Maya (MAYA) civilization is a mysterious and glorious ancient civilization on the Latin American continent, mainly distributed in Mexico , Honduras, and Guatemala. The Maya created a splendid civilization without metal tools, no means of transportation, but only the production tools of the Neolithic Age. They left towering pyramid temples, majestic palaces and astronomy here. Observatory, exquisitely carved and profound memorial steles and architectural decoration sculptures, as well as many exquisitely crafted pottery and sacrificial supplies, precise mathematical system and astronomical calendar system (solar calendar), as well as the hieroglyphic system that we still need to decipher. .
As the only ancient civilization in the world—an ancient civilization born in a tropical jungle instead of a river basin, Maya civilization , like her miraculous rise and development, its decline and disappearance are also full of mystery color. In the ninth century AD, the Mayan civilization began to decline and the writings were lost, making the Mayan civilization an oblivious history, which is full of doubts and aroused people's enthusiasm for searching for answers.
Discovering the Mayan civilization
The Randa brother from Spain saw the majestic temple in the jungle in 1566. He couldn't believe his eyes and wandered for several months. , He made the following note: "They are all made of very finely carved stones, although there are no metal utensils available in the local area."
These Mayan civilizations are re-recognized by Europe and the United States, which is about to enter the tenth place. After the ninth century. In 1822, the British Lu Ji set out to study Mayan culture and concluded that Maya civilization was built by the descendants of the "lost ten tribes" in the Old Testament.
There is a large tropical jungle in the east of Guatemala . In 1849, two white men came here,One is American John. Stephenson, the other is the British painter Frederick. Jiawud. But before the two white explorers came here, the relics of Maya's ultra-ancient civilization had long been closed. At that time, Central America was undergoing a huge rebellion, so the two were arrested as soon as the expedition started, and the two were released a few days later to continue the expedition.
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hired a local guide, and after a few days they finally found that a rock wall about 30 meters high was blooming with dazzling light. After crossing the river, the two saw a more magnificent ruin than they had imagined. The huge sculptures, stone pillars, and altars are all carved with figures, animals and hieroglyphs. In addition, there is a huge pyramid-shaped building standing among the trees. Secondly, there is a tall temple on the east side, with 2,500 "sacred characters" and various strange and beautiful carvings.
The expedition work of the two of Stephen and his son continued for several years. New relics have been discovered continuously, and the mystery of this civilization relic has become more and more difficult to solve.
Stephenson described the most beautiful Palenca ruins among the Mayan ruins: “There are exquisite cultural ruins owned by outstanding people, but these people were completely wiped out with the rise and fall of the nation after the construction of the golden age. "Br22br
Maya civilization was developed in Guatemala and Barrio, and it spread almost to the entire Central America, and the most prosperous place is Baden in the southern plains of Guatemala. This civilization prospered to its extreme in the seventh and eighth centuries AD. After only a century, suddenly, the temple was abandoned, many giant buildings were left without protection, and they were reduced to ruins of broken walls. Sacrificial centers everywhere also ceased their activities.
Mayan pyramids and "light and shadow serpentine"
In Mexico and Yucatan , there are many extraordinary pyramids, which are the works of the Maya. The magnificent scale, the exquisite structure, and even the mystery of the scene are completely comparable to Egypt Jinyu Pagoda.
Take the Pyramid of the Sun as an example: the base of the tower is 225 meters long,It is 222 meters wide, roughly the same as the Pyramid of Khufu in Egypt. It is basically a square, and it also faces the four directions of the south, east, north and west. The four sides of the tower are also equilateral triangles in the shape of "gold", with the base and the tower. The high ratio is exactly equal to the ratio of the circumference to the radius.
Their astronomical position is even more shocking: the light of Sirius, passing through the air channel on the south wall, can directly hit the head of the dead sleeping in the upper hall; while the light of Polaris passes through the air channel on the north wall, Can shoot directly into the lower hall.
Their towering technology is also amazing. Take Kukulkan Jinyu Tower as an example: the base of the tower is square in shape, divided into nine layers, stacked from bottom to top and gradually shrinking, just like a exquisite and huge sitting sun cake. There are 91 steps on all four sides of the tower to reach the top of the tower. There are 364 levels on all sides, plus the tower top platform, no more, no less, 365 levels, which is exactly the number of days in a year. The stairs of the nine-story tower are divided into 18 parts. This again happens to be the number of months in a year in the Mayan calendar.
Mayans worship the sun god, they believe that Kukulkan (ie the feathered snake) is the incarnation of the sun god. They carefully carved a feathered snake on the north-facing steps of Kukulkan Temple. The snake’s head opened its mouth and its tongue was lifelike, but the snake’s body was hidden on the cross section of the ladder. It was only on the spring equinox of and autumnal equinox every year. In the afternoon, the sun was slowly falling to the west. The illuminated part of the north wall gradually became sharper and corners. Those straight lines also turned into waves from top to bottom, like a flying python descending from the sky, wandering around. Flying like flying, this scene often makes the Maya excited like crazy. Similar spectacles also appear in the jungles of South America. This kind of artistic illusion created by the integration of astronomical knowledge, physics knowledge, and architectural knowledge is very difficult to imitate even at a modern level.
In 1968, a group of scientists tried to detect the internal structure of these pyramids. What is puzzling is that they used the same equipment to perform X-ray detection on the same part of the pyramid at the same time every day. Nothing is the same.
American anthropologist, explorer D'Oblovik and journalist Varantine,When investigating Yucatan, it was found that there are many underground caves connected by tunnels. The structure of the tunnels is very similar to the passages in the pyramids. They took nine photos. However, there is only one print that can be printed, and what this one captures is only a whirlpool of mysterious white light. They remembered the creepy pharaoh's curse in the Egyptian mausoleum, so they obediently stopped the detection.
Astronomy and calendar beyond the times
The Mayan observatory is often a group of buildings. Looking from the observation point of the central pyramid to the east of the temple, it is the sunrise direction of the vernal and autumnal equinox; looking to the temple in the northeast is the sunrise direction of the summer solstice, and looking to the temple in the southeast is the winter solstice. There are several observatories like this, the most prestigious one is the Chichin Icha Observatory.
Chichin Icha Observatory is the only circular building in Mazhichanghua. A spiral staircase leads to the three-story platform,-on the top there is a skylight that symbolizes a constellation. Looking from the diagonal line formed by the 3-meter-thick wall of the upper north window, you can see the semicircle of the vernal and autumnal equinox sunset; and the diagonal of the south window points to the south and north poles of earth .
The strange thing is that the observation window of their observatory is not aimed at the brightest stars in the night sky, but at Uranus and Neptune, which are invisible to the naked eye. We know: Uranus was discovered by Herschel in 178l; Neptune was discovered by the Berlin Observatory in 1846. Thousands of years ago, how did the Maya know their existence?
Their calendars are also peculiar and precise. They divide the year into 18 months, 20 days a month, and add 5 days at the end of the year as the taboo days, making it a total of 365 days. They measured the earth year to be 365.2420 days, and the current accurate calculation is 365.2422 days. The error in a year is only 0.0002 days, that is to say, the error in 5000 years is only one day.
They estimated that the year of Venus is 584 days. Compared with modern measurements, the error is only 7 seconds in 50 years.
They also retain a special religious chronology, 13 months a year, 20 days a month, called the Zolkin Year. This chronology is not based on the observations of the celestial bodies on the earth. Sensitive people have reason to suspect that this chronology came from their ancestors, and their ancestors came from another planet.
The Mazhi people also accurately deduced the mysterious relationship of these calendars. There are 365 days in the earth year and 584 days in the Venus year. There is a common divisor: 73. 365 divided by 73 equals 5, and 584 divided by 73 equals 8. . The Zolkin year, the earth year, and the Venus year hide a mysterious common multiple, thus deducing the famous Venus formula:
Zolkin year 260 days×l46=37960 days
Earth year 365 days×104= 37960 days
Venus year 584 days × 65 = 37960 days
This means that all cycles coincide after 37960 days. The Mayan mythology believes that at that time, the gods will return to them.
The mystery of the collapse of the Maya civilization
Why did the biggest mystery of the Maya civilization disappear from the depths of the rainforest? In 600 AD, the entire Mayan nation left the hard-working city, abandoned magnificent temples, majestic pyramids, squares with neatly arranged statues, and wide sports fields. The Mayan civilization began to decline, and the sign was that no more stone steles were carved; in Tikal's case, the last stone stele in the area was completed in 869 AD, and the last stone stele in the entire Mayan district was completed in 909 AD. Not only that, temples, palaces, and other buildings that best represent the Mayan civilization are no longer built, painted pottery is no longer made, and the general public rarely builds new houses. The population around the city has dropped sharply. Archaeologists estimate the population of Tikal at that time. , A reduction of at least 2.5%.
After the eighth century AD, letting the withered vines invade homes and streets, turning it into a deserted garden, what major changes happened that caused the Maya to abandon the beautiful country of the country? Although it is also common in history that nations are destroyed by wars,But the Mayan cities were neither destroyed by war nor by natural disasters, which has been confirmed by historians.
It is said that on a certain day of the Maya in 1990, 80% of the population suddenly and visibly disappeared, leaving only unbuilt monasteries. Then, from that day on, the wisdom of the ancestors quickly disappeared, and the remaining Maya began to become ignorant and decadent. Those who survived sighed "ahhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh and as with a panda-babah boat station with sab
From the beginning of the 10th century to the discovery of the American continent in 1492, for about 60 years, the inhabitants of Central America were trapped in wars caused by ignorance, and the abyss of sex and decadence. Before the Spanish entered the Yucatan Peninsula in the 16th century, there was only one Mayan language, which had been split into 27 dialects.
At the Tikal site, archaeologists found many tombs covered in rocks and collapsed vaulted roofs, but found no signs of restoration. The murals of nearby temples and palaces were also severely damaged. Most of the faces of the stone statues were cut off, and the stone steles were also used as building materials for other buildings. These phenomena confirmed that there was a foreign invasion, and the Maya collapsed before they could resist. In the Yucatan Peninsula, the Maya died due to epidemics and civil strife before the Spanish invasion, but there is still no clue about the destruction of the jungle Maya that perished in the ninth century.
The pottery at that time was not abruptly giving up no longer being made, but abandoning the original production method and changing to a thinner and more refined pottery. However, shortly after this pottery was used, the Maya also gave up. The reason may be related to the collapse of the traditional dominant class and the disappearance of the demand for pottery.
A school of scholars believes that because of the lack of food in the city, the Mayan empire built in the jungle, after discovering that there was no way to survive, made a great ethnic migration and came to Chich'en Itz'a ) Settled, and it lasted for two more centuries before it perished. Some scholars also believe that the Mayan Empire was attacked by nomads from outside, but due to civil strife inside, the entire empire retreated and fled after undergoing drastic changes. However, why both victory and defeat disappeared without a trace? No one can find a reasonable answer.
The reasons for the disappearance of the Maya civilization are divided.Most people believe that earthquakes and hurricanes at that time, coupled with population explosions, insufficient food, peasant riots, and alien invasions, caused the decline and death of Maya civilization. However, the exact answer has not yet appeared. The unlocking of this secret is like a jigsaw puzzle, but it has just begun.
Strange energy field
This is a relatively well-preserved Mayan pyramid in Mexico.
In 1968, some scientists discovered a puzzling phenomenon when they explored the inside of the pyramid: At the same time, the same equipment was used to perform X-ray detection on the same part of the pyramid, but the images obtained were not the same. What is the actual cause? In order to further clarify this problem, scientists are now using lasers to detect and explain this phenomenon.
In addition, American anthropologist and explorer De Obnovik and journalist Varantine conducted an expedition to Yucatan in China and the United States and discovered underground caves interconnected by many channels. At first, their inspection work went smoothly and found that the structure of the tunnel is very similar to the passage in the pyramid. At the same time, they also found the ancient Maya's production. But when they continued to investigate in the tunnel, they encountered many difficulties. D'Obnovik wanted to take a few photos, but he took nine photos and only printed one, and what was taken on this photo was actually It is a whirlpool of white light. They suddenly realized that the danger was in front of them: did they encounter the energy field left by the legendary Mayan priest to protect the holy land? So the detection had to stop there.
The mysterious energy field in the pyramids and Yucatan tunnels reminds people of the Bermuda Triangle, where planes and ships often disappear inexplicably. There was no wreckage of the ship and plane that died there, and there was not even a single oil star on the sea. Before the death, they almost all reported to the base that they were approaching the coast, all the instruments were malfunctioning, and they saw a piece of "white water" in exclamation, and then all contact was interrupted. So, does Bermuda Triangle also have the same energy field as the Yucatan tunnel? Especially last year people discovered a pyramid under the sea in the Bermuda Triangle.Some people speculate that the Maya may be hiding in the underwater pyramid, perhaps they are the perpetrators of this devil's triangle.
The Mystery of the Mayan Stars
Among the four precious documents left by the Maya, one is about the Maya's astronomical calendar. Through the deciphering of scientists, we know that the Maya had three calendars, namely the earth year, the Venus year and the Zolkin year. They are: 365 days in the Earth year, 584 days in the Venus year, and 260 days in the Zolkin year. Now we all know that the Maya’s Earth year and Venus year are very accurate. Both stars have been found in the solar system. We humans have begun to study and explore Venus. Artificial satellites have already successfully captured the full picture of Venus. Only the Zolkin year has made scientists very troubled-what does it represent?
In order to understand this strange calendar mystery, many scientists have been thinking hard. Indeed, this is a puzzling question. If it is to reflect the rotation of our earth in a certain period, according to our modern scientific knowledge, the speed of the earth's rotation has never been accelerated, on the contrary, the speed of rotation is slowing down every 100 years. Slow 0.001 second. Therefore, the earth will never rotate 260 times in a year. This shows that the Zolkin year is by no means the actual situation of the earth's rotation. Is it possible that the Golden Year of Zall is the religious chronology of the Maya. This calendar consisting of 13 months, 20 days a month, and 260 days a year is used to divvy up bad luck, or to indicate the date of a woman’s pregnancy? Scientists speculate and deny the above two points.
Some scientists have proposed that the Zolkin year should be the same as the Earth year and Venus year to calculate the rotation period of a planet, but this star can not be found in our solar system. It is speculated that if this star exists, it will be between the Earth and Venus. Surprisingly, scientists have discovered a meteorite belt between the Earth and Venus, so many people believe that in a very ancient time, There is indeed a star that rotates 260 times a year in the solar system. Some scholars who are keen on aliens and UFOs simply call this meteorite belt "Maya Star".
These scholars explained this: hundreds of millions of years ago, Maya had a highly civilized society, and their civilization has far exceeded our current civilization.Later, due to the changes in the universe and the expansion of heat inside the star, the star exploded. Some residents on it moved to the earth in a hurry with a little scientific and technological knowledge, which brought prosperity to the earth. Later, due to volcanic eruptions, comet impacts, and floods on the earth, the Maya were once again devastated and their civilization was interrupted. By the 16th century AD, the Maya could only mechanically use some scientific and technological knowledge and preserve the ancient documents left by their ancestors. They only knew it but did not know why. Simply put, these scholars believe that the Maya were alien immigrants and that the Zolkin calendar was brought by their ancestors from Maya.
In the oral legends and ancient sculptures of the Maya, there are many scenes of "white sun children" breathing fire with their hands and coming to the world with the roar of wind and thunder, and some wearing jumpsuits (universal suit style) Is it just a coincidence that people are manipulating machines to land?
Surprising Mayan mathematics and technology
It was a splendid development from a simple agricultural and fishery community a thousand years ago. Culture, the Maya designed and built temples such as the sun and the moon with almost zero error and amazing accuracy. The superiority of ancient Mayans in mathematics and astronomy is very surprising. The earliest people in the world who invented "zero" were the Mayans, one earlier than the time when the Arab caravan crossed the desert of in the Middle East and brought this concept from India to Europe. millennium.
The Greeks were good at inventing, but they had to write numbers in letters; although the Romans could use numbers, they could only use four numbers to represent them in clumsy diagrams (Ⅷ); while the Mayans were able to invent one It is incredible to use only three symbols-one point, one horizontal, and a shell symbol representing zero-to represent any number of calculations!
Modern arithmetic was developed in India and the Middle East, using the "decimal" method to find the required number. At that time, the Maya knew the use of relative value (RelativeValue) and the twenty-digit method. Line means, read from the bottom to the top, round up vertically, from one to twenty, from twenty to four hundred, from four hundred to eight thousand,From eight thousand to sixteen thousand..., the number below twenty is represented by a pictogram. Each pictogram is composed of dots and horizontal lines. Each point represents one, and each horizontal line represents five. The shell-shaped pattern It represents zero.
The Mayans already knew that 0 was rounded by two, and used a similar method to an abacus, using two notations "point and line". The two signs are the basis of today's computers. This method may be extremely easy to use astronomical figures. The withered stone pillars called cairns found in Giligua, Guatemala record the figures of 90 million years and 400 million years.
In medicine, open skulls have been used to make mummies, as well as medicinal treatments of herbs and incense. This traditional natural medicine, which uses herbs and incense, is still used by people in Mexico.
A new exploration of the mystery of the annihilation of the Maya civilization
In 1839, the explorer Stephens led a team to discover the remains of the ancient Maya in the tropical rain forests of Central America: magnificent pyramids, rich palaces and bizarre hieroglyphs A highly accurate calendar engraved on a stone slab.
The archaeological community has put forward many hypotheses about the mystery of the Mayan civilization's annihilation, such as foreign invasion, population explosion, disease, climate change...they have seen each other, and painted Maya civilization with a strong mystery. In order to solve this eternal mystery, in the early 1980s, a multidisciplinary expedition team composed of 45 scholars including archaeologists, zoologists and nutritionists visited even tomb robbers. Guatemala's Petten rainforest is often infested with jaguars and rattles. This scientific expedition team spent six years investigating more than 200 Mayan civilization sites. The conclusion is: Maya civilization was destroyed by the bloody civil war for wealth and power.
The Maya are not a peace-loving people as in the legend. On the contrary, in the heyday of 300-700 AD, the Mayan nobles of the neighboring city-states have been fighting for power and profit. The Huya people’s war seems to be a terrible sports game: the pawns used spears and rods as weapons to attack other cities with the purpose of capturing captives and handing them to the priests as gifts to the gods. This kind of sacrifice is a sign of the worship of gods in Mayan society.
Maya society was quite prosperous. Farmers cultivate border fields, terraced fields, and swamp paddy fields, and the food they produce can support a rapidly increasing population. Craftsmen use flint, stone, bone horns, and shells to make artworks, make cotton fabrics, carve stone inscriptions, and draw pottery and murals. Commodity trading prevails. But beginning in the middle of the 7th century, Mayan society declined. With the increase in political marriages, other royal brothers except the eldest son were excluded. Some princes left their homes to find new cities, while others stayed behind to fight for inheritance rights. This kind of "fighting in the nest" has changed from fighting for ceremonies to fighting for jewelry, luxury goods, royal power, and beauty...The war never ends, lives are overwhelmed, trade is interrupted, cities are destroyed and the countryside is destroyed. In the end, only 10% of the people survived.
In 761 AD, the collapse of the palace in the city of Dos Pilas can be regarded as a starting point for the decline of Mayan society. Dus Pilas is the central city-state within 1,500 miles of the square. It was attacked by enemies from the neighboring city of Tomari Dito. A hole containing the heads of 13 men between the ages of 8 and 55 proves that the city was slaughtered when it was captured. Eight days later (these precise details were recorded on a stone tablet), the victor held a "end ceremony" and smashed the throne, temple, and stereotype. Some nobles fled to the nearby city of Aguadica, a natural fortress surrounded by huge cracks. They lingered there for 40 years, but in the end they were captured by the enemy and fell into a catastrophe. In 800 AD, Adika was already a ghost town. After 820 AD, the Maya abandoned the Petun rainforest, where countless cities have been built during the millennium, and never returned to the birthplace of this civilization. The destruction of the Mayan civilization has become history, but the warning it provides is worth remembering forever.
Today, there are still more than 2 million Maya descendants living in the lowlands of Guatemala, Mexico, Belize, Honduras and other places. However, the essence of Mayan culture such as hieroglyphics, astronomy, calendar and other knowledge has disappeared and has not been left to future generations.
