The document mentioned that Leonov and Belyayev were dizzy because of the high oxygen concentration in the spacecraft , and their eyes shot out of gold stars, and the high concentration of oxygen was harmful to the retina. They were sleepy for a while, and then they fell asleep. They said they fell asleep, but they should have fainted. At this time, they entered the radio blind spot, and the Korolev on the ground did not know their situation.
Later, they didn't know what was going on. The two of them heard a bang and thought it was the spaceship that exploded, but when they opened their eyes, the spaceship was fine and it was all right. I don't know if it was because of the vibration or what, the oxygen concentration in the cabin began to drop, and gradually dropped to a normal level, and the two of them came back to life.
IMP navigator
It stands to reason that they should fly 17 times around the earth before descending and returning to the ground so that they can land on the intended landing site. However, in the process of their return, something went wrong again. The autoland system failed and they had to go back manually. Soviet ships were equipped with a navigator. It's a specialized mechanical computer, powered by a bunch of gears, and this thing calculates the trajectory of the return. Two astronauts would have to operate the thing, recalculate the orbit, and then manually steer back. To be honest, Soviet astronauts have not yet landed a spacecraft manually, all of which were automatic landings before.
IMP Internal structure of the navigator
Now, it is impossible for the spacecraft to circle 17 times, at least 18 times. Belyaev recalculated the orbit. The landing site is not a random choice. It must be empty, without obstacles, without mountains and dense woods, and without buildings and cables. The grassland is the most suitable place.Now, of course, there is no way to descend to the intended landing site. The astronauts chose a place on the west side of the Ural Mountains, where there are no people, no buildings and no wires.
Don't forget, the Ascendant is a do-it-yourself thing. Compared with Vostok , the direction of the astronaut seat is turned 90 degrees. If everything doesn't need astronauts to control, that's all, if it needs astronauts to control, then you suffer, because the console is screwed 90 degrees, and people have to turn sideways to operate the console. As a last resort, Belyaev and Leonov released themselves from their chairs, and Belyaev came over to control the spaceship. They were wearing bulky space suits, not to mention awkward. The
operation didn't take long, it took dozens of seconds. But because the astronaut got up from the chair and climbed over to control the console, the center of gravity of the spacecraft was deviated from the designed position for tens of seconds, causing disturbance to the orbit. As a result, the spacecraft deviates 380 kilometers, which is enough distance from Shanghai to Hefei.
The dish-shaped "ashtray" at the end often causes trouble when returning.
The astronauts don't know this, anyway, let's go down and talk about it. When the spacecraft returned to the atmosphere, it encountered an old problem again. The "ashtray" at the back of the buttocks did not separate smoothly. This was the old problem of the Vostok spacecraft, and it was not resolved until the Ascend. This time, the "ashtray" dragged behind the butt of the spacecraft was constantly rolling and spinning. It was much more violent than the Vostok, and it was not until the height of 100 kilometers that the burden on the back of the butt was thrown off. The spacecraft straightened its position and entered the dense atmosphere.
The spacecraft plunged into the dense forest in the mountains, and it snowed heavily. These two are so miserable. There is no clothing to keep out the cold. When the spaceship landed, it was hit, and the air-conditioning was turned on, and the fan was blowing hard.This side is not much better than an ice cave. The parachute was supposed to be used to keep out the cold. However, they landed in the dense forest in the mountains. The parachute was hanging from the tree, pulled one by one, and it was useless at all.
made one more turn, causing the landing site to deviate significantly. My heart said that I didn't die in the space , I froze to death on the ground, let the tigers in the woods get bitten to death, and I was killed by the bear , which is not worth it. Are there any bears around? Don't tell me, there really is. Belyaev took a pistol, and he was worried that the pistol in his hand was not powerful enough. Bears and tigers are rough-skinned, and 9mm pistol bullets may not stop their attacks. If you hit the beasts, you can kill them, but before they die, they are enough to slap you into a meatloaf. Later, the Soviet Union also developed a special pistol for astronauts. This gun has three barrels. The two thick ones above are shotguns, which are specially designed to deal with beasts. The bottom one is a common pistol, which fires special bullets for ak-74 assault rifles. The Soviet spaceships were equipped with this gun, and every astronaut launched from Baikonur learned to use it.
TP-82 astronaut special pistol, equipped with a hunting knife, can be used as a butt
after 4 hours of boiling in ice and snow. The monitoring and control stations in Almaty and Sakhalin received the spacecraft's signal. Two measurement and control stations can roughly locate the position of the spacecraft. So an helicopter flew over and searched for a large circle, only to find that there was a fire in the woods below. Hovering over to take a look, it really is these two astronauts. But the mountains are high and the forests are dense, and the helicopter can't land, so it can only push all kinds of materials down. Throw down the axe, leather jacket and flare, and a bottle of vodka .It is estimated that the helicopter pilot was too excited and too eager. How can the glass bottle be thrown down casually, and the vodka shattered. The two astronauts are talking, it seems that they have nothing to drink.
Astronauts sweat in space. Especially Leonov, you think, he sweated several pounds, and he almost suffered from heat stroke. The water in that body has already soaked the underwear. After such a cold, not to mention how uncomfortable it is. They quickly took off their suits, took off their underwear, and put the suits back on. I couldn't stay in the spaceship, I could only stand outside in a leeward place, and I survived the night like this.
R-126 Radio
The next day, they took out the emergency communications radio from the ship. They were equipped with a 50 megahertz radio with 0.4 watts of transmit power, using silver-zinc batteries. Fortunately, there was no lithium battery at that time, and the lithium battery was already over in the cold and freezing environment. This transmitter can work intermittently for 13 hours. Armed with axes, they made a way to climb to a higher hill. Also, try to pull the antenna away, radiate radio signals to the maximum extent, and wait for others to rescue them.
The helicopter did come to rescue them, but the surrounding mountains and forests were dense, and the trees were generally 40 meters high, so there was no way to land at all. I found a place with a lower tree to hover, and put down the rescue team. The rescue team was about 2 kilometers away from the two astronauts. But because the snow in the forest is too deep. It took 3 hours to walk the distance of 2 kilometers.
Rescue team arrives around
There are several groups of rescue teams on skis to reach the astronaut's position, one after another, there can be 20 people. The helicopter landed 5 kilometers away. The military forbids helicopters to lift them away, and only after landing, let them get on the helicopter. The 5km road is very difficult to walk.As a last resort, we camped on the spot, and everyone built a simple hut. It was common for hunters to build huts with tree trunks in the woods. The astronauts could finally sleep more comfortably. First, I changed into warm underwear, drank a large glass of vodka, and a warm current rushed up. There is a large pot of boiling water next to it. It can also be scrubbed and washed, which has not been treated for several days.
On the third day, a group of people protected the astronauts on skis to where the helicopter landed. They took the helicopter and flew away. Afterwards, everyone also reviewed the entire rescue process and believed that the coordination between the ground and the air was not good, which caused the astronauts to freeze for a night in the ice and snow. The Soviets learned their lesson, which also contributed to the development of field rescue theory.
After all, these two astronauts came back alive. They are the astronauts who have suffered the most, no one. But after all, the ending was happy, and they won the title of "Heroes of the Soviet Union", plus a Volga car, 15,000 rubles in prize money, and a 45-day vacation. They became heroes of the Soviet Union. Especially Leonov, who was as precious as Gagarin.
Belyayev
Belyayev visited Paris during the 1967 Paris Air Show. The NASA delegation from the United States also participated in the Paris Air Show. Of course, everyone had to look at each other. The American astronauts and Belyaev had a good chat. After all, we are all peers. But Belyaev died in 1970 of peritonitis from gastric ulcer surgery. His life stopped forever at the age of 45.
Leonov (1974)
Leonov was originally intended to participate in the Soviet moon landing program, but the mission was later cancelled. Later, however, the Soviet Union involved Leonov in the Soyuz-Apollo spacecraft's space handshake. He also made up for English for a while. We shall mention him later.On October 11, 2019, Leonov passed away. The old man fell in love with painting in the second half of his life. His favorite subject of painting is space and moon landing. It is a pity that the Soviets never landed on the moon in their lifetime, and now the Soviet Union no longer exists.
Just when Leonov and Belyaev were rescued. The American Gemini 3 spacecraft is ready to go. On March 23, 1965, Gleason and John Young sat in the cockpit of Gemini 3. The last time Gleason was on Project Mercury, the spacecraft splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean, but got into the water. In the end, he was picked up, but the ship was not picked up. This time, NASA once again arranged for him to go to space.
The poster of "Flying Swallows in Qionglou"
The spaceship always needs a name. He remembered the musical "Unsinkable Jasmine", so he had to name the spaceship after the musical. It is estimated that the last time the spaceship sank, it was too depressing, this time I had to choose a lucky word. However, the Chinese name of this film is "Qionglou Feiyan", which does not mean that it is not sinking. NASA disagreed and asked him to change his name. He insisted on naming it "Titanic", and almost made the leader's nose crooked with anger. This is which pot is not opened and mentioned! Can you think of auspicious names? In the end, NASA agreed. "Unsinkable Jasmine" is "Unsinkable Jasmine", which is better than "Titanic".
Gleason and John Young
It can be seen that these American astronauts are really naughty. This time Gleason was in space for the second time, and it was a reasonable match for the veteran to lead the novice. John Young is a novice. Originally, the astronauts arranged for Shepard, but Shepard had Meniere's syndrome and couldn't go to heaven, so he was replaced by a young Yang.This John Young is not a fuel-efficient lamp either. He also spoofed this flight. He went into space with a "corn beef sandwich" in his arms. How greedy is this? Do you think NASA's space meal is not delicious? Gleason especially liked this sandwich, so John Young smuggled one, intending to surprise him in space.
There is a lot of beef in the corn and beef sandwich.
In fact, this is illegal, because the residue of the sandwich will float in the air. In case of a short circuit or some kind of failure, who should I go to? But John Young really took out this large sandwich in space and shared it with Gleason. You can see how happy these two are. Annoying the ground commanders. To be honest, the problem of greed does not distinguish between nationalities. The Russians once brought vodka to the space station. On this issue, everyone is half-hearted.
The Gemini 3 spacecraft achieved its goal of sending two Americans into space at once. The U.S. has been steady on this issue. Unlike the Soviet Union, who fought for the first in order to be first. But Gemini 3 also had a breakthrough, and they achieved the first space change orbit. They fired the engine 3 times, the first for 75 seconds, changing the spacecraft's orbit from an elliptical to a circular one. The second time was to slightly change the inclination of the orbit. After 45 minutes, the engine was turned on for the last time, and the perigee of the spacecraft was adjusted to an altitude of 72 kilometers. This altitude is already below the 100-kilometer Carmen line, and the atmosphere is relatively dense. Even if the reverse thrust is not turned on, the spacecraft will gradually fall down.
The "Unsinkable Jasmine" spacecraft was salvaged
Finally, the spacecraft re-entered the atmosphere, and there was a slight deviation, and the landing point was deviated by 69 kilometers. Of course, it is not impossible to find it when it falls on the sea.However, after opening the parachute this time, the spacecraft came over. The tip of the cone was supposed to point upwards, but now it floats sideways in the sea. With the last lesson, Gleason will not open the door, if he can't speak out, he won't come out.
However, there was smoke from the engine of the spacecraft. Gleason and Yang put down their helmets. Anyway, the space suits can isolate the smoke. No matter how much smoke you smoke, I will not open the door this time, and will not let the water leak in. After floating on the water for half an hour, he was found by a search and rescue helicopter, and finally he was hoisted onto the deck of the USS Intrepid aircraft carrier.
The half-slice of brown bread they had left over was also encapsulated and kept forever.
The flight was a success. Of course, these two violated discipline by stealing sandwiches in space, and were scolded by the leader, who firmly forbade the astronauts to learn from them. Congress also specifically asked Mueller, NASA's deputy administrator, for questioning. Don't think it's a trivial matter to steal a sandwich!
At that time, the space food in the United States was already the second generation, and they all ate dehydrated dry powder food at the beginning. The taste is poor, and there is the possibility of flying residue, so it is not popular. The second generation is much better, using vacuum heating to remove the moisture from the food and retain the grease. Then add gelatin and compress into small pieces. Finally, seal the outside tightly with a plastic bag. This packaging technology is similar to modern vacuum packaging.
The Gemini spacecraft uses a fuel cell. As long as hydrogen and oxygen are passed in, it can generate electricity, and the by-product is clean water, so water does not need to be carried separately. When eating, insert the water injection nozzle into the plastic bag, fill it with water, let the food fully absorb the water, then heat it, and finally tear it open and eat it. Small pieces of food are coated with agar to ensure no slag, and one bite is more convenient.In fact, NASA still takes care of astronauts.
All in all, Gemini 3 has done its job satisfactorily. There are many items that the Gemini program will test. All in preparation for the moon landing. The launch frequency is unimaginable now, and a manned spacecraft will be launched into the sky in two or three months. Really urgent. At that time, the more ambitious Apollo program had already been launched, and it was about to exert its strength. The Americans were rich and had the ability to exert force on several lines at the same time. Is the Soviet Union following or not following the American moon landing plan? This is a problem.
Just two months before Khrushchev stepped down, he decided that the Soviet Union must also actively pursue the moon landing program. But soon he stepped down, and the moon landing program was left there. The United States has been intensively engaged in basic research and development for several years, the huge F1 engine has been actively promoted, and the upper-level J-2 engine is also stepping up testing. The Soviet Union is still swaying. In the Brezhnev era, Korolev did not have such a high status. Because Brezhnev is not a strong leader with one word, he believes in hello, hello, everyone. Korolev, Yanger, Chelomei, all have supporters behind them. Each design bureau has political resources behind it, and he doesn't want to offend anyone.
UR-500 rocket
Each design bureau has its own division of labor. Younger is good at intercontinental missiles, and Korolev is good at launching spacecraft and satellites. Chelomei is good at launching large spacecraft, such as his UR500 rocket, which can send 8.4 tons of payload into low-Earth orbit. Korolev's R7 series rockets are not yet at this level. So Chelomei became Korolev's biggest contender.
As recently as 1965, the Soviet leadership was in a hurry to start aggressively pursuing the moon landing program. It is already early in the morning to catch a late set.However, in order to land on the moon, these rockets in the Soviet Union are not enough. New rockets must be designed. How should they be designed and what kind of technical route should they take? Let's talk about it next time.
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