In fact, this fangwoman is the woman who matches and gets commissions for both buyers and sellers, which is now the so-called "intermediary" and "broker". The goods traded are naturally not only slaves, but also livestock, tea and silk. The woman is called "Ya Po", the man is called "Ya Ren" or "Ya Lang". Their work unit is called " Ya Xing ".
Why does the agent call it tooth? There are two statements. Northern Song Kong Pingzhong's "Tanyuan" says, "Ya people are originally called melancholy, which is the main thing to do with each other. Tang people's calligraphy has music, and the music is like the word "ya" because it is converted into teeth", that is, the word "ya" originally came from the "mutual trade", and if it is written quickly, it is misled as "ya". Another saying is that from Sima Guang " Zizhi Tongjian ", "The yalang and the yang are the same. The prices of north and south are determined by their mouths, and then the horse trades together." The middlemen who sell horses, to verify the quality of the horse depends on the horse's teeth, so they are called the yarn.
The emergence and development of tooth
The emergence of this industry is closely related to business. The source of commerce comes from human division of production.
In the early days of human history, three major divisions of labor occurred in social production. The first major division of labor was the division of labor between agriculture and animal husbandry. Primitive humans first made a living by collecting and hunting. Later, productivity developed, agriculture emerged in areas with abundant precipitation, and animal husbandry emerged in areas with dry areas. The tribes of animal husbandry produce fur and milk, while the agricultural tribes produce grain. The mutual exchange of existence and non-existence between different tribes results in regular commodity exchanges.
The second major division of labor in society is the separation of handicrafts and agriculture. The development of pottery, cast iron and textile technologies and the increasingly complex production processes have created people who specialize in manual production. Production directly for exchange purposes emerged, i.e. commodity production.
The third division of labor is the separation of business from the productive industry. It appeared in the period when the primitive society disintegrated and the slave society emerged. At this time, commodity exchanges are becoming more and more frequent, and the exchange area is expanding, and a merchant class specializing in commodity trading has emerged.
Damen is the product of business development to a certain stage. The period when it appeared was naturally after the third social division of labor. The history of yaren that can be verified can be traced back to , Western Zhou , but at that time it was not called yaren, but "masturbation". "The Book of Zhou: The Land Officials" records that "the people are holding the goods and bribes of the market: people, cattle, horses, weapons, and rare things. Anyone who sells debts will be given the bribes." " mass agent " was the sales contract at that time, written on bamboo slips , in duplicate. Guo Moruo In his "Draft of Chinese History", Mr. Guo Moruo pointed out that "people are the brokers who manage the market, and he will issue the transaction contract."
However, the main job function of the people in the pre-Qin period was to manage the market for the government. A more pure market broker should have been produced in , Western Han .
A new business appeared in the Western Han Dynasty, "Zhang3) "Biography of the Grand Historian: Biography of Merchants" "Sons borrowed a thousand yuan of money, and the fortune was made". The stern means a horse. It means to win over people who make up for the transaction. A silly is the broker who matches horse transactions in the market and collects compensation.
The first thing was a horse dealer, but later the business expanded to all walks of life. In feudal society, rural people did not need intermediaries to buy and sell farm tools and daily necessities. However, when was in the Han Dynasty, the commodity economy had already developed sufficiently, and the Silk Roads on land and maritime were successively connected. Many wealthy and wealthy businessmen have appeared. They are engaged in commodity trading , which requires the ability to match and host the middleman for trading. For such intermediaries, honest and reliable management is particularly important. The Jin Dynasty's "Jin Order" required that when working, he should clearly write down his work content and work expertise. When working, you should wear white shoes on one foot and black shoes on the other, indicating that you have a middle-level position between the buyer and the seller. To Tang Dynasty , the economy became more prosperous. Special intermediary agencies "Didian" and "Chefang" have emerged.After the middle of the Tang Dynasty, "Didian" and "Chefang" appeared on a large scale in large cities such as Chang'an , Luoyang . The term "Takeman" also officially appeared in the Tang Dynasty. The culprit of the Anshi Rebellion , An Lushan , was once a takeman. "Old Book of Tang Dynasty: Biography of An Lushan" records that "Lushan and his elders interpreted the six foreign languages and became the Yalang of the same market." An Lushan did international trade at the border, proficient in six languages, and is indeed a talent. No wonder he was able to upend the Tang empire. The prosperity of teeth The industry is still at its peak in the Ming and Qing dynasties. After the mid-Ming Dynasty, capitalism emerged in , with unprecedented prosperity in the commodity economy, and the market network continued to expand in China, and Yaren gained a broad space for survival. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the number of people employed in the Yamatsu was tens of thousands. During the 4th year of the Ming Dynasty, Yang Sichang, the memorial to the emperor mentioned that the dentist tax collected from the dentist in a year was 675,000 taels, which is one-sixth of the total annual tax. During the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, there were "a total of 5,242 brokerage stores" in a province in Hubei. During the 4 years of Qing Jiaqing Zhili provinces, "the additional dental surgery within the quota is 13,620". The bustling city naturally "gathers all over the place". The "Yangzhou Prefecture Chronicle" records that "Yang, Gua, and Yi have an economy of no less than ten thousand people." In rural markets, there are also many shops. According to the "Laiwu County Chronicle" of Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty, there are 13 markets in Laiwu County, with a total of 208 dental stores. is also covered with traces of Yaren even in the distant northeastern border. In the forest and snowy fields outside the pass in the Qing Dynasty, the Ewenki and Oroqen people called Yaren "Anda", and the Daur people called Yaren "old guest" and "buyers and sellers". Because the profit of being a tooth is quite generous, it is said that "no food to eat in the morning and there is a horse to ride in the evening." Attracted by profit, there are all kinds of people engaged in business and business. fat meat will definitely be favored by the government. " Ming Shi Ji " records that many royal relatives "publicly opened a business and invaded the interests of fishermen." There are also many scholars who "abandon Confucianism and follow the teeth". Tang Zhen, a thinker in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, was a yaman and was quite content with his own complacent words, saying, " Lu Shang sells food in Mengjin, and Tang Zhen is a ya in Wushi, which is the same." is just like the industry in the feudal era. "The dragon gives birth to the dragon, the phoenix gives birth to the phoenix, and the mouse son can make holes." Most people inherit the father's business and are inherited from generation to generation. The so-called "grandfather passed on from generation to generation, and believe that the world's career. If there is a career but no career, the general behavior will be used as the ". Only a few industries can achieve a top wealth that can rival a country, and most of them are also small-scale operations. According to the "Songjiang Prefecture Chronicle" of Jiaqing of the Qing Dynasty, Xiaoyaren "hangs a word at the door in the morning, and waits for the buyers to intersect outdoors, so they trade it for their beauty and evil." There are even shop shop shops that do not even enter the market empty-handedly. Tooth rows in the Ming and Qing dynasties formed a huge commercial system. All kinds of goods have specialized business operations. Kangxi "Tongzhou Chronicles·Tax Chronicles" records that there are onions, vegetables, melons, indigo, and fruits in the city. The same type of goods is also used for customers of different consumption levels. The silk shops in Nanxun Town, Zhejiang are divided into Jingzhuang, Guangzhuang, Jingzhuang, and Huazhuang. There are business connections between teeth, forming a complete industrial chain. According to the "Nanxun Town Chronicle" of Xianfeng of the Qing Dynasty, Nanxun Silk Tooth is a "customer travel" and "commercial travel". Those who serve these major banks include "trading houses" who find sources of goods, "little leaders" who help with sales, and so on. Entering history 1840 After the Opium War , the great powers opened the door to China with strong ships and powerful guns. Foreigners set up agent intermediaries in China to help foreigners buy and sell goods and operate real estate. This is the so-called " comprador ". Compradors are actually "tonics" who do things for foreigners and are the agents of Western countries for political aggression and economic exploitation of China. Under the impact of a large number of foreign goods, the handicraft industry in rural China declined and went bankrupt, and local fangs also changed their careers and fangs. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, we learned to introduce Western systems, followed the West, and became exchanges of various natures. By the Republic of China, exchanges were spread across major cities such as Shanghai, Beijing, and Tianjin. There are stock brokers , bond brokers, futures brokers, etc. It can also be regarded as Yaman's "modern transformation". Reference materials: [1] "A brief discussion on the historical changes of our country's brokers" Zhang Hequn Education and Teaching Forum 2014.12 [2] "Tooth movements in the Ming and Qing Dynasties" Liu Qiaoli Journal of Jilin Institute of Chemical Engineering 2013.12 [3] "Consulting the problem of commercial social order in the early Qing Dynasty: Basic clues of tooth behavior" Huang Donghai 2011.3 Text was created by the team of the History University, and the picture is from the Internet and the copyright belongs to the original author
Author: Big Lion Correction/Editor: Lilith
