The Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty (Tuobahong) (October 13, 467-April 26, 499), the Han name was Yuanhong. An outstanding minority politician and reformer in Chinese history. He was the eldest son of Emperor Xianwen Tuobahong and his biological mother, Mrs. Li. The seventh emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty (reigned from September 20, 471 to April 26, 499).
According to the death system of sons and noble mothers in the Northern Wei Dynasty, when Tuoba Hong became the prince, his biological mother was given to death, and the grandmother was raised by the civilized queen mother. Tuoba Hong came to the throne at the age of five and was reigned as Yanxing. The grandmother of the civilized Queen Mother came to power, and carried out a series of centralized reforms to the Xianbei court, and Emperor Xiaowen was deeply affected.
In the 14th year of Taihe (490 years), Emperor Xiaowen officially took charge of the government and further reformed. He first rectified the administration of officials, established a three-management system, and implemented a land equalization system.
The Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty Tuobahong
In the eighteenth year of Taihe (494), under the name of "Southern Expedition", the capital was moved to Luoyang to comprehensively reform the old customs of Xianbei. It is stipulated that Hanfu replaces Xianbei clothing, and Chinese replaces Xianbei language. The Xianbei people who moved to Luoyang took Luoyang as their native place, changed their surname to Han, and changed their surname to "Yuan". He also encouraged the Xianbei aristocracy to marry with the Han Chinese, pay according to the rules of the Southern Dynasty, reform the political system of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and severely suppress the conservative aristocrats who opposed the reform, and executed Prince Yuanxun. A series of actions promoted the vigorous development of the economy, culture, society, politics, military and other aspects of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and eased ethnic estrangement. Historically known as the "Taihe Reform", they played a positive role in the integration and development of the people of all ethnic groups in the North.
On the first day of April in the 23rd year of Taihe (April 26, 499), he collapsed in the palace of Gutangyuan, at the age of thirty-third, he was named Emperor Xiaowen and the temple named Gaozu, and was buried in Changling. However, only 25 years after the death of Emperor Xiaowen, the Xianbei Military Group in the Bianzhen County of the Northern Wei Dynasty launched the Six-Town Uprising against Sinicization.
Juvenile Chui Gong
Wushen Day, August 29th of the First Year of Emperor Xing of the Northern Wei Dynasty (Lunar Calendar August 29th, October 13, 467), extension Ba Hong was born in the Purple Palace in Pingcheng (now Datong City, Shanxi), the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty. The eldest son of Emperor Xianwen Tuobahong, his mother is Mrs. Li, the daughter of Li Hui of the Zhongshan family. When Tuobahong was not alive, Emperor Xianwen's aunt Feng Dowager came to the court, and Emperor Xianwen obeyed his mother's orders. After Tuobahong was born, the Queen Mother Feng returned to power and raised the eldest son Hong. In the third year of Emperor Xing (469) June Xinwei day, the three-year-old eldest son Tuoba Hong was established as the crown prince. In the fifth year of Emperor Xing (471 years), on August Bingwu Day, the throne was reigned by his father Zen, and the reign was changed to Yanxing. Since the Northern Wei Dynasty implemented the death system of sons and noble mothers, when Tuoba Hong was established as the prince, his birth mother was given to death and was raised by his grandmother Feng Mother.
Emperor Xiaowen first ascended the throne, and the Supreme Emperor Tuobahong still took charge of the government. At that time, the Northern Wei Dynasty was flooded and drought for years, the rents were heavy, the officials were greedy and violent, the people were displaced, and the resistance struggles of all ethnic groups continued. In September of the first year of Yanxing (471), Qingzhou Gaoyang Minfeng gathered more than a thousand people and claimed to be King of Qi. In October, the Chile tribe in Woye and Tongwan'er towns rebelled against Wei, Shuo Fangmin and Cao Pingyuan led the crowd to break the stone building fort and kill the generals; in November, Sima Xiaojun raised his troops in Pingling.
From February to March in the second year of Yanxing (472), Eastern Chile and Lianchuan Chile successively conspired to rebel, and entered Rouran to the north; in July, the people of Gwangju, Sun Yan and Hexi, also gathered together to rebel . In February of the third year of Yanxing (473), the Northern Wei imperial court issued an edict, stipulating that where the county magistrate can eliminate the "robbing" in one county, he will also rule the two counties and enjoy the treatment of the two county magistrates; it can eliminate the "robbing" in two counties. "The three counties were governed concurrently, and three years later, he was promoted to prefect of the county. The same was true of the two thousand stone officials, who was promoted to governor three years later. The Supreme Emperor Tuobahong has been in politics for several years, and has successively adopted some corresponding measures such as rewarding honest officials, severely punishing corruption, reducing rents, and persuading farmers to teach farmers. However, the results have not been great, and the situation has not changed much.
According to statistics, in the ten years from the first year of Yanxing when Emperor Xiaowen ascended to the throne to the fourth year of Taihe (471-480), there have been more than two dozen riots and rebellions. Many, the political situation of the Northern Wei Dynasty was in serious turmoil.
In June of the first year of Chengming (476), when Tuoba Hong just turned ten years old, the Supreme Emperor Tuoba Hong was poisoned to death by his grandmother Feng Dowager, and the Empress Dowager Feng used the name of the Empress Dowager for the second time. , Renamed Taihe. Tuoba Hong's early reign, Empress Dowager Feng, grandmother, promulgated measures in his name. Empress Dowager Feng is resourceful, able to do great things, rewards and punishments for life and death, and has a wealth of political experience and talents. Since the first year of Taihe (477), she has begun to conduct a series of important social customs, politics, and economics. Reform and consciously carry out Sinicization.
In December of the seventh year of Taihe (483 years), she ordered the prohibition of "marriage of a family, marriage of the same surname", and reformed Xianbei's old customs from marriage. In June of the eighth year of Taihe (484), she ordered to ban System of salary; in the 9th year of Taihe (485) and 10 years (486), Empress Dowager Feng personally presided over and promulgated the important land equalization system and the three-long system in the name of Tuoba Hong, which brought major changes to the Northern Wei society . Emperor Xiaowen Tuobahong grew up under the care and training of the Queen Mother Feng. He was very respectful to his grandmother and was cautious. Since the Queen Mother came to the dictatorship, he seldom participated in the affairs of the court. No matter how big or small he was, he had to give credit to the Queen Mother. Will.
Dominates the big government
In the fourteenth year of Taihe (490 years), Emperor Xiaowen Tuobahong turned 23 years old, and was strict with the Queen Mother for a long time Under the direct influence of education and direct influence, he was not only proficient in Confucian classics, histories, and a hundred schools of knowledge and wealth, but also accumulated a wealth of experience in governing the country and increased his practical talents. All these laid a solid foundation for the subsequent great cause of reform. In September of the same year, Queen Mother Feng died of illness. Emperor Xiaowen was extremely sad and cried for three days. He wept bitterly and said to his servants: "I have been nurtured by the Queen Mother since I was a child, and I have been both tender and stern, the affection of the courtiers, the way of the emperor, and all the teachings." An all over the country. My ancestors only focused on martial arts, did not study culture and education, and her elders taught me to learn ancient ways. When I think of the merits of the queen mother, how can I not mourn for Bengzhe? Ministers, domestic and foreign ministers, who doesn't choke and mourn? "From then on, Emperor Xiaowen alone provoked the burden of reform.
In the fourteenth year of Taihe (490 years), the 24-year-old Tuoba Hong began to pro-government. Emperor Xiaowen inherited the legacy of the Queen Mother, reused the Han scholars, implemented further reforms in all aspects, and fully promoted Sinicization. He imitated the etiquette of the Han dynasty, making Mingtang, building Taimiao, ceremonial ceremonies, welcoming the eastern suburbs of the spring, cultivating the fields, offering sacrifices to Shun, Yu, Zhou Gong, and Confucius, raising the country’s elders and concubines, and allowing his officials to observe three years of funeral .
In November of the fifteenth year of Taihe (491), he imitated the Han official system, Dading official ranks, and assessed state and county officials. He stipulated in the examination edict: "Two thousand stone official , Try to fill a fourth-rank general, and give a yellow horse; those who test middle and upper grades, appoint a fifth-grade general; those who test the upper and lower grades will be given a set of clothes." , Wei Zhiyin; Hit the book supervisor Gao Lu to discuss ancient music with the music official, and formulate the rhythm based on the six classics of Confucianism and the music history of various countries.
In the first month of the 16th year of Taihe (492), the Five-Rank Edict was promulgated. The edict stipulates: The clan is far from the Taizu Tuobagui descendants and the other surnames will be reduced to the public, and the public is reduced to the Hou Become an uncle, son and male remain unchanged. Although the name is easy, the rank is the same as before, the public is the first rank, the Hou second rank, the uncle third rank, the son fourth rank, and the male fifth rank. He also ordered the ministers to discuss the five elements and adopt the suggestions of the secretary Cheng Li Biao and others, thinking that the Jin inherited the Cao Wei as the Jinde, and the Northern Wei Dynasty accepted the Jin as the water moral. In April, a new law was promulgated to abolish the brutal car cracking and beheading in the early years of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and change it to the third class of owlet, beheading, and hanging. The torture of the Yiwu tribe and the Yi tribe was reduced, and the Yiwu tribe was reduced to the same ancestor. The Yi tribe reduced to one door, and the door to shut itself down.
South Qianluodu
After Emperor Xiaowen Tuobahong took office, he first rectified the administration of officials, promulgated a salary system, established a three-person system, and implemented a field equalization system. The most important measure for Emperor Xiaowen to implement Sinicization was to move the capital to Luoyang. The Northern Wei Dynasty has been in Pingcheng for a long time, and it is cold in the north of Pingcheng. In June, there is snow and wind and sand. The northerly geographical location is even more unfavorable to the Northern Wei Dynasty's rule over the entire Central Plains. Emperor Xiaowen decided to move the capital to Luoyang. In order to ensure the smooth progress of the capital relocation, Emperor Xiaowen made careful arrangements and arrangements.
In May of the 17th year of Taihe (493 years), he summoned a hundred officials and declared that he would aggressively conquer the Southern Dynasties and plan to move the capital during the Southern Expedition. At the court meeting, the king of Rencheng Tuobacheng stood up to oppose. After retiring from the court, he immediately summoned Wang Cheng of Rencheng, left and right, and discussed with Cheng separately: "This move is indeed not easy. But the countryXing from outside the Great Wall, living in Pingcheng, here is a place where you can use your abilities, you can’t practice the rule of culture, it’s really hard to change customs and customs today! The residence of Emperor Weihan, in the king of Heluo, I want to take advantage of this southern expedition to move to the Central Plains. I don't know what will happen to the king of the city? Tuoba Cheng was reminded and immediately agreed.
In June, he immediately ordered the construction of a river bridge to prepare the army to cross the river; he also taught martial arts personally, and ordered Shangshu Li Chong to take charge of the martial arts elections and choose the brave men. July Established the eldest son of the emperor Tuoba Xun as the prince, issued a proclamation, moved the book to Qijing, claiming the southern expedition; under the edict to recruit people and recruit troops in Yang and Xuzhou; and made Guangling King Tuobayu to appease the six northern towns during the festival, Dispatch the fine riding. At this point, the preparations are basically ready.
In August of the 17th year of Taihe (493 years), Emperor Xiaowen paid homage to Empress Dowager Feng’s Yonggu Mausoleum, led a group of officials from hundreds of officials and set off from Pingcheng on foot. Southern Expedition. Ordered Taiwei Tuobapi and Guangling Wang Tuobayu to stay in Pingcheng, with Henan Wang Tuobagan as the general of the rider, responsible for the military in the Guanyou area, and Sikong Muliang, General Annan Lu Yuan, and General Pingnan Xue Yin and others jointly guard the Guanzhong. When he was about to leave, Taiwei Tuoba Pizi asked the court to follow him. Emperor Xiaowen sternly reprimanded: "Lin Rong does not talk about internal affairs and should not ask for it. "The army lined up out of the city, along the way, the lineup was neat and mighty, and there was no crime in the autumn wherever it went. It passed through Hengzhou and Sizhou, and arrived in Luoyang at the end of September in the 17th year of Taihe (493). It was late autumn. , The rain continued, and the army was on standby. Although many Xianbei ministers were unwilling to move inland, but they were more afraid of the southern expedition, they had to obey each other and did not dare to raise objections. So they decided to move the capital.
太和八十In 494, Emperor Xiaowen officially announced the move of the capital to Luoyang. As the capital was moved, a large number of Xianbei people continued to flow into the interior, and the Northern Wei government faced many new problems: the custom of the Xianbei people was to make up Zuo gussets and men wear hakama folds. , Women’s clothespin collar and small sleeves, most people do not speak Chinese, these are not in line with the customs of the Central Plains; and the newly moved people came to Luoyang at the beginning of the Republic of China, living in a room with no rafters, food without burdens and storage of stones, not good at agriculture, popular Nostalgia. If these problems are not resolved in time, it will seriously hinder the exchanges and economic and cultural development of various ethnic groups, and is not conducive to the consolidation of the Northern Wei regime. Among the Han scholars such as Wang Su, Li Chong, Li Biao, and Gao Lu After moving to Luo, Emperor Xiaowen immediately began to reform Xianbei’s old customs and fully implement Sinicization.
革俗汉化
Taihe Eighteenth Year (494) On December 2nd, Emperor Xiaowen issued an edict to prohibit scholars from wearing Hu clothing, and stipulated that Xianbei and other ethnic minorities in the north should wear Han clothing, and all officials of the imperial court changed to the court uniforms of Han officials. A few days later, the edict was exempted. The three-year lease of relocation encouraged them to cultivate on the land newly granted by the government; many of them were also selected as Yulin and Huben to serve as the Imperial Guard. At this time, Xiao Daocheng’s nephew, Xiao Luan Killed Hailing King Xiao Zhaowen, usurped the throne and became Emperor Ming. The news came that Emperor Xiaowen angrily denounced Xiao Luan for being unfaithful, so he used this as an excuse to inquire about crimes. He first sent General Xue Zhendu to Xiangyang, Da General Liu Chang went to Yiyang, Xuzhou governor Tuobayan Xiang Zhongli, and Pingnan General Liu Zao went to Nanzheng, making a four-way campaign.
