1142, the territory map of the Jin Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty | Chinese History Map
01
However, Hu Li was not the first person to win the imperial examination since the Jin Dynasty implemented the imperial examination. As early as the first year of Tianhui (1123), Jin Taizong extended an "olive branch" to the northern Han people in the territory of Liao and the literati and scholars on the border of the Song Dynasty on the grounds of "urgent to get the Han people to bow to the new support". He sincerely invited them to Yan to participate in the imperial examination.
Although Jin Taizong was eager to seek talent, for the Jin Kingdom, which was in full swing, it was not easy to create a model of opening a sect and winning a scholar. Therefore, after drawing on the experience of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Emperor Taizong of Jin decided to choose the first choice of poems and fu to obtain scholars in the imperial examinations of the Jin Dynasty.
The so-called "citto" is a style between prose and rhyme, which emphasizes parallelism, story and rhythm. Emperor Taizong of Jin believed that in the exam, a verse is enough to examine the four aspects of fu, poetry, strategy and discussion of the students. These aspects are closely related to the actual abilities of officials.
The year after Emperor Taizong ascended the throne, in the second year of Tianhui (1124), the first imperial examination candidate of the Jin Dynasty was born. This person is Liu Xuan , who has just changed his "nationality".
historical records show that Liu Xian was born in the late Liao Dynasty and was rumored to be the Liu family of Pengcheng. However, since , the ancestors of the Liu family have moved to Shunsheng County, Hongzhou (now Yangyuan County, Zhangjiakou, Hebei) to farm for generations. It was not until Liu Xian's generation that Liu's family, who had been away from their ancestral home for many years, had little money, making Liu Xian go from an ordinary farmer to a slightly educated scholar.
However, it is not easy to become a scholar from an ordinary scholar.
Shunsheng County, where the Liu Xian family lived for generations, was under the jurisdiction of Datong Prefecture, Xijing, at the end of Liao. At that time, in order to facilitate management, the Liao Dynasty referred to the "two capital system" that had been implemented for many years in the Tang Dynasty, and established the " Five Capital System " and divided the five capitals to jointly manage the country. The wars in Jin and Liao suddenly broke out, and the last emperor of the Liao Dynasty and Emperor Tianzuo, Yelu Yanxi embarked on the road to escape to the capital. In order to capture Emperor Tianzuo as soon as possible and end the war, the Jin people united with the Northern Song Dynasty on the way to march and attacked the Liao army. The Liao army suffered consecutive defeats, and the Datong Prefecture of Xijing changed hands several times between the three regimes, and eventually became the treasure of Jin Taizu. But as the war deepened, the once glorious Xijing suffered a devastating blow, and the surrounding creatures were devastated.
Maybe it was a dream of pursuing the world. Even though the wars in my hometown were everywhere, Liu Xian still sticks to his original aspiration and dares not abandon his studies. Shunsheng County has led the Central Plains with poetry, lyrics, music and essays since ancient times. In this environment, Liu Xian gathered the strengths of the families and formed his own unity. He also won the top scorer in the first year of the Jin Dynasty when he was awarded a scholar.
Because Liu Xian's title of top scorer was epoch-making in the Jin Dynasty, after he became famous, he served as the chief examiner for the provincial examination many times and became the spokesperson for the imperial examination in the Jin Dynasty. Under his influence and leadership, some northern scholars gradually gave up their fantasies about their homeland and actively participated in the new dynasty in the form of participating in the imperial examinations.
02
But soon, the problem arose.
The rulers of the Jin Dynasty found that with the gradual expansion of the area conquered by the Jurchen cavalry, the way Emperor Taizong of Jin chose vocabulary and fu became increasingly difficult to adapt to the "national conditions". This is mainly reflected in the fact that people in different regions have too many differences in their cultural levels and test-taking habits. If they operate the same question, it may violate the fairness of the imperial examination.
Therefore, after the suggestion of the royal family of the Jin Dynasty, Wanyan Zongwang , in the sixth year of Tianhui (1128), Emperor Taizong of Jin ordered that the Jin Dynasty would be divided into the south and north. The famous scholars from the former Liao Dynasty still selected talents by the imperial examination method of Liao in the past, while the scholars from the Northern Song Dynasty continued to take the exam using the poetry, classical meanings and other methods that they were more familiar with.
Jin Taizong Wanyan Sheng | Film and television stills
Despite this, the imperial examinations held by the Jin people were still boycotted by a considerable number of scholars in the former Northern Song Dynasty.
Because he was not familiar with the form and system of the Central Plains imperial examination, whenever Emperor Taizong of Jin needed to elect a scholar, he sent his capable generals to be in charge of the talent selection. Almost all of the officials responsible for the scientific research in the occupied areas of the Northern Song Dynasty were former invaders. These battlefields will come to the imperial examination hall, and they will still not forget the iron-blooded nature of the past. Most of them advocate violence and look down on those Song scholars who "covet a position and never stop until they die."
Similarly, out of blood hatred, those Northern Song scholars who were forced to surrender to the authoritarianism of and the Jin Dynasty also sneered at the hooligans in front of them.
When the conflict between the two sides was the most intense, a strange scene occurred in the history of the Chinese imperial examination: the imperial examination officials of the Jin Dynasty brought troops to copy the Confucian scholars, and all of them were taken to the examination room, forcing them to take the exam, "At times, there were scholars who were unwilling to go to the province, and the prefectures and counties must send them."
But the official forces scholars to take the exam, which is not the solution after all. The Jin Dynasty thus launched internal reforms, promoted the sinicization of aristocrats, encouraged the nobles to recruit well-educated scholars to teach their children, and ensured that scholars elected in the imperial examination had room to display their talents. Driven by the policy of selecting scholars in the imperial examinations, Han Fang, the top scholar in the late Liao Dynasty, Liu Xian, the first top scholar in the Jin Dynasty, and others became guests of honor for the major nobles, responsible for the next generation of education of various major families. At the same time, given the increasing scope of imperial examinations to select scholars, the Jin Dynasty designated "respecting Confucianism and Confucius" as the core concept of the dynasty's cultural and educational cause.
Jin Taizong's efforts in the imperial examination reform were not in vain. His successor, , Jin Xizong, , is Han Fang's high-spirited football.
thirteenth year (1135), Jin Xizong ascended the throne, changing the rough image of the ruler of the Jin Dynasty in the past. Historical materials say that it exudes a unique temperament that only the Han emperor had. This is obviously the result of the careful cultivation of scholars such as Han Fang.
Han Fang and others intend to portray Jin Xizong as the "Sage of Emperors" of the Han Dynasty. Therefore, under the control of the ministers of "respecting Confucianism and Confucius", Jin Xizong began a new round of imperial examination reform shortly after he took office.
03
During the reign of Jin Xizong, it was a critical period when Yue Fei's northern expedition to in the Southern Song Dynasty, but this did not prevent him from establishing the " Shaoxing Peace Discussion " while restructuring the imperial examination.
Famous General Yue Fei of the Southern Song Dynasty | Internet
In view of the precedent of military generals presided over the imperial examination from time to time, Jin Xizong stipulated that the imperial examinations of the Jin Dynasty, regardless of size, would be managed by the court in the future. Every time during the imperial examination, no matter what the candidate is, he will take the exam before the various prefectures and counties, which is called the provincial examination. Only those with excellent grades in the provincial examination can enter the next round of , , provincial examinations, and until they are tested layer by layer and each time, they can enter the imperial examination and the palace will sing the first place.
In fact, there was no part of meeting the saints and answering the test. It was more like a commendation ceremony after the trial. Therefore, many Chinese-style provincial examination candidates basically gave up their qualifications for the palace examination after hearing that they had obtained an official position and chose to be an official nearby, which led to the death of the palace examination in the later period of Jin Xizong's reign.
As the war between the Song and Jin Dynasty became increasingly fierce at this time, in order to prevent the weakening of military power, Jin Xizong included martial arts in the examination category during the Imperial Reign (1141-1149). From then on, the imperial examinations of the Jin Dynasty divided into two paths: civil and military. Over time, the Jin Dynasty's martial arts ceremony almost became the second choice for those who failed the civil examinations and entered the officialdom, which created a situation where all the martial arts exam candidates in the late Jin Dynasty had high cultural qualities.
As the emperor, Jin Xizong's purpose of reforming the imperial examination was to strengthen the imperial power and weaken the aristocratic power of the Jin Dynasty through the imperial examination bureaucratic group, which caused a new round of conflicts between imperial power and aristocratic. In the ninth year of Huangtong (1149), Jin Xizong was killed by Prime Minister Wanyan Liang .
Wanyan Liang is the later Jin Abolished Emperor and Hailing King . Although his behavior of killing the throne was contrary to the moral purpose of loyalty, filial piety, benevolence and righteousness, in fact, Wanyan Liang was not only very talented, but also had his own unique insights into the imperial examination system that had been implemented for a long time in the Jin Dynasty.
According to historical records, similar to the growth experience of Jin Xizong, Wanyan Liang was taught by the famous scholars of the northern place when he was young, "he really means respecting the classics and respecting the elegance of the Confucianism." After taking office, he had stricter requirements for the imperial examination and elected the imperial examination.
In view of the ineffective palace examination song title during the Jin Xizong period, Wanyan Liang believed that since the emperor of the Jin Dynasty was interested in selecting scholars, he must do his best to do everything, draw up questions and conduct personal assessments in order to eliminate the cheating links such as private teaching and acceptance in the imperial examination.
In the third year after usurping the throne, Wanyan Liang personally presided over the first imperial examination since ascending the throne.
The palace examination for this imperial examination is titled "God gives courage and wisdom to correct all nations." Needless to ask, the questions in the palace examination are mostly to reflect Wanyan Liang's will, and to use the mouths of the candidates to clarify the legitimacy of his ascension, and to praise the new dynasty of . However, this intentional political arrangement became the final example for the imperial examinations of the Jin Dynasty in the future.
In order to enable all the students participating in the exam to become the de facto disciples of the emperor, Wanyan Liang also personally participated in the review of the papers and formulated reference textbooks and composition grammars.
04
This imperial examination in the third year of Tiande in Wanyan Liang (1151) was a lot of rewards. Among them, the famous lyrics of the Jin Dynasty, Zheng Zidan, , was ranked among the Tanhua.
It is said that Zheng Zidan, who participated in the imperial examination that year, was only 26 years old, but he is already a famous master of philosophical philosophy in the world. During the palace examination, Zheng Zidan's article attracted Wan Yan Liang's attention. He specially took the test paper and found Yang Qiuxing, the magistrate of the subject, to consult the latter's views on the test paper.
Yang Qiuxing is Wanyan Liang's old subordinate and is famous for his literature. Seeing Zheng Zidan's answer sheet, he nodded repeatedly to say yes.
However, after the results were announced, everyone was a little disappointed, and Zheng Zidan only got a Tanhua. The result of the palace examination was always the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was very sure of Zheng Zidan's talent, but he was unwilling to overturn his conclusion. In order to compensate Zheng Zidan, Wanyan Liang, who loved talents, could only find Zheng Zidan with the first provincial examination paper at that time in the second year of Zhenglong (1157) held a few years later, and asked him to score the level of the imperial examination candidates for this class of imperial examination.
Unexpectedly, Zheng Zidan took a look at the number one test paper and said lightly: "It's very average than me. If your Majesty doesn't believe it, you can invite me to be on the same stage with them during the palace examination. I'll let you see my strength."
Zheng Zidan's words made Wanyan Liang quite unhappy. But this was also an opportunity to confirm the achievements of the imperial examination in the Jin Dynasty, and he finally agreed to Zheng Zidan's request.
In July of the second year of Zhenglong, the palace examination began, and Wanyan Liang came to watch the battle in person. In order to increase the difficulty of the exam for Zheng Zidan, not only the candidates who passed the provincial examination were participating in the palace examination, but also the current dynasty's penmasters Yang Boren, the former top scholar Hu Li, Li Xiyan and others also participated. Before the palace examination began, Wanyan Liang specially leaked all the questions, poems, thesis, etc. to these officials.
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 That year, there were 73 people who passed the imperial examination, but Zheng Zidan's answers could not find any fault. Wanyan Liang was amazed and knew that what Zheng Zidan said before was true. So, not long after, Zheng Zidan was promoted to three levels and became the official number one person in the Jin Dynasty's poetry and verse.
After the three dynasties of Jin Taizong, Jin Xizong and Hailing King, the imperial examinations of the Jin Dynasty ushered in their heyday in the era of Sezong and Chapter 1. The scholars of the Jin Dynasty fully recognized the imperial examinations of the court and regarded the success of the imperial examination as the greatest goal of their life struggle.
After Zheng Zidan, the only "four-yuan top scholar" appeared in the Jin Dynasty Meng Zongxian . The so-called "four yuan" means that they win the first place in the provincial examination, the provincial examination, and the palace examination. It is worth mentioning that Meng Zongxian is Liu Xuan's student. In that imperial examination era when lyrics and fu were used as the assessment standard, Meng Zongxian's ability to write fu was not as good as before, and even stopped in the provincial examinations many times before becoming famous.Later, he specially collected all the lyrics and essays written by the teacher back then, took them home and pasted them on the wall, sometimes chanting and pondering, sometimes writing and imitating. After so many years, I finally achieved success after I closed my door to thank the guests.
Dading second year (1162), Meng Zongxian decided to fight for the imperial examination again. At this time, King of Hailing Wanyan Liang had been defeated and died on the way to the Song Dynasty. The one who ascended the throne was his cousin, Jin Shizong, Wanyan Yong. The biggest difference between Jin Shizong and Wanyan Liang is that he "respects frugality, respects filial piety and brotherhood, believes in rewards and punishments, values agriculture and sericulture, is careful in choosing orders, and is strict in observing the responsibilities of integrity." Under his rule, the Jin Dynasty ushered in a prosperous era.
Under such a background, Meng Zongxian's path to the imperial examination was very smooth. In just two years, he won four firsts in a row, and went from being a northern scholar who was unwilling to the famous "Meng Siyuan" in the Jin Dynasty.
After hearing that Meng Zongxian won the "Four Yuan" in a row, he was overjoyed and issued an order to commend Meng Zongxian. According to convention, most of the top scholars in the Jin Dynasty could only start from the seventh rank, while Meng Zongxian was directly promoted to the Fengzhi doctor of the sixth rank by Jin Shizong, and was highly valued in the Shizong and Zhangzong dynasties.
05
Jin Shizong himself had a strong national idea. Seeing that the Jin Dynasty was becoming more and more sinicized, he launched a "Jourchen Culture Revival Movement".
Dading fourth year (1164), he specially ordered the Jurchen tribe, who had learned a lot, to translate all the classics of Confucianism into the clan for the Jurchen children to learn the truth. At the same time, he selected 100 excellent students in the imperial examination, allowing them to study Jurchen official school with the noble relatives of the Jin Dynasty to learn Jurchen culture. All expenses in official schools shall be borne by the state.
When the Emperor Shizong of Jin opened the Jurchen school, it was the Southern Song Dynasty who sent envoys to visit the Jin Kingdom. As He Zhengdan envoy to the Jin Dynasty, the Song Dynasty's top scholar Lou Yi recorded in his diary: "Forty miles west, passing Hongfuyuan, three gates have a building. There is a small gate in the west of Chongjicang Road, which is called "Teaching girls to learn directly."
The prosperity of the Jurchen official school made the Jin Dynasty create a Jurchen imperial examination in addition to the "Han imperial examination". Jin Shizong even stipulated that anyone who inherits a title must learn the text of his clan, otherwise he will not be approved.
Juchen's article written by Mr. Jin Qiye | Internet
Jin Shizong's approach was extremely epoch-making at the time, but with his death, the revival of Jurchen culture also declined. Although the Jurchen imperial examination was short-lived, Jin Shizong still selected the top scholar among the Jurchens among his children. He was Tu Shanyi, the first place in the Jurchen Jinshi exam in the 13th year of Dading (1173).
After the deaths of Shizong and Zhangzong one after another, the Jin Dynasty fell into a state of decline. At this time, Tu Shanyi successfully saved the shaky Jin Dynasty. In a time of crisis, he made Jin Zhangzong's half-brother Wanyan Xun the emperor and was the Emperor.
During the reign of Jin Xuanzong, the Genghis Khan of Mobei rose. In response to this, the elderly Tu Shanyi was worried and repeatedly proposed to Jin Xuanzong to take more precautions against Mongolian forces. He hoped that Jin Xuanzong could strengthen the military support of the large rear horse-wallowing base and set up specialists to guard the Jin Dynasty's major capitals to form a closed-loop military network to ensure that the Jin Dynasty maintains constant victory in the subsequent wars.
Tu Shanyi's eyes were undoubtedly advanced, but Jin Xuanzong's political wisdom was not outstanding. During his brief reign, he made frequent mistakes in his external measures. While he was discussing peace with Genghis Khan, he broke off diplomatic relations with Xixia and took the initiative to provoke the Southern Song Dynasty, causing the Jin Dynasty to be attacked from both sides before the arrival of the end of the world, until it was dragged down by the quagmire of war.
06
Although the Jin Dynasty imperial examination has undergone many reforms, a large number of loyal people have emerged, but many of them have given up halfway through and even regarded them as the "cancer" of their life journey. Among them, the most famous one is the writer yuan Haowen master Haotianting .
Hao Tianting once asked Yuan Hao: "Now, officials are mostly greedy and defeated, and they are all suffering from hunger and cold, and they cannot control themselves. My husband is not tolerant of hunger and cold, so he cannot do anything.I asked for it with my words, and the imperial examination is included. "Also said: "Reading is not for art and literature, and choosing officials is not for profit, only those who are good at it can do it. "
Hao Tianting believes that the ideal of the Confucian class must first come from spiritual and moral pursuits, and secondly, to enter the world and enter the officialdom based on this. Otherwise, scholars will lack integrity and become tools for political power.
Hao Tianting's thoughts have affected Yuan Haowen's career choice to a certain extent.
Yuan Haowen's noble birth, and the family is said to be from Emperor Taiwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty Tuoba Tao is a true family member. In the education he received, family honor and disgrace were the core that the children of the Yuan family must maintain. He had both the hearts of famous scholars and the aspirations of famous ministers. The two were contradictory and unified. For the sake of family interests, he had to participate in the imperial examination and became famous.
In the fourth year of Xingding of the Emperor Xuanzong of Jin (1220), the Jin Dynasty was in turmoil and storm. Under the attack of the Southern Song Dynasty, Mongolia and Western Xia, the country's fortunes declined. In this year, Yuan Haowen rushed to Bianjing to take the exam and drank the top scholar building with hundreds of Jin local candidates. During the meal, he lamented deeply: "Will you be lucky to survive your wife? Should I be the one who is a good person to be honest and honest, and give up on the rice and salt books to get a good official in food? If you are the generals who are famous and famous officials, you are so proud that you will be extricated from the common customs and will take responsibility for yourself for thousands of years? "
The second year, Yuan Haowen Jinshi and the first .
For more than ten years after that, he was circulating and training in his career, maintaining a hard life until the bell of the demise of the Jin Kingdom rang.
The third year of Tianxing (1234), Jin Aizong fled to Caizhou on the eve of the Mongolian army's capture of Bianjing. The Southern Song Dynasty took the opportunity to send Meng Gong . Jiang Hai led 20,000 troops to attack the remnants of the Jin army with the Mongolian army. In despair, Jin Aizong hanged himself and died, and the Jin Dynasty declared its destruction.
As the winner, the nobles of the Yuan Dynasty have always been particularly puzzled by the brave and warlike Jin Dynasty to implement the sinicization reform and the implementation of imperial examinations. More than ten years after the demise of the Jin Dynasty, in 1247 AD, Kublai Khan, who was then a vassal king, summoned Zhang Dehui , and asked him a question: "Maybe it said, 'Liao was abolished by the Liao Dynasty, and the Jin Dynasty was destroyed by the Confucians', what are there? "
Zhang Dehui also answered simply: "The survival of the country is subject to its own responsibility, so why should Confucians blame them! ”
Kublai Khan portrait | The Internet
But Kublai Khan was not satisfied with this answer, believing that this was the Confucian scholars shirking responsibility for the destruction of the country, which indirectly led to the suspension of the imperial examinations in the Yuan Dynasty for nearly 80 years.
The same question, but Yuan Haowen gave people another understanding in " Guisi April 29th":
The first donation of a banquet outside the border area, but at that time, the Southern Mu had already given a gift.
only knows that the Ba Shang is really a play, who says that China will sink to the land?
Huabiao Crane comes with a word, what is the intention of leaving the copper plate?
Who knows the will of God? Stay in Qingcheng to see the past and present.
In his opinion, the rise and fall of dynasties was the will of God. Whether it is what Kublai Khan wanted to express "Jin died because of Confucianism" or what Zhang Dehui replied "The demise of Jin is not blamed on Confucian scholars", it is no longer important.
After all, with the Jin generation, the imperial examinations were never interrupted. During the 119 years of the Jin Dynasty's existence, the court held 43 statutes and collected about 15,000 scholars. Such brilliant achievements were not inferior to the "Mijing Empire" Song Dynasty. As a lord of the Jin Dynasty, Yuan Haowen finally decided not to serve in the Yuan Dynasty for his entire life.
Yuan, the 68-year-old Yuan Haowen died of illness in the seventh year of Xianzong (1257). With his departure, an era of conflicts belonging to the scholars of the Jin Dynasty also entered history, like smoke dissipated.
References:
[Japan] Iiyama Tatsuo: "Another Scholar", Zhejiang University Press, 2021
Lan Ting: "Research on Education and Imperial Examination in the Jin Dynasty", People's Publishing House, 2020
Zhang Xiqing, Mao Peiqi, Li Shiyu, edited by: "General History of the Imperial Examination System in China·Liao, Jin and Yuan Volume", Shanghai People's Publishing House, 2017
2Zhou Lasheng: "The Strange Talk of the Top Principal of Liao and Jin Yuan", Forbidden City Press, 2000
Jin Guangping and Jin Qiye: "Research on Jurchen Language and Characters", Cultural Relics Press, 1980
[Japan] Three last males: "The Imperial Examination System of the Jin Dynasty and its Political Side", "Qingshan Historiography" No. 1, 1970
Liu Dake: "The Impact of the Imperial Examination of the Jin Dynasty on Literature", Journal of Jiangsu University (Social Science Edition)", 2007 2
Liu Dake: "The Impact of the Imperial Examination of the Jin Dynasty on Literature", Journal of Jiangsu University (Social Science Edition)", 2007 2
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