Gossip Psychology (I)
Author: Huang Yuanhui, a reader, focuses on humanities history, quality standards, intellectual property rights
Recommended reading list: "Gossip Psychology", "A Brief History of Psychology 100 Years", "Heavy Taste Psychology", "Abnormal Psychology", "Criminal Psychology", "Invitation to Existential Psychology"
Special Note: The following content comes from the recommended book
The famous German psychologist Ebbinghaus (main achievements: study of memory experimental psychology, Ebbinghaus forgetting curve ) once described the development history of psychology in a general way: " psychology has a long past, but only a short history." Next, let's gossip about the development history of psychology.
1. Psychological dilemma
In addition to Freud and some popularity due to some academic reasons, those psychology masters who have made pioneering contributions, whether they are Skinner , Piaget or John Watson , Jung , Maslow , in the eyes of the public, they are just extremely strange names living in unpopular books. As for the behaviorism, psychoanalysis , and constructivism , these are difficult terms, they live in a different dimension world far from the public's vision.
As early as more than 2,000 years ago, Ancient Greek philosophers Socrates , Plato and Aristotle , and medical scientists Hippocrates and others have begun to try to explore the mysteries of psychology. Mencius and Xunzi and Xunzi also discussed the good and evil of human nature. However, it was at the end of the 19th century that psychology truly became science in the modern sense. Since 1879, the Germans W.Wonter established the world's first psychology laboratory, only more than 100 years ago. If we only count from the " humanistic revolution " that gave birth to modern psychology , it has even just reached its 60-year history.
is just as the German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus said: " psychology has a long past, but only a short history. "
Constructive psychologist pretends that those complex psychological activities do not exist, and only selects the most normal and innocent subjects for research. It is nicknamed "the psychology of second-year students in universities";
Behaviorism School at the beginning simply gives up studying human psychology and pays attention to human behavior. ;
psychoanalytic school deduces some mechanisms of action of the human brain based on its own clinical experience and individual cases, and is directly used for clinical treatment;
humanism psychologist tries to awaken the "positive energy" in the human mind with a positive method;
and cognitive psychology simply treats the human brain as an electronic computer...
2. Philosophy three questions
Who am I? ——
"Who am I" asks about my own identity. German philosopher Leibniz has a famous saying: "There are no two identical leaves in the world." Similarly, each of us is unique. Even the identical twins , which have almost exactly the same appearance, are still completely different in the spiritual world. So what do we rely on to distinguish between others and ourselves?
of course depends on the unique way of thinking, style of doing things and mental outlook accumulated and developed in the long-term life. In psychology, we call the characteristics and performances that distinguish one person from others "personality" . The personality here is different from what we usually call "noble personality" and "personal charm". It does not specifically refer to those noble and great personalities, but also includes general personality, bad personality, and even personality with obstacles.
From the perspective of psychologists in psychoanalytic school, the meaning of "I" covers "id", "self" and "superego" .
"Where did I come from" -
asks about my own memory. The so-called "memory" is not just a mark left by human consciousness on the things experienced in the past. Memory is a process of storage, but also a process of continuous use. In every moment in our life, countless memories will appear intentionally or unintentionally. These old memories that are spread and new memories in this moment are mixed with each other. Just like the legendary " Fibonacci soup ", it will be endless, and slowly become the most solid and thickest part of consciousness. It can even be said that it is the consciousness itself.
"Where am I going" -
This is more like a question that psychoanalytic psychology or humanistic psychology is concerned about. What drives you to spend your time and life on work that you don’t love? What drives you to marry your wife? What drives you to read the book before you? Where is the source of all this?
If you ask Freud, the master of the psychoanalytic school, he will definitely tell you that all this is because you want to satisfy your sexual desire that you have not been satisfied when you were two or three years old;
If you ask Jung, a student of Freud, he will not talk to you about sexual desire, he will definitely tell you that the source of all this is the character that your ancestors gave you when they were young, also called " collective unconscious ";
If you ask Maslow, a master of humanistic psychology, he will definitely tell you that this is to satisfy the level after level in your mind. Psychological needs such as physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, respect needs and self-realization needs...
As for the psychology master of behaviorism Watson , he will definitely tell you that talking about the driving force in the mind is meaningless. It is better to ask if someone is pushing you with a whip behind...
Although the psychology masters answered all the same questions, most of them are consistent in one point: Every human behavior has its own psychological motivation, and what psychology needs to do is to find out this motivation .
3. The weight of the soul
When the beautiful soul and the beautiful appearance are harmoniously integrated, people will see that this is the most perfect beauty in the world. ——Plato
Ancient Egyptian also wrote the mantra that can resurrect the dead and praise of the gods on papyrus, hidden in the dark lattice on the sole of the statue of the Nether God Oselis, and then placed in the tomb. The ancient Egyptians believed that the "book of the Dead" written through these symbols can help the deceased to reach the world of the next life smoothly.
Ancient Indians and ancient Babylonians who lived 4,000-5,000 years ago also believed that the souls were immortal after death. After death, they might become gods and sacrifices for the four seasons, they might drift in the world with the wind, and they might also go through reincarnation and return to the world again.
At least before the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the Chinese did not regard "ghosts" as something that harmed people, but instead stood alongside "gods" and respected and worshipped as "ancestor gods". In the work of , Mozi, founder of , Mozi, , , , ", Ming Ghost " , it is clearly stated that ", if people in the world now, if they believe that ghosts and gods can reward virtuous people and punish violence, then the world will be in chaos! " - He believes that as long as everyone in the world can believe that the power of ancestors and gods is enough to reward virtuous people and punish stupid and violent people, then the world will not be in chaos long ago. Confucian founder Confucius said: " respects ghosts and gods and distances "
For the first time, human beings began to systematically study various phenomena in psychology, which also originated from Ancient Greek , and originated from the great philosopher Plato and his student Aristotle.
The great ancient Greek philosopher Plato explained the soul in many aspects in his book " Ideal Country ".He believes that the soul "falls from the sky" and is the source of everything and will not be destroyed. He said: "According to the regulations of nature, the soul precedes the object. Objects are second and later; the soul is the ruler, and the object is the ruled, and this is indeed the most true and perfect truth."
He also divided the human soul into three parts: reason, passion and desire , believing that the human mind is the residence of the rational soul, which is at the top of the whole body, so as to be far-sighted and directed by the whole body; the chest is the place where the passionate soul is located, placed under reason and under its command; the abdomen is the residence of the desire soul, which is restricted by reason and passion. When reason governs the soul, the soul can rule the body normally; on the contrary, when desire governs the soul, the body will destroy the soul abnormally.
In the book " on the Soul ", Aristotle provided the soul with a systematic explanation: the definition of the soul, whether the soul is separated from the body, the classification of the soul, and the classification of all living things.
From the underworld guide of ancient Egyptian to the "book of the dead" in Chinese Shang and Zhou era, from the theory of soul rebirth of Brahmins in ancient India to the dichotomy of paradise and hell of the paradise of Christianity and Islam; from the horror stories about ghosts in the medieval European era, to the notes and novels that spread from Tang to the Qing Dynasty, from the urban monsters in Japan to the Hollywood blockbusters in the United States, there is almost a place for "souls" in the major cultures in the world.
Physicians in Massachusetts, USA Duncan McDougall An experiment in 1907. This lord recruited 6 severely ill volunteers. The measurement method he took was to let the dying person sleep in the bed, and then use an accurate scale to continuously measure the weight changes in his or her period before his death and after his death. The conclusion of "21g soul " comes from the first measurement.
Careful readers may have found the absurdity of this experimental result: among all the six volunteers, only the first one obtained the results that satisfies McDougall, and all the other five did not meet his conclusions.
How to judge whether a theory is scientific? Austrian Modern philosopher Carl Popper has a classic discussion in his book "Conjectures and Refutations" : "All scientific propositions must be falsified, and unfalsified theories cannot become scientific theories." The so-called falsification means that there is a possibility that this theory can be refuted. Even if the current scientific means cannot judge the authenticity, we must tell us how to judge it. If a theory can never find a way to refute or pick a mistake, then it cannot be called a scientific theory. Obviously, the above-mentioned "soul theory" is a theory that cannot be falsified.
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