[When the new Soviet regime was just established, why did the Beiyang government "send troops to interfere"? What is the truth? After the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911, the Beiyang forces gradually became the decisive force in controlling China. However, the Beiyang government at that time fought with internal warlords and suffered external humiliation by foreign powers. There was no diplomatic dignity at all. After the outbreak of the First World War, the Beiyang government declared war on Germany, which was regarded as joining the ranks of the Allied powers, but it had no autonomy at all and was often controlled by the great powers.
In 1917, the October Socialist Revolution broke out in Russia, which originally belonged to the Allied Power Group. The imperialist powers hated the victory of the Russian Revolution. The Beijing government is also afraid that the Russian Revolution will affect and shake its own rule, and is suspicious of Soviet Russia. Therefore, the Beijing government, under the inducement of the Allied powers, took part in the armed intervention against Soviet Russia in disgrace.
Shortly after the victory of the October Socialist Revolution in Russia, the Supreme Council of the Allied Powers discussed the issue of armed intervention in Soviet Russia. In order to monopolize the Russian Far East and Siberia, Japan preemptively forced the Beijing government to take the so-called "joint action" against Soviet Russia, so as to kill two birds with one stone. It not only monopolized the Russian Far East and Siberia, but also seized the opportunity to invade and occupy the northeast of China. In early February 1918, the Japanese Deputy Chief of Staff Tanaka raised the issue of joint military action by China and Japan against Soviet Russia to the Chinese Minister in Japan.
1918 On May 16th and 19th, the Sino-Japanese Army Joint Defense Military Agreement and the Sino-Japanese Navy Joint Defense Military Agreement were signed successively. The "Agreement" stipulates that Japanese troops can enter China's borders, Chinese local officials must "do their best to assist" Japanese troops that invade the borders, and Japanese troops can use the Middle East railway in China.
The "Detailed Agreement Concerning the Implementation of the Sino-Japanese Army Joint Defense Military Agreement" signed on September 6, 1918 more specifically stipulates that the Chinese army participating in armed intervention in Soviet Russia "should Under the command of the commander of the Japanese army" and the Middle East Railway is jointly managed by China and Japan. In order to avoid the opposition of the Chinese people and the interference of other powers, the "agreement" was signed in secret. According to this secret military agreement, the Japanese army can not only invade northeastern China and control the Middle East railway, but also put the Chinese army under Japanese control. This is a blatant violation of China's territorial sovereignty.
However, the negotiation of the secret Sino-Japanese military agreement soon leaked, and the people of all walks of life in China expressed strong opposition to it. Members of the Parliament in Shanghai issued a declaration stating that: Japan "forces China to send troops together, secretly sets harsh conditions, and uses its dangerous plot to monopolize my country's sovereignty." The National Federation of Chambers of Commerce called the Beijing government and said: The Beijing government secretly signed a Sino-Japanese military agreement, "it is bound to ruin the country. The merchants will survive, and they will not recognize it." Chinese students in Japan decided to return to the country and save the country and issued a declaration against signing. "China-Japan Secret Military Agreement." Beijing students also organized a petition to the Presidential Palace. Some students also severed their fingers and said in blood: "The day the conditions are cancelled, when we will survive for my life", which is a great sign for the Beijing government and Japan to sign a traitorous treaty. Indignation. But the Beijing government still succumbed to Japanese pressure and signed the agreement.
At the same time, on April 5, 1918, the Japanese army landed in Vladivostok and began armed intervention in Soviet Russia. 50 British soldiers also followed the Japanese army to land in Vladivostok. At that time, Soviet Russia was facing a very severe test. On April 7, Lenin warned the revolutionary people that the combined armed intervention of the Allied powers was inevitable. Then the troops of Britain, France, and the United States invaded the Russian Far East and Siberia. Subsequently, Japan used the "China-Japan Secret Military Agreement" to move a large number of troops into the northeast of China. In August 1918, the director of the Harbin Temporary Police Headquarters reported to the Beijing government that five to six thousand Japanese troops had arrived in Manzhouli, six to seven hundred Japanese troops stationed in Harbin, and twenty to thirty Japanese troops were stationed at each railway station. Provoked and provoked conflicts with the Chinese garrison. In Harbin, the Japanese army " nuisance all over the street, prestige to cause trouble", "expected to seize the rights of our country ". Later, the Japanese army continued to increase troops to the northeast of China and sought to seize the right to sail on Chinese rivers.
Japan has dispatched hundreds of thousands of troops to invade the northeast of China and the Russian Far East, which conflicted with the interests of the United States. The U.S. governmentThe Japanese government strongly protested, accusing Japan of no military necessity to build a large number of troops in North Manchuria and Eastern and Western Leia. " proves that it clearly has expansion intentions ".
In order to prevent Japan from "exclusive control" of northeastern China, the Russian Far East and Siberia, the United States negotiated with Japan to co-manage the Siberian Railway and the Middle East Railway, and finally reached an agreement and drafted the " East Qing and Siberian Railway The stipulation method ” obtained the consent of other Allied powers and forced the Chinese government to accept the co-management of the Middle East Railway by the Allied powers. The Beijing government wanted to restore some of the rights but failed to realize it. On March 5, 1919, the Allied Siberian Railway and Middle East Railway Management Committee met in Vladivostok. The Chinese government also sent representatives. Japan tried to control the Middle East Railway alone and proposed that Japan should send troops to Manchuria and the entire Middle East Railway. Due to opposition from other powers, Japan was forced to abandon this request.
In this way, the Beiyang government participated in the armed intervention against Soviet Russia when the Allied powers were inducing and severely infringed on China's territorial sovereignty, and shamelessly drove the Chinese people to act as cannon fodder for the Allied powers. .
At the beginning of 1918, the Beiyang government set up the Supervision Office for War Participation, which was supervised by the Cabinet Prime Minister Duan Qirui, responsible for organizing armed intervention in Soviet Russia. On August 22, 1918, the Beijing government issued a declaration on dispatching troops to Vladivostok. Since August 1918, the Chinese army that has been sent to Vladivostok includes 4,000 engineers and heavy soldiers, and one warship. In the process of military intervention in Soviet Russia, the Chinese army mainly served as guard, but the Beiyang government had to share the expenses of armed intervention equally with other Allied powers.
At the beginning of 1919, the Beiyang government had prepared to send troops to Siberia, sending 2383 troops to the front line from Ussuri to Irkutsk, but in fact it did not send troops immediately until early February 1920 through the Soviet Union. It was agreed that about 100 soldiers were sent across the river to protect the overseas Chinese in Heihe. At the same time, China also sent a small number of troops to the rear camp in Soviet Russia. Therefore, in general, the Beijing government participated in the armed intervention of Soviet Russia's troops mainly as guards, and the number of troops was not large.
Soon, under the counterattack of the Soviet Red Army, the Allies’ armed intervention in Soviet Russia suffered a shameful failure. In January 1920, the U.S. military began to retreat from Siberia. Other powers and the Beiyang government also withdrew their troops from the Soviet Union. Only Japan did not withdraw its troops. Instead, it took advantage of other countries to spread its troops to expand the occupied area and opposed the abolition of Sino-Japanese joint defense. The enemy’s agreement was an attempt to invade and occupy the entire Northeast of China (the southern part of Northeast China has been under Japanese control since the Russo-Japanese War in 1904). It was not until the beginning of 1921 that Japan had to terminate the " Sino-Japanese Joint Defense Agreement " due to the opposition of the Chinese people and the contradiction between the powers.
After the Allied Powers withdrew from Siberia, they should have ended their joint management of the Middle East Railway at the same time. The Beiyang government also put forward a request to take over the Middle East Railway, but the Allied Powers continued to occupy the Middle East Railway under the pretext that the Chinese government was unable to take over.
It can be seen that the results of the Chinese Beiyang Government’s participation in the armed intervention against Soviet Russia under the inducement of the Allied Powers were nothing. The Allied powers, under the pretext of uniting armed intervention in Soviet Russia, sent troops to invade Chinese territory, occupy Chinese railways, control Chinese troops, plunder Chinese wealth, and even massacre peaceful Chinese residents. For this reason, the Soviet Russian government did not equate China with the imperialism of the Allied powers. The first declaration to China issued by the Soviet Union on July 25, 1919 stated that the Allied Powers "forced the Chinese government to sever all relations with the Russian Workers and Peasants Government. Japan and the Allied Powers did not wait for the Manchurian Railway (ie, the Middle East Railway) to be returned to the Chinese people. For their own sake, they also invaded Siberia and even forced the Chinese army to help this criminal unheard of robbery. The Chinese people, Chinese workers and Chinese peasants cannot even understand the truth and do not know why the wolves invaded the United States, Europe, and Japan. The ultimate goal of Manchuria and Siberia.
