Dynasty, was a serf-owner and monk in the Guge area (now west of Pulan, Tibet). He sent people to India (now India) learned from scriptures and invited Indian monks to spread Buddhism to the Tubo region. In the history of Tibetan Buddhism, it is called "the Dharma propagation of the lower road" and "the Dharma propagation of the upper road". Tibetan history says that the lower road refers to the eastern region, which refers to going to Duokang to seek scriptures and Dharma; the upper road refers to the western region, which refers to sending people to India to seek Buddhist teachings. Tibetan Buddhism soon developed several factions.

The earliest one is " Kadam Sect ". "Ga" means Buddha's word, "dang" means professor, the serf owner of Duilong (now Duilong Deqing) is Zhongdunba Jiawajiunai (Zhongdunba Jiajiunai) invites the Indian monk Atisha (Adixia) Master preached and preached the Dharma. He advocated that exoteric teachings be combined with esoteric teachings, and proceed step by step, using Buddha's words as the norm for monks' practice and behavior. After his death, Zhong Dunba was the eldest brother The son inherited and preached his teachings, which was equivalent to the first year of Jiayou of the Song Dynasty (1056), and built the first temple, Rezhen Temple, (now Lin Zhoubei), as a base for missionary preaching, and gradually formed the first sect of Tibetan Buddhism. "Kadang Sect", the Kadam Sect developed rapidly and became the largest sect among the Tibetan Buddhism sects, but its political strength was not as good as the later Sakya Sect and Kagyu Sect, and the temples of the Kadam Sect were white. The Gelug sect founded by the Kadam sect Tsongkhapa in the Ming Dynasty. Because the believers wore yellow hats, they were commonly called " Huang Cult ". People also called the Kadam sect "Old Huang Cult".

is equivalent to the sixth year of Xining in the Song Dynasty (1073). Gongkejeb (Gunqiaojeb and Baowang), who claimed to be the descendant of the Kun (Quan) clan of the Tubo Dynasty, created Sakya Temple (in the present day Saga) in his hometown. Sakya means ash soil, and it is said that its land is gray-white soil, so it is named. The temple master was inherited by the Kun family. His son Gongga Ningbu (Gunga Ningbao) inherited it and formed the Sakya sect, which mainly promoted the tantric , Xi Vajra . The temple master called "Saqin", which means Sakya Great Lama , is the ancestor of Sakya. The temple walls are painted with two small red and white colors and one large gray, symbolizing that the Sakya Supreme Deity Hijra has a gorgeous appearance. Han calls it " Flower Teaching ". The Sakya Sect is the most powerful sect. The fourth ancestor of the Sakya Sakya, Gongga Jianzan (Guangga Jianzan and Gongjia Jianzan), is knowledgeable and well-versed in " Five Ming " (Nei Ming, Yinming , statement , Medical Fangming, Gongqiaoming ), so it is called Sakya Banzhida , abbreviated as Saban (called Banmada in the "History of Yuan Dynasty", which means the Great Doctor of Sakya, and is the main monk in the Tubo region. Representative person. In the third year of Ma Zhen in Mongolia (the fourth year of Chunyou in the Song Dynasty, 1244), he was summoned by the Mongolian prince Kuoduan to Liangzhou (now Wuwei, Gansu). In the second year of Guiyoukhan in Mongolia (the seventh year of Chunyou in the Song Dynasty, 1247), Gongga Jianzan met Kuoduan and expressed his support. He then announced to the monks and lay people in the Tubo region, Nali (now Ali region ), Wusi (now Tibet region) , Tibet (the Tibetan areas in the future) have all surrendered to Mongolia. In the first year of Mongolian Mongge Khan (the eleventh year of Chunyou in Song Dynasty, 1251), Gongga Jianzan died in Liangzhou. His nephew Luo Zhuijianzan Beersan ( Basiba ) succeeded as the fifth ancestor of Sakya, and the Mongolian Central Government Yuan Dynasty In 2018 (the first year of Jingding in the Song Dynasty, 1260), he was granted the title of Mongolian National Master and began to establish the Sakya regime under the Mongolian rule in the Tubo region.

Kagyu Sect, Kagyu Sect is the inheritance of Buddha's words and oral teachings, attaches importance to oral teachings by masters and disciples, and is the sect with the most branches in Tibetan Buddhism. The Kagyu Sect was divided into two inheritance systems from the beginning. One was the "Xangba Kagyu" founded by Qiongbu Nanjiao (Qiongbo Nanjiao), and later built a temple in Xiangdi (now Nanmulin) to preach.Later, he built Sangding Temple (Sangding Temple, Sangding Temple ) in Shannan, and was built in Yangdroong Hunan, south of today.

Another sect is "Tab Kagyu", and the founder Tablaj (Tablajie) was originally a monk of the Kadam Sect. Previously, the founder Marba (Maba) went to Tianzhu to learn secret methods and taught them after returning. The disciple Milareba (Milareba) was the most famous. Tabulaj studied under Milareba. In the third year of Xuanhe 2 of the Song Dynasty (1121), Gangbu (Bo) Temple (now northwest of Lang County) was built and the "Tabu Kagyu" sect was founded. The temple is white, and the clothes of the believers are also white, which the Han people call "White Sect".

His four disciples founded four tribes respectively. The largest tribe was Dusongqinpa who built Karmadansa Monastery in Karma (in present-day Leiwuqi), hence the name Karma Kagyu (Garma Kagyu (Garma) (Garma) (Garma) (Garma) (Garma) (Garma) (Garma) (Garma) (Garma) (Garma) (Garma) (Gar Maba) pie. In the 14th year of Chunxi of the Song Dynasty (1187), it built Kupu Temple (Zhubu Temple) in Xiduilong (now Duilong Deqing) in Lusue City (now Duilong), and became the main temple of Karma Kagyu Sect. In the 13th century AD, the system of "reincarnation of living Buddhas" was first created.

The founder of Caiba Kagyu was Xiang Caiba, who was later controlled by the serf-owner Ga clan in the east of Luoshe City. He was very powerful. Caiba was one of the 130,000 households in the early Yuan Dynasty.

Barong Kagyu once established a smaller regime that integrates politics and religion in Laduijiang (now Angren Realm), and has a smaller power.

pazhu (Papazhu) Kagyu, Pazhu (Papazhu) is the abbreviation of Pamuzhuba (Pamozhuba), and the founder is Pamuzhuba Dojijeb (meaning King of Vajra) , built a temple in Pamuzhu (now Sangri County) (later Dansati Temple), and was controlled by the Lang family (now Naidongzedang) in the Shannan area. It has a strong power and is also the first yuan One of the 130,000 households. There are eight small tribes of Phazhu Kagyu, the important of which are Zhigongba (in the northeast of Mozhugongka), Dalongba (in the current Linzhou), Yasamba (in the current East Asia Sang), Zhuba, etc. .

There are some other small sects in Tibetan Buddhism, which are not very powerful. The original Tubo religion "Benzhan"

(Boji), commonly known as "Black Buddhism", mainly worships heaven, earth, water, fire, snow mountains, lakes, patron saints, ancestors, etc., and is also absorbing Buddhist doctrines and forms, and then continues to do so. It spreads in remote areas. The Buddhist Tantric Buddhism taught in the previous period was called the "Ningma" sect. Because monks wore red monk hat , commonly known as the Red Sect, "Ningma" means "old" and "ancient", it was influenced by the "Original Sect". There are many, which are obviously different from the various sects that emerged in the Houhong period and have a smaller influence. It was built in the 8th century (on the north bank of the Zangbo River in Zaangan). During the Houhong period, it became an important temple for the Nyingma School . .

Tibetan culture Tibetan Buddhist culture, there is the "Lama Maxim" written by Tabraj (Daporaja, 1079-1153), the founder of the Kagyu Sect, and Saban Gonggajianzan (Sakya). " Sakya Maxim ", "Theory of Correct Reasons", "The Three Virtues" written by Kabanzhida, 1182-1251), preaching doctrines and rules. There is also a famous biographical literary work "Biography of Milarepa" written in the 13th century and signed by Hairuga. Mirarepa (1040-1123) is a teacher of Tabraj, one of the founders of the Kagyu Sect and the founder of the Tabraj. The biography reflects the social situation at that time by praising Milarepa. The famous epic is "History of King Gesar ", which is a hero in the legend of Tubo (Tibet) tribe, equivalent to the era of Emperor Renzong of Song Dynasty. Since the 11th century, it has been created one after another, singing praises to King Gesar in the form of poetry. "The Biography of King Gesar" is rare in the world, and the number of translated into Chinese has reached more than 15 million words. In addition, there are Mongolian translations and English, French, German and Russian festival translations. The legend of the "Hadda" used in the Tubo communicative etiquette also began in this period.

Tibetan medicine , the founder of the Kagyu Sect of Tibetan Buddhism, Tabraj, and the fourth ancestor of the Sakya Sect, Gongga Jianzan, are both famous Tibetan medicine practitioners. In the "Five Ming Studies" of Tibetan studies, Gongga Jianzan, are proficient in the "Five Ming Studies" of Tibetan studies. The " Medical Prescription " is a specialist in Tibetan medicine.Among the "Ten Should Be Avoided" in the "Lama Maximuses", Tabraj said that "those who are not hygienic should avoid it", which reflects the requirement of popularizing medical knowledge.

The "Shengsheng" calendar of Tibetan calendar was also established during this period. This is a comprehensive symbol of the development of Tubo calendar, mathematics and astronomy. The Shengsheng calendar began to count from the fifth year of Tiansheng in the Song Dynasty (1027).

Painting and sculptures have also made new developments, including Maitreya Buddha in Ladang Temple, bronze sculptures of Zhiming Buddha Mother in Zhegong Temple, Maike and murals offered by the gods in Xialu Temple, and latina temple The scroll paintings of Guga Jixiang and White Tara are also valuable cultural heritages left by this period.

Regarding the time when Yixijianzan (Yixijiasan) sent people to Duokang area to study the Dharma and learn the scriptures, Tibetan history has different opinions. "History of Political and Educational History of Ando" has Houliang The third year of Qianhua (913) There are three statements in the fourth year of the Ming Dynasty (918) and the third year of the Xingguo (978) of the Song Dynasty in "History". The "A Brief History of Tibetans" lists the above three statements in the notes, adopting the theory of the fourth year of Zhenming of Later Liang (918); "Essential History of Tibetans" adopts the theory of the third year of Taiping Xingguo of Song Dynasty (978), without explaining the source, nor mentioning it Two other statements. Author's note: Yi Xijianzan was the fifth generation grandson of Yong (Yun) Dan ("A Brief History of Tibetans". "The Essentials of Tibetan History" are the sixth generation grandson), and Yongdan was the last Zampdama who died as a child. The adopted son Dama died in 842, 71 years from 913, 76 years from 918, and 136 years from 978. Even if Yi Xijianzan was the fifth generation grandson of Yongdan, he said that Yongdan was the sixth generation, and the average life was more than 11 years, more than 12 years and more than 22 years respectively. The latter is more credible, and this theory is adopted now.