This article is the 27th series of "The History of Qin and Han Dynasties", a compilation of classic Chinese general history. Welcome to watch.
01, Han Fu
, which mainly praises the merits of the emperor, the Han Dynasty literary form, in addition to poetry and prose, there are two more styles. This is Han Fu and biography.
Fu in the Han Dynasty was developed from ancient poems and Chu Ci. It mainly expresses the life of the nobility of the Han Dynasty, and forms two styles with different styles from the folk songs of the time. Han Fu works in literary words, laid out and piled up, focusing on the creation of artistic forms. It focuses on narration and chanting, with a wide range of subjects. Such as palaces and palaces, field hunting outings, royal gardens, royal life, etc., are all described by it.
Although Han Fu mainly extols the merits of the emperor, because it represents the life of the ruling class of the Western Han Dynasty, the arrogance and luxury of Han rulers, the contradictions and struggles within the Han court, and the magnificence of natural mountains and rivers are also obtained from the side. Some reflections, or supplemented by irony.
Cifu in the early Han Dynasty was more influenced by Chuci, some of which still retained the "Sao style" in form, and the content was mostly related to real politics. The main Han Fu writers include Jia Yi, Mei Cheng and Sima Xiangru.
Jia Yi was not only a fu writer during the Hanwen Emperor, but also a famous political commentator at that time. In his youth, he was praised as the county center for "can recite poetry and literature." When he was more than 20 years old, Emperor Wen was called to be a doctor, and soon he moved to Taizhong doctor. Later, he was squeezed out by veteran officials Zhou Bo, Guan Ying, Feng Jing and others, and was demoted to Changsha Wang Taifu. Jia Yi chased Qu Yuan after being slandered and was exiled. He wrote "Diao Qu Yuan Fu". In Fu Zhongyi Qu Yuan's life experience encountered his own situation, reflecting the contradictions within the ruling group at that time.
During Jia Yi's exodus in Changsha, he thought that his life would not be long, so he wrote "Peng Niao Fu" to promote himself. He was later changed to the post of King Liang Taifu. Because King Liang fell to his horse and died, Jia Yi often injured himself and died a year later. He was only 33 years old. He wrote seven fuses in his lifetime.
Uncle Meicheng, a native of Huaiyin, is the prince of Wu. Liu Bi conspired to launch a rebellion, but the remonstrance was stopped. King Wu refused to listen, so he fled to Liang State. After quelling the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion, Mei Chengguan became the captain Hongyi. He went to an official due to illness and went to Liang Country again.
"Seven Hairs" is a masterpiece of Meicheng. It takes the form of a question and answer between Prince Chu and Wu Ke, pointing out that the cause of Prince Chu's illness lies in the extravagance of pleasure, and only the saint's "speaking and wonderful way" can cure his illness. It exposes the arrogance and lust of the princes’ children, depicting narratives, laying out and stacking, and combining prose and rhyme. It is a piece of poetry that gradually transitions to a mature stage. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty came to the throne, he once greeted Mei Cheng in Chang'an with the Anche Pulun, but because of his old age, Mei Cheng died of illness on the way. From the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty developed to its heyday. With the advocacy of the ruling class, Hanfu also began to enter its heyday, with the emergence of a generation of Hanfu masters like Sima Xiangru, and more typical Cifu works continued to emerge.
Sima Xiangru is a native of Chengdu, Shu County. In the time of Emperor Han Jing, he was a regular attendant for Wuqi. Later, he traveled to Liang and wrote "Zixu Fu". After the death of King Liang Xiao, Sima Xiangru returned to Shu County and fell in love with Zhuo Wenjun, the daughter of the Linqiong wealthy family. Because of the large amount of financial support from the Zhuo family, he became a rich man in Chengdu. After he made "Zixu Fu", which was appreciated by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he wrote "Shanglin Fu". Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty appointed him Lang, then Zhong Lang Jiang, and was ordered to send him to Nanyi, and died of illness in the sixth year of Yuanshou (117 before).
Sima Xiangru wrote 29 Fus throughout his life, "Zixu Fu) and "Shanglin Fu" are his masterpieces. These two Fus are used in the fictional dialogue between "Zixu", "Mr. Wuyou", and "Death is the Public". It takes the safaris of princes and emperors as the theme, and writes about the vastness of the mountains, rivers and seas of the Chu, and the magnificence of the Shanglin imperial court. It expresses the joy of the feudal rulers' extravagant game of "victory with luxury and overwhelming licentiousness" , There is no lack of laid-up text, but it also reflects the extravagant and corrupted side of feudal rulers. In the end, it ends with "If the husband is running all day long", "The wealth of the government, without the kindness of virtue, is to be alone, regardless of the common people, forget the government of the country, and greedy the pheasant. It is the irony of Sima Qian.
In order to cater to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty's desire for immortals, Sima Xiangru wrote "Fu for an Adult". Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was very pleased to see this fu, and he actually "wandered between heaven and earth with mausoleums and clouds." This exposed the decay of the rulers of the Western Han Dynasty from another side. As a new style of Han Fu,
was basically formed in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Fu styles represented by Sima Xiangru's "Zixu Fu" and "Shanglin Fu" were imitated successively by later fu masters until the Eastern Han Dynasty.
02, take folk songs asThe content of the Han Yuefu
of the soul is diametrically opposite to the content of Hanfu, it is folk songs, which reflect the social reality. The folk songs like
reflect real life or satirize the ruling class of the Western Han Dynasty, expressing the people's love and hatred. Compared with the rhetoric and difficult writing in Han Fu, folk songs are easy to understand, fresh and sincere. For example, the folk song contained in the "Historical Records of the Family of Cao Xiangguo": "What Xiao is the law, it is like painting one; Cao can take his place, keep it and don't lose it. Carry it clean, the people will be peaceful." This reflects the people's desire for tranquility in the social environment To develop social production.
is another example of the "Historical Biography of Huainan Hengshan", which describes the rebellion of Huainan King Liu Chang. Emperor Wen Wen moved him to Shu County. He died on a hunger strike on the way. Sima Qian quoted a folk song and said: "One foot of cloth can still be sewn; The two brothers are incompatible.” The song satirizes the conflicts and murderous scenes within the Han ruling clique, and the language is extremely vivid.
During Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Han court set up a Yuefu organization, with Li Yannian as the captain of Xielu, presided over the work of Yuefu. Yuefu is responsible for formulating the music for the rites of the suburbs, training bands that serve the court, and collecting folk songs such as "observing customs and knowing the thickness" and so on. The poems compiled by Yuefu are collectively called "Yuefu Poems". Some of them are poems made by literati, and some are poems collected from various places, including songs from suburbs, folk songs, advocacy songs by ethnic minorities, and horizontal songs by foreign descendants. Among them, the processed folk songs are still the most valuable works of Yuefu poems. These come from folk poems, "feeling in sorrow and happiness, and sent out by events", which directly reflect the real life of society. Among them, "Pingling East" exposes the brutal behavior of officials publicly plundering property; "Fifteen Military Conquests" describes the tragedy of the people being forced to defend the border for more than 60 years, accusing the ruling class of the suffering caused to the people by the war.
03, a very ideological biography of Chinese prose
In addition, the prose of the Han Dynasty is particularly developed, especially political papers. The Qin and Han Dynasties were an era of social turbulence. The Western Han Dynasty, which was established on the ruins of Qin, faced many serious social challenges. How to consolidate this emerging feudal regime was the most concerned issue of the Han ruling group. Many excellent political papers in the Western Han Dynasty are closely related to actual political issues and have profound practical significance. They more specifically reflect the social and historical conditions at that time.
In the early Western Han Dynasty, important political essay authors were Jia Yi and Chao Cuo. In summing up the historical experience of Qin Duanzuo in the early Han Dynasty, Jia Yi wrote "On the Passage of Qin" and pointed out that Qin Zheng's defeat was ultimately attributed to "the danger of the people", which was valued by the people at the time. His other political essay, "Policy Policy", analyzed the development of the power of the princes and kings in the early Han Dynasty, which would endanger the rule of the central government of the Han Dynasty, and proposed the countermeasures of "building the princes and less power", and strengthened the feudalism when it became Wenjing and even Emperor Wu. The basic state policy of centralization.
When Chao Cuo was in Emperor Wen, he was the prince's family order; in Emperor Jing, he moved to Yushi doctor. His political essays are very specific. Chapters such as "Recruiting People to Migrate to the West" and "On Gui Su Shu" are all aimed at fighting against the Huns and persuading agriculture. These are two important political issues in the period of Emperor Wenwen of the Han Dynasty.
The biographical literature of the Han Dynasty was founded by Sima Qian. "Historical Records" is not only a historical book with historical value, but also many of its biographies are excellent literary works, which Lu Xun called "the "lisao" without rhyme."
Sima Qian's contribution lies in his respect for the authenticity of historical facts, and he also pays attention to the portrayal of characters. He vividly reproduces the face of history through detailed descriptions that do not violate the truth of history, character language rich in the characteristics of the times, and expressions of "line drawing", which makes "Historical Records" not only rich in social life, but also lifelike. The different figures of the people move on the historical stage, thus forming a gorgeous three-dimensional historical picture.
Therefore, the influence of "Historical Records" on ancient Chinese culture is not limited to historical records. Its writing method and style content also have a great influence on ancient Chinese novels, proses and dramas. Even on the stage of contemporary drama, it still Based on the story content of "Historical Records". In short, in the literary field of the early Western Han Dynasty, many literary forms have inherited the past and inherited the future, occupying an important position in the history of ancient Chinese literature. Among them, Yu Xu, who inherited Chuci in Han Fu, ruled the Han literary world for 400 years; the vitality of Yuefu folk songs laid the foundation for the rise of five-character and seven-character poems in later generations; and the influence of Western Han biographical literature almost involved a variety of literary styles.Cut.
