Xiao Ke
In 1955, the first award ceremony of New China was held in Huairentang, Zhongnanhai. A total of 55 people were awarded the rank of general. Among them, the issue of Xiao Ke's military rank has aroused many people's discussions, is quite a part. People think that with Xiao Ke's qualifications and military merits, at least he can be rated as a general, but in the end only one general is rated, although his name ranks first in the general.
During the War of Resistance Against Japan, among the six commanders and deputy commanders of the three divisions of the Eighth Route Army, only Xiao Ke was named general and the other five were marshals. However, Xiao Ke himself did not take this reputation seriously. He once said: " is in the revolution. During the Anti-Japanese War, I don’t know how many comrades in arms sacrificed. I was lucky to survive. As for the rank or rank, it doesn’t matter . "Z3z
Xiao Ke’s military career has experienced the establishment, development and growth of our army. A bloody battle, and the starting point of this period of life was the Northern Expedition in 1926. During this period, Xiao Ke fought in Jiangxi, Zhejiang and other places with his team. Six months later, he served as a political instructor under Ye Ting of the 11th Army.
After the April 12 coup, Xiao Ke followed Ye Ting to participate in the August 1 Nanchang Uprising, officially kicking off his prelude as a revolutionary worker . In October of this year, the main force of the Nanchang Uprising failed in the Chaoshan area. Xiao Ke traveled a long distance back to southern Hunan, and finally got in touch with the party organization in Linwu County. Three months later, it was when Zhu De led the remnants of the Nanchang Uprising to approach southern Hunan. , Together with the local military forces launched the southern Hunan riot. Xiao Ke, a young man in the Red Army period, heard that he immediately rushed to Yizhang and was appointed deputy battalion commander to lead a team of armed forces to meet the enemy. After three months of fighting, the southern Hunan Agricultural Army was forced to retreat under the combined attack of powerful enemies. Xiao Ke, , was ordered to lead the independent battalion over the peaks and move eastward. The destination was Jinggang Mountain.
During the transfer, Xiao Ke met in advance with the Jinggangshan Red Army led by Mao Zedong. After Zhumao joined in Jinggangshan, the independent battalion led by Xiao Ke was incorporated into the newly established 29th Regiment of the Fourth Chinese Workers’ and Peasants Red Army. Xiao Ke was in the first battalion. As the commander of the third company, the 29th regiment is also one of the main regiments of the Red Fourth Army . The first victory of
after the establishment of the Red Army was accomplished under the leadership of Xiao Ke. In May 1928, the two regiments under Yang Ruxuan's army divided into two groups to attack the Fourth Red Army. After discussion, Mao Zedong and Zhu De decided to concentrate the 28th and 29th regiments to annihilate the enemy.
The following day, the 29th regiment took the lead as the vanguard. The first battalion and third company of Xiao Ke was the most powerful company in the entire regiment. When the vanguard squad reported that they had found the enemy in twos and threes in front, Xiao Ke made a keen judgment and immediately attacked as a vanguard company, knocking the enemy off guard. When the follow-up forces of the 29th regiment arrived, the defeated the idle advance camp of the 81st regiment under Yang Ruxuan in less than half an hour, wiped out hundreds of enemies and captured dozens of people.
Xiao Ke, his wife Jian Xianfo, and his son Xiao Xinghua
, when Zhu De led the 28th regiment arrived, and learned that Xiao Ke had broken the enemy, he took a few more glances at this indifferent guy and immediately praised him. After the advance battalion of the 81st regiment was defeated, Zhu De learned from the captives that the troops of the other two battalions were advancing here, and decided to lead the troops to the Wudoujiang ambush ahead. Zhu De ordered the release of all the prisoners, and then led the army in other directions to confuse the enemy.
On May 12th, the Fourth Red Army set up an ambush in Wudoujiang and successfully sniped the enemy troops and defeated them. The 81st regiment commander Zhou Tiren fled with more than two hundred soldiers and soldiers. The Red Army succeeded in pursuing and successfully occupied Yongxin County. This was the first battle of the Fourth Red Army since its establishment, and it was a beautiful start. This victory of the Red Fourth Army was also a springboard for Xiao Ke's life. After this battle, Xiao Ke's name lingered in Zhu De's mind, laying the groundwork for his follow-up military route . Shortly after
, Xiao Ke was promoted to the first battalion commander of the 29th regiment. In the ensuing enemy's first encirclement and suppression of the Zhumao Red Army, Xiao Ke led a battalion to stick to the Taishan Pavilion position and repelled the enemy's three strong attacks. The enemy's fourth attack added two battalions of troops and several machine guns. The bullets fired were as dense as raindrops, creating unprecedented pressure on Yi. Commander-in-chief of
Zhu De considered that Xiao Ke's ministry had held the Taishan Pavilion for a long time. Although he had repelled the strong offensive several times, he had paid the price of blood and suffered heavy casualties, so he ordered Xiao Ke to retreat to the second line of defense. In this battle, the Fourth Red ArmyIn the end, the biggest victory since the founding of the army was achieved, one regiment was wiped out, two regiments were defeated, and more than 2,000 guns were seized, which greatly enhanced the strength of weapons and equipment.
In 1935, Xiao Ke (second from right), Zhu De, Peng Dehuai, and others in the battle of
in Shanxi Province raised Xiao Ke's position in Zhu De's heart by several steps, and identified him as an outstanding commander with a worthy task. In addition to Zhu De, Mao Zedong, the representative of the Fourth Red Army at the time, also praised Xiao Ke. When the Red Army returned to Jinggangshan, the 28th regiment commander Wang Erzhuo died in pursuit of the traitor. When discussing a replacement, Mao Zedong proposed that Xiao Ke take over. . After
, Zhu De used "Xiao Ke has always been in the 29th regiment and is not familiar with the 28th regiment". For overall consideration, Lin Biao, the first battalion commander of the 28th regiment, took over, and Xiao Ke became the second battalion commander of the 28th regiment. In fact, , 28th Regiment is no stranger to Xiao Ke, because the predecessor of the 28th Regiment was his old unit, Ye Ting's 24th Division, and the second battalion was reformed from the 71st Regiment that Xiao Ke had previously been in.
Xiao Ke’s military abilities in the Jinggangshan period were better reflected in his future revolutionary career. After the Red Army entered the area of southern Jiangxi, Xiao Ke was appointed commander of the third column. During this period, many of his subordinates became later founding generals, such as Yang Chengwu, Liu Yalou and others.
was in Jiangxi. The Fourth Red Army encountered the strongest battle since its downhill. This was the Ningdu Siege, and Xiao Ke once again demonstrated his extraordinary military talent in this battle. In April 1929, the Fourth Red Army concentrated on the first and second columns to attack Ningdu, but Ningdu was easy to defend and difficult to attack, making the Fourth Red Army encounter unprecedented difficulties. The enemy general who defended the city was Lai Shicong. In addition, there were 6 companies in strength, weapons and equipment also significantly ahead of the Red Army, and the city wall of Ningdu was several meters high, and there were trenches outside the wall.
Xiao Ke (first from left)
Faced with the impenetrable Ningdu City, Xiao Ke led a force to attack from the West Gate, but the enemy was condescending. Even though the Red Army could not let the water out of the besieged city, he could not capture Ningdu City after six days of storming. Seeing the battle situation is deadlocked, if Ningdu City is not captured, morale will be greatly affected.
The shrewd Xiao Ke stepped forward again. After careful investigation, Xiao Ke used the surrounding buildings to come up with a strategy that combined the "Cao Xu Debate" and "Being Embarrassed". Outside the West City Gate, there is a two-story brick building and several rows of houses. Xiao Ke asked soldiers to cut out gun holes on the first floor to observe the enemy's movements. The second floor opened windows to facilitate shooting.
then went down like the "Cao Ku Debate". Xiao Ke ordered the soldiers to shoot at the city wall on the second floor for several days, attracting the enemy’s firepower and attention, but did not force the attack. Until a week later, the enemy Are paralyzed. At this time, Xiao Ke ordered to stop shooting, and ordered the soldiers from Jiangxi to stage a "beautiful beggar", shouting at the enemy and chattering.
The soldiers in the city were mostly Jiangxi natives. They found that the Fourth Red Army ceased fire, and they had trouble with them. Many soldiers could not help standing up and looking around. Xiao Ke seized the opportunity to let the soldiers who had been prepared stand up a ladder and quickly approach the city wall while giving orders. shooting. The enemy was attacked and suddenly panicked. Before we could react, our army had boarded the city wall. In an instant, the enemy army collapsed and fled in all directions.
Xiao Ke (sixth from left) and Wang Zhen, Luo Ronghuan and others
Ningdu City, which was long unsuccessful, was successfully occupied by our army under Xiao Ke’s plan. This is the first time that the Red Army has captured an enemy defended since the Fourth Red Army came down. The meaning of the city is self-evident. The Siege of Ningdu also made Lin Biao look at Xiao Ke with admiration. Soon after, Xiao Ke came to the first column as the chief of staff and became the right arm of the captain Lin Biao.
In September 1932, in view of Xiao Ke’s outstanding performance and outstanding commanding ability, the organization decided to let Xiao Ke go to the Xianggan Military Region as the commander of Red Eighth Army , This is the first time that Xiao Ke has taken the position of commander since he joined the army. . Xiao Ke felt more pressure on this appointment because the Red Eighth Army at that time was the main force of the Red Army in the Hunan and Jiangxi Military Region as an independent strategic zone. Serving as the commander of this army meant to assume the main military leadership of a strategic area. Responsibilities must independently support a situation.
The first problem that Xiao Ke faced after taking office was to integrate the three divisions of the Red Eighth Army. At that time, the three divisions of the Red Eighth Army had a total number of less than 3,000, and the organization was chaotic. Some divisions did not even set up regiment heads. The division commanders directly commanded each company, and most of themSeveral soldiers have not undergone rigorous formal training, just like guerrillas. After Xiao Ke took office, he immediately embarked on training to strengthen the army. Major reforms were carried out from the organization to the military style. After a period of time, the three divisions of the Red Eighth Army had a new look.
Xiao Ke's great victory after taking office as the army commander was in May 1933. At the time when the enemy forces assembled and attacked the hinterland of Hunan and Jiangxi, Xiao Ke commanded the Eighth Red Army to set up ambushes in the Jiuduchong area and caught the enemy by surprise. The results of this battle were quite fruitful. A total of 26 heavy machine guns and more than 1,000 rifles were captured and the enemy was captured More than 600 people, and even the Central Military Commission sent congratulatory messages to Xiao Ke.
Xiao Ke in the 1930s
Among the many battles that Xiao Ke participated in, the Battle of Jiangjunshan was one of the battles that Xiao Ke remembered the most. In February 1936, the Second and Sixth Corps of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army completed the task of supporting the Central Red Army's northward movement. They defeated the enemy's siege and intercepted them, advanced into the western part of Guizhou, and established a revolutionary base in the present Dafang County area. When Chiang Kai-shek learned of it, he was panicked and sent five columns including Wan Yaohuang and Hao Mengling to the area, with the intention of destroying the Red Army in one fell swoop while the base area was not yet consolidated. In order to meet
, Xiao Ke, the commander of the Red Sixth Army at , received instructions from He Long and planned to select favorable terrain to attack the enemy in the northwest of Dafang County the next day. After investigation, Xiao Ke chose Jiangjun Mountain as the battle location . In the early morning of the 19th, the Red Sixth Army rushed to Jiangjun Mountain and joined up with other Red Army forces such as the 53rd Regiment of the Red Eighteenth Division to form the main force to attack the enemy. According to the terrain, the Red Army quickly deployed troops to ambush.
In the morning, Wan Yaohuang's Pioneer Vanguard Battalion entered the ambush circle. Under the command of Xiao Ke, our army opened fire from the front first, and another team blocked the back. At first, Wan Yaohuang's troops relied on their superior weapons and equipment to fought fiercely with the Red Army. However, due to their deep encirclement, they would be wiped out sooner or later. The enemy troops broke out westward, intending to occupy the high ground and favorable terrain, but encountered Red Army blockades and suffered heavy casualties. After nearly two hours of fierce fighting, the pioneer battalion was wiped out and the battalion commander Wu Zongqi committed suicide. After Wan Yaohuang led his army to attack Jiangjunshan, the Red Army repelled the enemy's attacks with its back on favorable terrain, and held its position for 7 days. Until the 26th, according to the predetermined plan, Xiao Ke led his army to fight and retreat to Bijie, repelling the enemy several times on the way, and smoothly drove into the Bijie area. The victory of Jiangjunshan successfully formed a barrier for our army to carry out guerrilla base activities in Bijie and Dafang areas.
General Mountain Battle Monument
entered Dafang County on February 5, and was close to Bijie on the 26th. The Red Army fought more than ten times in 22 days and absorbed more than 5000 recruits in Dafang Bijie. The army has grown to more than 20,000 people. Xiao Ke once said: "This is the highest number in the history of Long March ." Nearly 50 years later, in 1984, Xiao Ke returned to Jiangjun Mountain and wrote the inscription "The Memorial of the Battle of Jiangjun Mountain". Ten years later, the 90-year-old Xiao Ke returned to Jiangjun Mountain again to see those who died for the revolution in the past. Comrades in arms. Shortly after the end of the General Mountain Campaign, Xiao Ke was elected a member of the Central Revolutionary Military Committee of the Chinese Soviet Republic, and led his troops across grasslands and snow-capped mountains. While preserving the strength of the Red Army to the greatest extent, he made significant contributions to the Red Army.
Xiao Ke’s military career achievements were mainly concentrated in the Red Army period, but after the war broke out, Xiao Ke was still the core personnel of our army . In August 1937, the Red Army was reorganized into the Eighth Route Army. Xiao Ke served as the deputy commander of the 120th Division of the Eighth Route Army. He went northward and rushed to the front-line anti-Japanese battlefield. He successively participated in the Battle of Xinkou, and organized troops to complete the recovery of several counties such as Hequ and Pianguan. Battle.
At the beginning of 1940, Xiao Ke led the troops to defeat the Japanese "Cross Siege" and wiped out more than 800 enemies after half a month of fierce fighting. Later, he wiped out more than 5,500 enemy soldiers in the sweeping battle to crush the Japanese. In this anti-sweeping campaign, Xiao Ke not only consolidated the Pingxi base for our army, but also developed the northern Hebei base and developed into Liaoning. The future victory of the liberation of Northeast China was completed on this basis. Xiao Ke when he was commander of the Jinchaji Military Region
In 1943, on the eve of the Japanese surrender, Xiao Ke became commander of the Jinchaji Military Region. This was the peak of his military career. Throughout the War of Resistance Against Japan, Xiao Ke’s achievements can be said to be quite satisfactory, but it is stillAn important part of our army's anti-Japanese armed forces. At the end of the War of Liberation, Xiao Ke led the Fourth Field Army to conduct 6 large-scale campaigns in the central and southwestern regions, annihilating more than 430,000 people from Bai Chongxi and Yu Hanmou. Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi and Guangxi were successively liberated, and the Kuomintang army remained on the mainland. The main force was eliminated by Xiao Ke. With Xiao Ke’s qualifications and military merits,
can be rated as a general, even a marshal, , and on the eve of the award in 1955, when the general candidate was drafted, the original plan was about 15 people, and Xiao Ke was among them , but When the number of generals was determined to be ten, Xiao Ke could only be the general, but because of his military qualifications, Xiao Ke's name ranked first in general.
Actually, although the standard is based on seniority and military merit when awarding titles, there is another important factor for evaluation, which is political performance. It is precisely because of flaws in his political performance that Xiao Ke influenced his ranking. There were three main influences on Xiao Ke.
Xiao (Xiao) Keben in the draft list of generals
is the marshal He Long. The disagreement between Xiao Ke and He Long is one of the important factors affecting his ranking. During the Anti-Japanese War, Xiao Ke served as the deputy commander of the 120th Division and He Long was the division commander. During this period, Xiao Ke and Wang Zhen "sue" to the central government, claiming that He Long was engaged in banditry style in the 120th Division and promoted his fellow villagers. This matter was reported to Chairman Mao’s office and called back to He Long. Wang Zhen immediately checked and wrote a review, but Xiao Ke did not. This also caused He Long to have no good impressions on Xiao Ke in the future, although the two wives were Sisters.
In addition, after five failed anti-encirclement and suppression campaigns, Xiao Ke was appointed as the commander of the Red Sixth Army as the advance squadron of the Central Red Army's Long March to seek a reunion with He Long. After the West Expedition, the Xiao Ke and He Long coalition forces suffered huge losses along the way. Only Xiao Ke’s number of personnel was reduced from nearly 10,000 at the time of departure to less than 4,000. At this time, the real life-saving grass of Xiao Ke was not He Long, but at that time. Zhang Guotao, who made the limelight in Chuan Kangqian.
Zhang Guotao had a total of 80,000 men in the victory. After the Red Fourth Army and the Red First Army joined forces in 1935, Zhang Guotao's ever-expanding ambitions finally appeared, attempting to obtain party and government power through force. This was an act of severely splitting the Party and the Red Army. In addition, Zhang Guotao vigorously opposed the central government’s strategy of going northward to resist Japan and insisted on going south. In October of this year, Zhang Guotao led his army to the south and set up a separate center in Zhuomu Diao, which had a bad influence on the Party and the Red Army. .
At that time, Xiao Ke was very fond of the Fourth Red Army led by Zhang Guotao, and his opinion of Zhang Guotao was not like that of Zhu De and others, and he also served as the commander of Zhang Guotao, and befriended him . Although Zhang Guotao's attempt was dashed and Xiao Ke returned to Yan'an, this experience made Zhu Mao quite critical of Xiao Ke.
Zhang Guotao and Mao Zedong
In addition to Zhang Guotao, Ren Bishi was also one of the people who influenced Xiao Ke’s image in Mao’s mind. When served as the commander of the Red Sixth Army in Xiao Ke, the back-end boss Ren Bishi was in the Soviet area and had fiercely opposed Mao Zedong . Therefore, Mao Zedong Prejudice against this team led by Bishi and Xiao Ke is inevitable.
After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, Xiao Ke, the commander of the army during the Agrarian Revolution and the deputy commander of the Anti-Japanese War, was only named general due to political factors. During the Anti-Japanese War, the three main divisions of the Eighth Route Army were all marshals and the brigade commander. There are two generals, the deputy commander Li Nie Rongzhen is the marshal, and the other cadres at the commander level of the Red Army are all marshals, except for those who sacrificed and transferred to civilian posts. Xiao Ke, an old revolutionary comrade who once stood on the same level as He Long and Nie Rongzhen, only received the rank of general, which is indeed a shame.
Fortunately, Xiao Ke himself doesn't care, and he holds a down-to-earth attitude. This attitude may be one of the reasons why Xiao Ke can live a long life. In addition to military achievements, Xiao Ke is also a Confucian general. His "Blood in the Sky" won the Mao Dun Literary Award in 1991 and joined the Chinese Writers Association. He can be described as a literary and military talent .
Xiao Ke's "Blood Luo Xiao"
Xiao Ke loved reading since he was a child. He was born in a scholarly family and often went to read books at his uncle who loves to collect books. Even after joining the army, his love for literature has not diminished. When was in the Hunan and Jiangxi base areas, Xiao Ke often published essays and small stories in newspapers such as the "Red Flag of Xiangxi and Jiangxi" and "Red Xiangxi and Jiangxi".During the Long March, he often composed improvisational poems, adding a lot of color to the arduous Long March.
But what really gave Xiao Ke the idea of creating literary works was in May 1937. On the way back after attending the party representative meeting, a group of people was talking about the current sufferings facing the Chinese nation and believed that there was a need for works of art that could inspire the Chinese people. At this time, Xiao Ke really had the idea of creation. If said that his previous writing was only his personal hobby, then Xiao Ke after this was created with a feeling of family and country.
After that, Xiao Ke started the road of writing novels under the influence of Serafimovich's novel "Tie Liu". He once praised "Tie Liu" as "the epic of the struggle of the proletariat". But as the leader of the Red Army, it is impossible for Xiao Ke to have too much time to create. He can only use his scarce spare time during the war to write a little today and a little tomorrow.
was like this. From May 1937 to 1939, Xiao Ke finally completed the first draft of his first novel in two years. is also strange. The general who led the war at this time behaved very "stingly". After the first draft was completed, Xiao Ke never let people look at him. Even his wife didn’t know what he wrote about , because he It seems that although the work has been completed, it still needs to be improved. This is Xiao Ke's artistic excellence and the perseverance of a general.
In the 1960s, Chairman Mao and Xiao Ke
, but the ensuing war did not give Xiao Ke the opportunity to perfect his work. It was not until 1958 that the army criticized the so-called "dogmatism" and Xiao Ke became the main object of criticism, and those critics heard about Xiao Ke Once there was a novel, I wanted to find out the basis for his "rebellion against the revolution".
was like this. The first draft of the novel, which had been shelved for twenty years, was turned out, printed out and printed with the words "Critical Only". The radicals over-interpreted the content of the book, and it was comparable to a text prison. Fortunately, thanks to the care of the party and the state, this farce has not been amplified, but the arrival of the Cultural Revolution has once again embarrassed this novel.
In that catastrophe, I don't know how many people were criticized to death, and Xiao Ke was also sent to Jiangxi for labor reform. However, in such adversity, Xiao Ke fully demonstrated the good style and firm belief of a Communist. It was not until 1972, when he returned to the leadership position, that Xiao Ke got rid of hardship.
later, until the end of 1985, 78-year-old Xiao Ke retired, and the catastrophe was long over, so he finally had the opportunity to perfect the novel. Before he started writing, Xiao Ke wrote: "Z6z carving insects for half a century, today I will be a swordsman, and I will not hesitate to be old. For 60 years of the army, I am happy to disarm, and it is more difficult to take a leisurely. Xiao Ke thanked the guests behind closed doors and concentrated on the perfection of the novel. Since more than 40 years have passed, many details have been forgotten that year, so he flipped through relevant materials and manuscripts, checked for omissions, and even recalled the struggle of the year. Many years old Xiao Ke has also returned to the battlefield that year, experiencing the blood and sadness of the past.
After a year of review by the school team, this 250,000-word novel was finally completed and named "Blood in the Sky". After the publication of the book, it was highly praised, especially the old revolutionary comrades, who were in tears and moved. The book also won the Mao Dun Literary Award in 1991.
In 2008, the 102-year-old Xiao Ke passed away in Beijing. He was the penultimate founding general . Xiao Ke’s life has witnessed the establishment, development and glory of our party and army, not only as a general, but also as a general. Famous literary practitioners are an immortal monument in the history of our party.
