m Nobel Prize in Physics is the highlight. The 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics is awarded to three scientists: French physicist Alan Aspe , American theoretical and experimental physicist John Crowze, and Austrian physicist Anton Salinger . The three scientists will share 10 million Swedish kroner, equivalent to 6.5 million yuan.
2021 predictions about the Nobel Prize in Physics are the proof of the completeness of quantum mechanics , but in the end it was the first to be the scientists in the field of earth environment, but they are not afraid of being late. The 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics arrived as scheduled, which is a research on quantum information science .
Speaking of quantum information science, the leading figure in our country is Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Pan Jianwei , and this time the award was Professor Pan's mentor Salinger. Some netizens are puzzled, why did Pan Jianwei not win the Nobel Prize?
In fact, the truth is not that complicated. Academician Pan Jianwei's work is mainly about the application of basic science, and the Nobel Prize prefers scientific contributions from 0 to 1. No matter how good it is, it is considered that predecessors plant trees and later generations enjoy the cool.
regression to the theme. This time, the three scientists won the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics. The main contribution is the pioneering work in verifying the incompleteness of the Bell inequality.
What is Bell inequality? Why is it related to quantum entanglement? Why do you say that Einstein is wrong with ? In fact, all this starts with a sword contest between Einstein and the Copenhagen School headed by Bol . The content of the sword contest is quantum mechanics.
Background
We all know that physics in the twentieth century had two pillars, relativity and quantum mechanics. Einstein proposed special theory of relativity and general theory of relativity and general theory of relativity , which gave a heavy blow to the classical mechanics of Newton . Of course, the proposal of relativity is not to completely deny classical mechanics, but a correction.
, and Einstein is also the founder of quantum mechanics. Einstein won the Nobel Prize as the light quantum theory. For the first time, it proposed the concept that light is part of energy, namely light quantum , which explained the photoelectric effect . In fact, this can also open the door to the emergence of quantum mechanics.
Some friends may ask Einstein, since he is the founder of quantum mechanics, why did he still oppose quantum mechanics in the end?
In fact, this is a misunderstanding. What Einstein opposed was not quantum mechanics, but Copenhagen's interpretation of quantum mechanics. Let me give you a brief example. Quantum mechanics is like a baby who was attracted to by Einstein, but as the baby grows up, it meets a group of bad brothers, at least in Einstein's eyes.
Einstein was unhappy in which direction they will develop absolute quantum mechanics in the future. All the good pillars will be ruined by their bad brother. And these bad brothers are the Copenhagen school. They proposed the uncertainty principle , making quantum mechanics more and more "fantasy".
For example, a double-layer interference experiment, an photon is presented on the screen after passing through the double slit. So whether this photon passes through the left slit or the right slit, the Copenhagenian school's explanation is that the photon passes through the left slit and the right slit at the same time. This statement is quite fantasy and conflicts with the macro world. But this phenomenon exists by explaining it through the principle of uncertainty.
The old school of physicists are unacceptable to the interpretation of quantum mechanics by Copenhagen's party. For example, Schrödinger's cat thinking experiment is mocking the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics, and Einstein also gave a counterattack, that is, the EPR experiment.
About EPR experiment
The so-called EPR experiment should now be called the EPR paradox because Einstein was wrong.Of course, we will talk about this later. In May 1935, Einstein, together with physicists Podolsky and Rosen, published a paper titled "Can you think that quantum mechanics' description of physical reality is complete? 》, the core thinking experiment in this paper is named EPR experiment, which is named after the first letters of the three authors.
The general meaning of this experiment is that a fundamental particle is flying in the air, and after being subjected to external force, it is divided into two parts. We temporarily call these two particles A particles and B particles. Assuming that these two particles fly to both ends of the universe, the distance is very far.
At this time, we observe the spin state of particle A. If according to the principle of uncertainty, it is uncertain before observation (simply understood as both left-handed and right-handed). If particle A is left-handed, then particle B must be right-handed (known theories have proved). So the question is, how does particle B know the spin state of particle A? If the two particles are so far apart, wouldn’t it be necessary for the superluminal signal to propagate?
This is the famous EPR thinking experiment. In the environment at that time, it was recognized by all scientists, which was also considered an iron rule. So how should we explain it? In fact, we can see that this is quantum entanglement, and the same is true for Boer's reply to Einstein. No matter how far the two particles are, they are in an entangled state and belong to one particle.
About Bell inequality
No matter how much debate is, it doesn’t make sense to take out an experiment to prove it can make everyone shut up. Bell designed a Bell inequality, allowing EPR to move from thinking experiment to laboratory.
If it is experimentally proved that the Bell inequality holds, it means that particles A and particles B determine the direction of the spin at the moment they separate, which also shows that Einstein is correct and the Copenhagenian principle of uncertainty is wrong.
. If it is proved that Bell's inequality is not true, it means that the spin states of particles A and particles B are not determined at the moment of separation. In other words, Einstein was wrong, and the EPR experiment became an EPR paradox!
The first rigorous test of EPR experiment, Einstein was wrong
The first rigorous experimental test of EPR experiment in human history was in 1982, and it was called the "Aspiket Experiment". From this name, we can know that the leader of this project is French physicist Alan Aspe, one of the winners of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
In short, this scientist's experiment proved that Einstein lost to Boer, and it also showed that the Copenhagen school is not a bad brother in quantum mechanics. The uncertainty principle is correct, and quantum entanglement also exists, and it is also one of the three superluminal phenomena recognized at present. Of course, the superluminal speed of quantum entanglement does not involve the information transmission process. The current quantum communication technology based on quantum entanglement is not used to transmit information, but to encrypt.
In fact, these three scientists were nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics as early as 2011, but were eventually won the lead by scientists engaged in the theory of cosmic expansion. This time I finally didn’t miss it again! Congratulations!
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#Nobel Prize proves some of the errors in Einstein#
