Huang Kun was born on September 2, 1919 and died on July 6, 2005. World-renowned physicist, educator, pioneer of solid state physics in China, and founder of China's semiconductor science and technology. Born in Beijing on September 2, 1919. In June 1941, he received a bachelor's degree from the Department of Physics of Yenching University. In August 1944, he received a master's degree from Peking University under the guidance of Professor Wu Dayou. In August 1944, he was admitted as a physics student studying in the UK with the Geng Geng Fund. In August 1945, he came to the University of Bristol in England and became N. F． Graduate student at Mott. Obtained a PhD from the University of Bristol in March 1947. After that, he worked as a researcher in the Department of Physics of the University of Edinburgh and the Department of Theoretical Physics of the University of Liverpool. At the end of 1951, he returned to China and became a professor in the Department of Physics at Peking University. He also served as deputy director of the Department of Physics. In October 1977, he was appointed director of the Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and played an important role in the recovery of China's semiconductor science and technology. He was elected as an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (faculty member) in 1955, as a foreign academician of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1930, and as an academician of the Third World Academy of Sciences in 1935. In 2001, he won the highest national science and technology award.
On February 1, 2002, at the National Science and Technology Awards Conference, President Jiang Zemin took a group photo with Huang Kun and Wang Xuan, winners of the 2001 National Highest Science and Technology Award.
He is infinitely loyal to the motherland and has contributed to the scientific and technological development of New China. Life-long energy; persistent pursuit of truth, made outstanding contributions to the development of the semiconductor industry; dedicated efforts to students, cultivating a large number of pillars for the motherland's semiconductor industry.
Studying - In order to pursue the true meaning of science, he spent twenty years.
From Beijing to Shanghai, from Mengyang Garden to Luhe Middle School, from Yanjing University to the University of Bristol in the UK, Huang Kun spent twenty years in his life. Although he traveled to many places during his years of study, he continued to acquire scientific knowledge and exercise his personality and will, which laid a solid foundation for his subsequent scientific research and education career.
Huang Kun was born in Beijing on September 2, 1919, and his ancestral home is Jiaxing, Zhejiang. My father was a senior employee of the Bank of China at the time. His mother, He Yanzhi, is originally from Hunan. She graduated from Beijing Women's Normal University and also works in a bank. Huang Kun is the youngest child in the family. His eldest sister is named Huang Xuan, his eldest brother Huang Yan, and his second brother Huang Wan (a famous cardiologist in my country). The four siblings are one year apart in age. They have a deep brotherly love and influence each other. Their names are all taken from the place names of Beijing. Huang Kun's "Kun" comes from "Kunming Lake", Huang Wan's "Wan" comes from "Wanping City", Huang Yan's "Yan" comes from "Yanshan", and Huang Wan's "Yan" comes from "Yanshan". The "Xuan" of Xuan comes from "Xuanwu". The family's high cultural quality and unfettered atmosphere, especially the seriousness of his mother, had a great influence on Huang Kun's growth as a boy.
Huang Kun particularly likes the Summer Palace, not just because his name "Kun" comes from Kunming Lake in the Summer Palace. This is 98html In the autumn of 1939, Huang Kun was boating on Kunming Lake.
Huang Kun's elementary school career was very tortuous. He attended Beijing Mengyang Garden, the Primary School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University, and Shanghai Guanghua Primary School. He recalled that when he was in primary school, he became literate very early. In primary school, he often read novels and learned addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, but he seemed to have learned no more knowledge. He still remembers that his most outstanding performance in elementary school was when he ranked fifth in the Beijing History and Geography Examination in the third grade. The prize he brought back to his mother was a mimeographed handout of Beijing. For this reason, he was always proud of being able to skillfully name all the inner and outer gates of Beijing.
Huang Kun did not finish fifth grade at Shanghai Guanghua Primary School, so he moved back to Beijing with his family. Huang Kun's uncle Huang Zitong was a professor in the philosophy department of Yenching University at the time. Huang Kun temporarily lived in his uncle's house and transferred to the junior high school attached to Yenching University. He only studied here for half a year before transferring to Luhe Middle School in Tong County. However, this short period of six months will have a long-term impact on Huang Kun's future development. Huang Kun's uncle happened to see Huang Kun being free after class and asked him why. Huang Kun replied that all the math homework assigned by the teacher had been completed. His uncle said, how can that be done? All the questions in the math textbook must be solved. Huang Kun has been doing this ever since.
Since then, he has been studying mathematics very well and has developed a strong interest in it.After transferring to Luhe Middle School, this habit not only continued, but also promoted the study of other subjects. Huang Kun later recalled that this accident had far-reaching consequences. Since he was busy doing his own problems after class and rarely looked at the examples in the book, he did not develop the habit of "imitating cats and tigers". Huang Kun was an excellent academic student in middle school. In addition to Chinese classes, his overall scores in the three years of high school were always at the top of the grade.
Huang Kun at Luhe Middle School
In 1937, Huang Kun passed the admission examination from Luhe Middle School to Yenching University and entered Yenching University. According to his own advantages and interests, he chose physics as his major.
Huang Kun in the Physics Laboratory of Yenching University
After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, China's three famous universities: Tsinghua University, Peking University, and Nankai University moved to Kunming, Yunnan, and formed the National Southwest Associated University in the spring of 1938. During the most difficult period of the Chinese people's war of resistance against Japan, a large number of outstanding talents such as Yang Zhenning, Li Zhengdao, Huang Kun, Zhang Shoulian, Li Yinyuan, Huang Shushu, Deng Jiaxian, and Zhu Guangya were cultivated, creating the most brilliant flower in the history of Chinese education.
Although the Department of Physics of Southwest Associated University is not large in scale, it is full of talents. Many well-known professors professors with profound academic attainments in the Chinese physics community teach here. At that time, "Tsinghua University had Ye Qisun, Wu Youxun, Zhou Peiyuan, Zhao Zhongyao, Wang Zhuxi, and Huo Bingquan; Peking University had Rao Yutai, Zhu Wuhua, Wu Dayou, Zheng Huachi, and Ma Shijun; Nankai University had Zhang Wenyu and Xu Zhenyang. The mathematics teachers of Southwest Associated University were also among the best in the country at that time. Selected.
99html In 1931, Wu Dayou (right), Huang Kun (middle), and Yang Zhenning (left) conferred an honorary doctorate of science to Mr. Wu Dayou at the University of Michigan.
In the autumn of 1941, after Huang Kun received his bachelor's degree from Yanjing University, After being introduced by Mr. Ge Tingsui, he came to Southwest Associated University as a teaching assistant. When he first met with Huang Kun, the department director, Mr. Rao Yutai, told him that there were many people here and there was no need for teaching assistants. You are here to study knowledge and research. This is indeed the case. Huang Kun's teaching task was only to lead a general physics experiment once a week. His supervisor Wu Dayou asked him to work half as a graduate student and half as a teaching assistant. During this period, he completed "Variational Calculation of the Hylleraas Function of the Energy State of Lithium Atoms" and "Nan Zhi". He wrote three papers on "Negative Ion Absorption Spectrum" and "Excitation of Coronal Spectral Lines", and obtained the Master of Science degree.
Huang Kun was pictured when he graduated from Yanjing University in Beijing in 1941.
During this period, Huang Kun formed a relationship with Yang Zhenning and Zhang Shoulian for more than half a century. Their friendship is known as the "Three Musketeers" of Southwest Associated University
Huang Kun and Yang Zhenning
99html On June 1, 2032, at the 90th birthday celebration dinner of Mr. Zhou Peiyuan, the Three Musketeers from the Southwest Associated University period: Yang Zhenning (right). , three old friends Zhang Shoulian (middle) and Huang Kun (left) reunited and left a precious group photo.
In 1944, Huang Kun graduated from Southwest Associated University and was admitted to study in the UK under the "Gengzi Indemnity" program. According to the regulations for government-sponsored students studying in the UK under the Geng Geng Fund, you can choose which school to go to in the UK or which scientist to be your tutor. You can first make your choice and then obtain the consent of the recipient. At that time, a British professor donated a large amount of money to the United Nations General Assembly. Scientific books published in the UK. Huang Kun was very interested in these books and read through most of them. The one that caught his special attention was the three books written by Mott: "The Collision Theory of Atoms". , "Electron Theory of Metals and Alloys", and "Electron Processes in Ionic Crystals". These three monographs cover three very different fields. The publication of each monograph marks the birth of a discipline. Huang Kun felt that this scientist was very knowledgeable and decided to become a doctoral student of Professor Mott at the University of Bristol.
In August 1945, Huang Kun finally became a graduate student of Mott at the University of Bristol. He was also the second student. The first doctoral student recruited by Mott after World War I, Mott, who won the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the electronic structure of disordered systems, was still a very young professor at the time, but he was already internationally renowned. Solid state physicist. Obtained a PhD from the University of Bristol in March 1947.After that, he worked as a researcher in the Department of Physics of the University of Edinburgh and the Department of Theoretical Physics of the University of Liverpool.
In the 1940s, Huang Kun (second from left in the front row) took a group photo with his colleagues when he was a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Liverpool in the UK (first from right in the front row is Li Aifu)
Scientific research - In order to build a scientific paradise, he spent his entire life
Huang Kun's scientific achievements have been highly praised by the international academic community and recognized by the motherland and people. In 1951, with the ardent heart of revitalizing China and serving the motherland, Huang Kun returned to his beloved motherland and taught in the Department of Physics of Peking University. He later served as the director and honorary director of the Institute of Semiconductors of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In 1955, Huang Kun, who was only 36 years old, was elected as a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the youngest member among all members at that time. Since the reform and opening up, Huang Kun has been elected as a loaned academician of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (98 years), an academician of the Third World Academy of Sciences (985 years), and a member of the Semiconductor Committee of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) (985-988 years). In recognition of his outstanding achievements and contributions in the field of solid state physics, Huang Kun won the 2001 National Highest Technology Award.
1. The Chinese name has been written many times in the world of theoretical physics
Huang Kun is a famous physicist, the founder and authority of lattice dynamics, and a pioneer in the subject of phonon physics. His name is associated with the multiphonon transition theory, X-ray diffuse scattering theory, and the long-wavelength phenomenological equation of lattice vibration. He has made many pioneering contributions to solid-state physics and has written Chinese names many times in the world of theoretical physics.
"yellow - diffuse scattering". In the 1940s, Huang Kun proposed the theory of X-ray scattering caused by impurity defects in solids. Since the 1960s, it has been confirmed and applied by foreign scholars. This kind of scattering has been internationally named "yellow-diffuse scattering". Using Huang Kun's diffuse scattering theory, the structure of point defects in crystals, such as displacement field distribution, symmetry, size, etc., can be deduced from the diffuse scattering of X-rays. This method has become a special X-ray technique for studying microscopic defects in crystals.
Huang Kun and the discoverer of the "Huang-Diffuse Scattering" experiment, Dr. H. PeisI of Germany, are discussing
"Huang-Reese Theory". In 1950, he collaborated with his wife Ive Rees (Li Aifu) and proposed for the first time the quantum theory of multi-phonon radiation and non-radiative transition, which was instrumental in understanding the optical and electrical properties of crystals and the impact of impurities and defects on photoelectric properties. It has important guiding significance in other aspects. This theory was experimentally confirmed in the 1960s and was internationally known as the Huang-Rhys theory ("Huang-Rhys theory"). The S factor in the theory is called the Huang-Rhys factor. The famous paper "Theory of F-center Optical Absorption and Radiative Transition" co-authored by him and his wife has been cited more than 30 times since 1965 and has become one of the classic documents in this field.
In 1952, Huang Kun took a photo with Li Aifu, who had just arrived in China (this was also their wedding photo)
"Huang Fang". In 1951, Huang Kun first proposed the coupled oscillation mode of phonons and electromagnetic waves in crystals. The proposed equation of motion was internationally known as the "Huang equation". Using this set of equations, Huang Kun first introduced the new concept of coupled modes of electromagnetic waves and transverse optical vibrations, which was later called polaritons. This prediction was confirmed by the international Raman scattering experiment in 1963. His paper entitled "On the Interaction of Radiation Fields and Ionic Crystals" was evaluated as a milestone in the field by the First International Polariton Conference. Later, the concept of polaritons was widely extended to various other special element excitations and coupling modes of electromagnetic waves.
Huang Kun, who worked as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Liverpool in 1951,
"Crystal Dynamics Theory". In 1954, Huang Kun, who was only 35 years old, co-authored "The Theory of Crystal Dynamics" with the world-famous scientist Nobel Prize winner Professor Born. It was published by Oxford University Press and became the basic theoretical work of this branch of science and the world's leading The first systematic monograph on lattice dynamics in the world, it is also a must-read book for scientists in this field. Even today, nearly half a century later, Oxford University Press has included it in the "Oxford Classic Physics Series" ".
"Lattice Dynamics Theory" published by Oxford Press in 1954 and the Chinese translation published by Peking University Press
Huang Kun also authored "Solid State Physics" and co-authored "Semiconductor Physics" with Xie Xide, which is very useful for ordinary students in colleges and universities. He has made very important contributions to the teaching of physics, solid-state physics and semiconductors.
2. Working hard for the development of semiconductor physical science and technology in my country
In September 1975, Deng Xiaoping while presiding over the work of the State Council, pointed out when listening to the work report of the Chinese Academy of Sciences: "There is an old scientist (referring to Huang Kun) who is engaged in semiconductors. Peking University Ask him to change his career to teach something else, but he won't do it. The Institute of Semiconductors of the Academy of Sciences asked him to give an academic report, and the response was very good. He said that this is for part-time research. "Peking University does not need him. He can be transferred to the Institute of Semiconductors and assigned to a party committee." Secretary , plus a deputy director of logistics, this is called the troika. "Comrade Deng Xiaoping's instruction was implemented in 1977.
In October 1977, the State Council approved the appointment of Huang Kun and other comrades
In 1977, Huang Kun was transferred to the Institute of Semiconductors of the Chinese Academy of Sciences as the director. After being dormant in the international physics community for nearly 20 years, he became active again at the age of 60. , began the second active period of his research career.
In more than ten years, he has collaborated with young colleagues and made new achievements in multiphonon transition theory and quantum well superlattice theory. With him as the academic leader, the Institute of Semiconductor established my country's National Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Superlattice, creating and developing my country's research work in this new field of materials science and solid state physics. As M. Cardona, an internationally renowned solid state physicist and former director of the Institute of Solid State Physics of the Max Planck Society in Germany, described: “He is like a modern phoenix rising from the ashes, rising from the ashes and becoming the world leader again. ”
Huang Kun, a solid-state physicist, seizes the time to invest in scientific research in his busy position as director. 98html In 1933, he re-launched research on difficult problems that had arisen in the international theory of multi-phonon non-radiative transitions. Huang Kun proved that after eliminating the inconsistency caused by the Condon approximation, the adiabatic approximation and static coupling are equivalent. The multiphonon model of the radiationless transition theory he proposed further developed the radiationless transition theory.
In April 1978, after attending the National Science Conference, Director Huang Kun discussed with Deputy Directors Wang Shouwu and Lin Lanying
98html In 1937, he and Zhu Bangfen began to study the problem of lattice vibration in quantum wells. They clarified the reasons for the contradiction between the original theory and experiment. , proposed and developed a systematic theory on the optical vibration of semiconductor superlattice. This theoretical discovery is called the "Huang-Zhu Model" by the international academic community. The "Huang-Zhu Model" has attracted widespread international attention, which has triggered a series of theoretical and experimental research work and effectively promoted the in-depth development of this research field. The "Huang-Zhu Model" has been included in many foreign monographs and graduate textbooks as required reading in this field. Huang and Zhu have been invited to give special lectures at international and national academic conferences more than ten times. Zhu Bangfen’s invited lectures at the 20th International Conference on Semiconductor Physics and the 5th International Conference on Superlattice Microstructures and Microdevices were the first time that a Chinese scholar gave a special invitation at a series of international academic conferences with the highest academic level in this field. Report.
The two authors of the "Huang-Zhu Model" have been discussing the problem
98html In the past 30 years, Huang Kun and others have co-published papers such as "Adiabatic Approximation and Static Coupling Theory of Radiationless Transitions", which has solved the problem that has been solved internationally for more than 20 years. Difficult issues existing in the development of this theory.
After the 1980s, Huang Kun vigorously promoted my country's superlattice research. As early as 1935, he put forward guiding opinions: The significance of semiconductor superlattice will be compared with the invention of semiconductor transistors. Under his advocacy, corresponding major projects of the state and the Academy of Sciences were established, and the National Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Superlattice was established. He made important contributions to breaking the embargo imposed by Western countries on my country's molecular beam epitaxy technology and promoting the growth and research of superlattice materials, device development and the industrialization of optoelectronic devices in my country, enabling my country to catch up in a very short period of time. reached the international advanced level. In March 2001, he and five other academicians jointly called for an urgent deployment of basic research on nanometer quantum structures, quantum devices and their integration technologies in the "Science Times" to rise up to meet the battle for nanotechnology.
98htmlIn 1936, Huang Kun and Lin Lanying talked with the two presidents of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fang Yi and Lu Jiaxi, who inspected the Institute of Semiconductors.
I am an old man who has great ambitions. In his old age, the martyrs are still ambitious. Huang Kun made outstanding scientific contributions in his youth. As early as the 1950s, he became a world-renowned scientist. In his middle age, he devoted himself to the education of the motherland, and after the age of 60, he climbed to the top of world science again. Over eighty years old and suffering from Parkinson's disease, he still goes to work at the Institute of Semiconductor, Chinese Academy of Sciences every morning. Until the last moment of his life, he was still fighting on the front line of scientific research, working hard for the development of science and technology in the motherland. His life was a life of hard work, a life of exploration, a life of struggle, and a life of selfless dedication to the country. In his more than 80 years of life, Huang Kun has erected monuments in the field of solid-state physics with his rigor and innovation, as well as his diligence and straightforwardness, and has won the respect of the world.
Educating people - In order to cast the pillars of tomorrow, he fought until the end of his life
Huang Kun was still an outstanding educator. He is committed to the scientific research and education of condensed matter physics and is known for his diligence, rigor, self-discipline and tireless teaching. Huang Kun has been engaged in physics teaching for a long time. He is a founder of solid state physics and semiconductor physics in my country and has trained a large number of Chinese physicists and semiconductor technology experts. Inspired by Huang Kun's words and deeds, Huang Kun's graduate students and assistants have grown into the backbone of many educational and scientific research units in my country, playing a leading role in scientific research and teaching of solid state physics. From the creation of the teaching of "Solid State Physics" and "Semiconductor Physics" to the joint semiconductor specialization of five schools, he has cultivated several generations of talents for China's solid state physics and semiconductor industry, and participated in the formulation of my country's 12-year science and technology development vision plan . As Mr. Yang Zhenning said: "China's semiconductor developers are all Huang Kun's disciples!" Among them, Gan Zizhao, Qin Guogang, Xia Jianbai, Li Shushen and others were elected as academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
In 2002, Huang Kun discussed work with Academician Zheng Houzhi (first from left) and Academician Xia Jianbai (first from right).
989, at a dinner to celebrate Huang Kun’s 70th birthday. From left, Zhu Bangfen, Qin Guogang, Zheng Houzhi, Gan Zizhao, Li Aifu, Huang Kun, Han Ruqi, Zhong Zhantian
At the end of 1951, Huang Kun returned to China with enthusiasm for devoting himself to the construction of New China. After returning to China, he immediately went to Peking University as a professor in the Department of Physics and began a 26-year teaching career at Peking University.
html In the 1950s, as a professor in the Department of Physics of Peking University, he laid the foundation for the teaching of solid-state physics and semiconductor physics in New China. The three courses he taught, "College Physics", "Solid State Physics" and "Semiconductor Physics", attracted a large number of young students and guided them into the fields of solid state physics and semiconductors. At that time, both at home and abroad, there were only monographs on "solid state physics" and no ready-made textbooks for reference.In 1953, Huang Kun first offered solid theory courses for graduate students, the contents of which were mainly lattice dynamics and solid electron theory. In the autumn of the same year, the Department of Physics of Peking University established specialized teaching and research sections for solid-state physics, optics, radio electronics, and theoretical physics. Huang Kun was appointed as the director of the Specialized Teaching and Research Section of Solid State Physics.He also suggested that solid state physics be listed as a basic course in high school as the most significant reform in the curriculum of physics majors to keep up with the pace of contemporary science and technology development.
In the autumn of 1960, solid state physics officially became a basic course for physics majors, and this course was generally offered to undergraduates at Peking University. All of this condensed a lot of effort and hard work of Huang Kun, who became the founder of solid-state physics professional education in colleges and universities in my country.
Huang Kun's handwriting
Huang Kun has personally taught solid-state physics and semiconductor physics courses at Peking University for many years and attaches great importance to the quality of teaching materials. He has always believed that the explanation of scientific issues in lecture notes must be clear and specific, and the basic concepts and theoretical explanations must be precise. "Solid State Physics", which he wrote based on years of improvement of lecture notes, and "Semiconductor Physics" co-authored with Xie Xide are both textbooks compiled by himself without any previous blueprints. Both books are known for their thorough and insightful explanations, and have become must-read books for students and researchers majoring in solid-state physics and semiconductor physics in China for a long time.
"Solid State Physics"
"Semiconductor Physics"
Huang Kun and Xie Xide, two pioneers of China's semiconductor physics,
Huang Kun led the construction of the Peking University Solid State Physics Teaching and Research Office and the Semiconductor Physics Teaching and Research Office, which provided a solid foundation for China's semiconductor science and technology. Made outstanding contributions to the cultivation of backbone strength.
Huang Kun has been researching and teaching for 60 years, and has formed his own unique and distinctive academic style. Huang Kun summarized his life-long scientific research experience as follows: first, to learn knowledge, and second, to create knowledge. For those who do scientific research, the ultimate goal is to create knowledge. As for learning knowledge and creating knowledge, Huang Kun summed up two famous sayings from his own personal experience and the experience and lessons of observing others: "Learning knowledge is not about the more, the better, the deeper, the better, but to be subject to application and to be consistent with the application." Match your own ability to control knowledge. "
99html Huang Kun wrote his famous saying
in 1930: "To create knowledge, we must make a difference in scientific research work and truly produce some valuable research results. To this end, we must do three things. To be "good at" means to be good at discovering and asking questions, especially to ask scientifically meaningful questions; to be good at proposing models or methods to solve problems, because if you only raise questions without solving them, the questions raised will be lost. Practical significance; we must also be good at making the most important and meaningful conclusions. "
These two famous quotes are indeed Huang Kun's experience, and we should keep them in mind as a motto.
At one of Huang Kun's birthday events, teachers and students from the Department of Physics of Peking University gave him a couplet:
"Crossing the ocean to greet the morning light, caring about the motherland and arrogating fame and wealth like grass and grass,
Climbing the heights and going through hardships to prosper China, happy to hear that my disciples and disciples have died. Pillar."
This is a reflection of Huang Kun's unswerving determination and selfless contribution to China's education.
In order to promote Huang Kun's scientific spirit and his outstanding contribution to the creation of solid state physics and semiconductor physics in our country, we encourage our country's solid state physics and semiconductor physics workers who have made outstanding contributions to science to work in life At the end of his career, he spent all his savings to establish the "Huang Kun Solid State Physics and Semiconductor Physics Research Award".
Jiang Kaili, the first winner of the "Huang Kun Solid State Physics and Semiconductor Physics Research Award"
The great man has passed away, but his life will last forever, his style will last forever, and his spirit will continue to be upheld...
The statue of Mr. Huang Kun standing in the Institute of Semiconductor campus
Source: Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences
