Xinjiang ——HTM1, the largest land area in my country, has an area of nearly 1.7 million square kilometers, accounting for about one-sixth of the total land area. In 60 BC, the Western Han Dynasty established the Western Regions Protectorate here, making Xinjiang officially a part of China's territory.
However, more than 1,800 years later, the decadent Qing Dynasty almost lost it. Thanks to Lin Zexu , the wise eyes of the boat and car, Zuo Zongtang lived up to his will to carry the coffin to complete the battle, and Xinjiang became an inseparable part of our country's territory.
When Lin Zexu was young, Fujian Governor Zhang Shicheng appreciated him very much and imparted his knowledge of his behavior and affairs to Lin Zexu without reservation.
In 1839, Lin Zexu went to Guangdong to ban smoking as an imperial commissioner, and sent people to investigate and secretly search tobacco shops. After obtaining a large amount of first-hand information on , . Foreign opium dealers paid cigarettes within a specified period of time and promised that they would never carry opium in the future... In the end, nearly 20,000 boxes of opium were destroyed in public on Humen Beach.
The second year, the British fleet attacked Guangzhou. Lin Zexu, who was actively preparing for war, was repelled, and the failed British army headed north along the coast and arrived in Dagukou, Tianjin to threaten Beijing. The panicked Emperor Daoguang hurriedly sent Qishan and Yilibu to discuss peace. Finally, under the slander of Qishan, Yilibu and other surrendered factions, they took all the responsibility to Lin Zexu. He said, ", the British side was willing to negotiate peace. The only thing that Britain was dissatisfied with was Lin Zexu. As long as the Qing court punished Lin Zexu, all problems could be solved..."
Emperor Daoguang "sented Lin Zexu, who had been dismissed as the "fourth-rank noble" "from re-sent to Yili, Xinjiang to serve as atonement." Lin Zexu traveled 30,000 miles in Xinjiang, and conducted on-site surveys of eight cities in southern Xinjiang, and made great achievements in exploring land and developing water conservancy. It deepened its understanding of the importance of northwest border defense ( Four years later, Lin Zexu was appointed as the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, the governor of Shaanxi, the governor of Yunnan and Guizhou, etc.) .
Lin Zexu, who was seriously ill in 1850, passed by Hunan. Zuo Zongtang, who was still a commoner, came to see Lin Zexu. Perhaps he was too excited. Zuo Zongtang hurriedly fell into the water when he got on the boat, and the two chatted on the boat all night. When talking about Xinjiang, Lin Zexu, based on his years of investigation, and the Tsarist Russian government forced Qing Dynasty to open Yili , pointing out the threat of Tsarist Russia...
Finally, Lin Zexu sighed: "The person who fulfills my ambitions in the future is probably you, !" Leave a beautiful talk about " Xiangjiang Night Talk" (half a year later Lin Zexu died of illness)
1865 Agubai invaded Xinjiang and occupied most of the land. In 1871, Tsarist Russia invaded Yili, Xinjiang. In 1874, Japan invaded Taiwan, and the Qing court had a dispute over "coast defense" and "coast defense". Li Hongzhang and others insisted on coastal defense, Wang Wenshao and others advocated blockade defense....
Zuo Zongtang advocated both coastal defense and blockade defense, expounded the importance of strengthening coastal defense, and discussed the urgency of blockade defense, pointing out that if Xinjiang is not recaptured, the Qing army in Shaanxi and Gansu will be restrained for a long time... Zuo Zongtang's opinion on sending troops to recover Xinjiang was strongly supported by the Minister of Military Affairs Wenxiang .
Zuo Zongtang was appointed as the imperial envoy to supervise Xinjiang military affairs. Based on the situation of the enemy and us, and the geography of Xinjiang provided by Lin Zexu, Zuo Zongtang formulated a strategic policy of slow progress and urgent war, first north and then south.
In order to deal with the foreign guns and cannons of the Aguber Army, Zuo Zongtang successively founded the Xi'an Machinery Bureau and the Gansu Manufacturing Bureau, which specially built guns and cannons for the Qing army in the Western Expedition. He asked people from Guangzhou to transform the domestic shell-free lifting guns and mountain-splitting cannons , and imitated the German screw cannons and breech seven-shot guns.
The Ministry of Revenue of the court allocated 2 million taels and the provinces raised 3 million taels. Zuo Zongtang borrowed 5 million taels from foreign money with his prestige, but the funds were still insufficient. Zuo Zongtang borrowed 13.75 million taels from foreign merchants three times and 8.46 million taels from Chinese merchants, finally raising enough military pay.
Zuo Zongtang raised grain everywhere and set up a grain transport station. He not only relied on the official fortune but also borrowed the people's strength. He established four routes to fully ensure the food supply of the Qing army. Zuo Zongtang rectified the army and completed all preparations for recapturing Xinjiang.
In April 1876, Zuo Zongtang sent troops to Suzhou for sacrifice. After , the Battle of Ancient Pasture, the Battle of Urumqi, the Battle of Manas, the Battle of Dabancheng, the Battle of Tokson and , the Battle of Turpan, the Battle of , the Battle of East Four Cities, the Battle of West Four Cities, the Qing army eliminated the Agubai regime and recaptured most of Xinjiang except Yili.
With the remnant of victory, the Qing government sent envoys to negotiate with Russian . The Tsarist government forced the Qing government to sign the humiliating "Rivageya Treaty " ( lost a large area of territory and compensated 5 million rubles to "recover" nine empty cities at the cost of ). Under public opinion, the Qing Dynasty would punish the envoys and sent Zeng Jize to renegotiate. At the same time, Zuo Zongtang was ordered to prepare for war. Zuo Zongtang, who was seriously ill in his seventies, braved the heat to carry a coffin out of seclusion and swear to fight to the death with Tsarist Russia, and began to deploy the army...
Due to the situation, Tsarist Russian agreed to return the row-by-row Tex Valley and the Muzar Pass leading to southern Xinjiang, but still occupied the area west of the Horgos River. In addition, the request for Russian goods to be transported from Jiayuguan to the mainland was abandoned; but the compensation was increased from five million rubles to nine million rubles. For China, this is still an unequal treaty, but it finally regained some rights. A British diplomat commented: "China has forced Russia to do what it has never done before, and spit out the territory it has swallowed .
The Qing government took back Yili in the next year. In 1884 (the tenth year of Guangxu), Xinjiang was established, and Liu Jintang became the first governor of Xinjiang in Gansu.
concluded: Almost all the late Qing Dynasty cede land and pay compensation, only Zuo Zongtang's strategy to regain Xinjiang in the northwest is an exception, making Xinjiang an indivisible territory for our country.
Zuo Qinmin commented on Zuo Zong Tang: A comprehensive discussion on ancient and modern times, Deng ( Deng Yu ), Ma (Ma Yuan), Li ( Li Guangbi ), Guo ( Guo Ziyi ) has no such record of reviving the imperial family;
wei ( Weiqing ), Huo ( Huo Qubing ), Han (Han Qi), Fan ( Fan Zhongyan ) has achieved great achievements in the frontier, but has no such power.
class Dingyuan ( class Chao ) was born into Yumen, and he still had to beg for a favor; Yue Zhongwu ( Yue Fei ) drank Huanglong and became a false name. The reputation of honor is so prosperous. Who is the Bilun after the Qin and Han Dynasties?
Lin Zexu is also worthy of the reputation of " The No. 1 person who opened his eyes to the world in the Qing era".
