History is the root for a country. Lenin once said that forgetting history is equivalent to betraying the past, so the history of a country helps us understand the present and future of this country. As a major country, Russia is often discussed because of changes in the international situation. In the conflict with Ukraine, historical issues have once again been exposed. Compared to Ukraine's darkness, Russia's history is much clearer and clearer.
Transformation: From primitive to civilization
Russia is located in eastern Europe and northern Asia, and the main ethnic group is Slavs . According to the latest archaeological materials, the Slavs were the name they used by themselves after the ancient Germanic eastern ethnic group and the Venedes began a large-scale migration. According to the Slavic meaning, it has the connotation of honor and glory. Many non-Slavs in Eastern Europe have also been transformed into Slavic and become the largest nation in Europe.
The earliest birthplace of the Slavs was in the area of the Dnieper River and Vistula River basin on the border of Poland, Ukraine and Belarus today. Some of the Slavs migrated to the northwest region and formed the current Western Slavs. The Western Slavs include: Poles; Czechs; Slovaks; Slovaks; The other part went to the southwest to establish his own door, and his descendants were today's Yugoslavs; Yugoslavs included: Croats, Serbs, Slovenians, Macedonians, Bulgarians, and Albanians and Bosnians were Slavs who were mixed and Islamized with the Turks during the conquest and rule of the Ottoman Turkish Empire. The part that expanded its territory to the north was the later Eastern Slavs, which is the main ethnic group of the Russians and Ukrainians we are going to talk about today. Eastern Slavs include: Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians.
European subject ethnic distribution map
Before the Yuan Dynasty, there was no record of Russia in Chinese history books, and it was uniformly called " Donghu ". By the Yuan Dynasty, due to the expansion of Genghis Khan and Kublai Khan, the border line was once pushed to the Onyx River Basin. At this time, Russia's Siberia was part of the Yuan Dynasty. Traditional historical books once called it the "Rakshasa people", that is, the current Ross people. The Mongols called it Russians based on their own language habits, and since then the saying of Russia has come into being. Traditional Russian historians believe that this name refers specifically to the Cossack cavalry in the region. According to Russia's earliest historical work, "Chronicles of Previous Years", in the 6th century, the Eastern Slavs gradually migrated to the northern Eastern European grassland Novgorod region to form more than 30 tribes. The Eastern Slavs, like other ethnic groups in the northern Eurasian continent, were in the primitive commune stage, and clans with similar blood ties were combined into tribes, and conflicts between tribes continued to fight against each other for a long time.
Until the end of the 8th and early 9th centuries, three quasi-state organizations appeared in today's Russia: Kuyaba centered on Kiev, Slavia in the Novgorod region and Altania in the eastern Ryazan region.
The first stage of Russian history: ( Liurik Dynasty ) Kievan Rus
Because there are frequent conflicts between the tribes of Eastern Slavic , which have always been in the primitive commune society, the war continues to continue. In 862 AD, the Slavs of Novgorod failed to elect their king. They decided to go abroad to invite a qualified king to govern their country. At the invitation of the Novgorod tribe, a Germanic tribe living in Sweden, which they called the Varyags. (The Varyags are also called the "Vikings". "Vikings" means those who invade the countries near the fjords.) The Varyags, led by Liurik , conquered the Eastern Slavs and established the Liurik dynasty that ruled Russia for more than 700 years. Liurik died in 879 AD. His son Igor was young and was regent by his relative Oleg.A series of wars were launched against the surrounding Slavic tribes. First, they conquered Smolensk , and then went south along the waterway to conquer Kiev in 882, and moved the ruling center from Novgorod, whose climatic conditions were colder, to Kiev, which was located on the plain, close to Byzantine, and had a prosperous trade route, and established a grand priest centered on Kiev, namely "Kievan Rus". After the founding of the Kievan Rus, foreign wars continued.
Kievan Russ's birth
In 907 AD, Kievan Russ, led by Oleg, invaded Constantinople, forcing Byzantine Empire to enter into a peace treaty, agreeing that the Ross merchants are exempted from paying trade tax. In 965, Sviatuslav I, the grandson of Liurik, the founder of the Liurik Dynasty, was the son of Igor, and the war madman, ruled. One of Ross' early leaders who loved war and expansion: Sviatoslav almost never stayed in the palace during his reign. He used his natural military mind and desire to fight to continuously expand Ross' territory: his territory starts from Carpathian Mountains in the east, to the Don River in the west, to the south of the Baltic Sea, to the south of the Black Sea grasslands north to the north of the Tatar territory of the nomadic Tatars. Around 1000 AD, the total area was about 1 million square kilometers and the population was about 5 million.
10th century, feudal relations were gradually established in Kiev Rus, and large land ownership was formed. In 988 AD, Vladimir, the Grand Duke of Kiev, married the Greek princess of Byzantine and designated Christianity as the state religion. The Byzantine Church is regarded as the authentic Christian Church. The spread of Orthodox religion consolidated and developed into a unique Kievan Rus culture. Kievan Rus also gradually transformed from the original clan system of the Slavs to the feudal hierarchy and aristocratic culture, accelerating the unification process of the Slav tribes and expanding the cultural ties between Ross and the Byzantines in the Balkans of Southeast Europe and Western Europe and other countries. During the reign of Vladimir's son Yaroslav, Kievan Rus achieved unprecedented prosperity. It basically unifies the entire Eastern European plains.
But the good times did not last long. Shortly after the death of Grand Duke Yaroslav in 1054 AD, his country began to show signs of collapse. Several vassal states began to form on the territory of this country. Every prince was ruled by the sons of Yaroslav. The eldest son Izyaslav obtained two of the most important locations on the Transepal River; Kiev and Novgorod; Svetoslav obtained the Chernigev region; and Vsevolod obtained Bereyaslavri and Rostov-Suzdal territory. Other areas were ruled by young princes. As time goes by, the great feudal power in Kiev Rus continued to increase, trying to get rid of the control of the Grand Duke of Kiev. The princes conquered by Kievan Rus also sought to restore independence. The tribes attacked each other, and Kievan Rus began to decline.
00 The first stage of Russia's country "Kievan Rus"
Mongol Golden Horde, that is, the rule of the Khanate,
0000s, the regime of the Grand Duke of Kiev was in name only, forming many independent principalities, and beginning the period of feudal separatism. Initially, these principalities nominally recognized the Grand Duke of Kiev as their sect leader, but later they were completely independent and divided into 12 small independent principalities. The Kyiv State was completely disintegrated. From 1218 to 1223, Genghis Khan personally led the Mongolian Tatar army to begin the first western expedition, initially conquering Khwarezm, the powerful Central Asian country. After that, the Mongolian army crossed the Caucasus Mountains and entered the grasslands of the North Shore of the Black Sea, approaching Ross. From 1235 to 1242, Genghis Khan's grandson Badu led his army to start the second western expedition, advancing to the east bank of the Volga River, and occupied Kiev in November 1240, and then successively occupied Vladimir, Galic and other cities. In 1243, Badu established the Khanate of the Golden Horde in the lower reaches of the Volga River (the Golden Horde is also known as the Khanate of the Khanate, and is one of the four Khanates of the Great Mongol Empire.) The capital was established. The Mongols ruled over the Ross for more than two hundred years.
Rise: From a vassal state to a big Eastern European country
When Mongolia invaded Kiev Rus, Moscow was just a small border town in the Principal of Novgorod, and later gradually developed into a big city.As the internal struggles of the clan kings in the Khanate of the Khanate continued to decline, the Duchy of Moscow, the native Russian country, began to rise, and gradually seized the power of the Khanate of the Khanate and dominated the many small Russian countries. In 1283, it was enfeoffed by the Grand Duchy of Vladimir and the Principality of Moscow was officially established, with the capital Moscow. Because of its capital, Moscow, it is called the Principality of Moscow. The Principality of Moscow gradually became the center of the original Kievan Rus culture. In 1288, Moscow Grand Duke Ivan Danilovic won the title of Vladimir and All Ross Grand Duke, known in history as " Ivan I ". Ivan I successively merged the territories of the surrounding princes and princes one after another, and the country became stronger and stronger. In 1327, Ivan I built the Moscow Kremlin. Peter, the Orthodox master of the Orthodox Church, moved from Kiev to Moscow, enhancing the prestige of , the Grand Duchy of Moscow. The Ross Orthodox Church became the spiritual pillar of an authoritarian state centered on Moscow.
1328, Ivan I accepted the title of the Golden Horde by relying on his blood relationship with the Mongolian royal family and obtained the power to conquer the entire Russian tribute. Relying on money, the support of the Mongols and the Church, he defeated his strong rival, the Grand Duchy of Tver, obtained the title of Grand Duchy of Vladimir, began to lead the princes of Ross, and gradually became the strongest principality in Russia. In 1453 AD, the Byzantine Empire was destroyed by the Ottomans, and Sophia, the niece of the last emperor of Byzantine, was arranged to marry the Grand Duke of Moscow, Ivan III, as the queen. With the help of the value of this marriage, Ivan III considered himself the orthodox heir to the throne of the Byzantine Empire. Holding high the banners of "religion" and "nationality", fighting south and north, scattering among the countries, gradually annexing other countries, and stop paying tribute to the Golden Horde, whose national strength is declining.
Mongolia's four Khanate
1472, the Golden Horde Ahma launched a war with the Principality of Moscow. However, due to the cold weather, the Mongolian army was short of food and the Polish reinforcements had not arrived. The capital Salai was attacked by the Khanate of , Crimea, and was forced to withdraw troops. Ivan III won without a fight. In 1480, the Golden Horde Ahma sent troops to attack the Duchy of Moscow again and forced him to pay tribute. Because the Allied Army of Ahma, Lithuanian 5, failed to send troops to provide assistance as scheduled, Ahma withdrew his troops and was killed when he returned to the lower reaches of the Volga River. The Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III joined forces with the Crimean Khanate and other princes and grand lords to defeat the Grand Khanate after the split of the Golden Horde, making the Principality of Moscow independent. The 240-year rule of the Mongols over the Ross was over. In 1485, the Grand Duke of Moscow was officially called the Grand Duke of "Zongros". After Ivan III unified the principalities, he formed a powerful army and promulgated a unified national code, laying the foundation for the Russian autocratic system. However, at this time the Principality of Moscow was still in the feudal stage and had not formed a complete centralized system.
The second stage of Russian history: The Grand Duchy of Moscow
In 1505 AD, after Ivan III's death, he and Princess Sophia's son Vasily III succeeded to the throne, and successively annexed the Duchy of Tver, Pskov Republic (Russia-Estonian border), and the Principal of Ryazan. Smolensk, which occupied , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, . The unified Russian country centered on the Principal of Moscow has basically been formed. Its territory extends to the vast area of the White Sea, the Oka River in the south, the upper reaches of the Dnieper River in the west, and the northern Ural Mountains in the east, forming a Russian country with a territory of 2.8 million square kilometers. The Grand Duke of Moscow became the only monarch of the Russian state.
1547, Ivan Vasily Vasivic, the son of Grand Duke of Moscow, and Ilvan Vasilyevich, the son of Yelina Glinskaya, ( Ivan IV , also known as Ivan the Terror or Ivan the Great), was crowned as Tsar, and was renamed Tsar Russia. Ivan IV was the first truly emperor in Russian history and the first Russian Tsar. Ivan IV ascended the throne at the age of 3. His mother and uncle were temporarily regent, but he suffered from the tyranny of the great nobles. At that time, the fierce struggle for power, infighting and murder had a profound impact on the formation of Ivan IV's character and activities. I developed a strong-willed and ruthless character since I was young, excited and cruel. It was not until Ivan IV's age that his mother passed away and his uncle was beaten to death in a turmoil. IV's IV began to rule.After Ivan IV took power, in order to break the checks and balances of the aristocracy over the monarchy under the European feudal system, he established a new dominance model - specially governed .
During the reign of Ivan IV, he eliminated the remnants of Russian feudal separatism, divided most of Russia's rich land and the most developed industrial and commercial cities into special jurisdictions, and he directly ruled it. Some noble lords were forced to move to the wilderness of the frontier. Ivan IV used simple and crude means to suppress the nobles and was awarded the title of "The Terrifying Ivan". The reunification of the Russian state was strengthened by brutal and tough centralized means. And successively conquered Kazan Khanate and Astrakhan Khanate , incorporating the entire Volga River basin into the territory of the Principal of Moscow, and opening the channel to Caspian and Siberia . In 1584 AD, 54-year-old Ivan IV died of illness. Ivan IV left only one intellectually flawed , Feodor Ivanovic, as his heir to become the Russian Tsar. In 1598, the last monarch of the Liurik Dynasty, the weak and sickly and insane Fedor I, passed away without children. The most important line of the Liurik dynasty was cut off.
Russia's second-stage country "The Grand Duchy of Moscow"
expansion: from a weak country to an empire
Fedor I's death without hesitation, Fedor I's uncle Godonov seized power and became the Tsar, opening up a turbulent "vacancies" of the Russian Tsar's more than ten years of power struggle, foreign invasion and internal war. In 1610, Russian Tsar Vasily Shuysky was captured by the Polish army. Tsar Russia, which was already in a "chaotic era", made the throne of the Tsarist Russia, was even more insulted. In November 1612, the Russian Duke of Pozalsky and Mining led a large army to liberate Moscow, the capital occupied by the Poles for several years. However, at this time, Russia, which was devastated, still had its own tsar. The country cannot be without a king for a day. In January 1613, a gentry meeting composed of nobles from various regions of Russia discussed the election of the Tsar in the Kremlin of Moscow. On March 3, Mikhail Romanov, the son of the Patriarch of Russia and Moscow, and the nephew of the wife of Ivan IV, was elected as the new Tsar, which opened the prelude to the rule of the Romanov dynasty for more than 300 years.
Mikhail Romanov founded the Romanov dynasty for the new Tsar
The third stage of Russian history: (Romanov dynasty)The Russian Empire
In 1613 AD, Mikhail I became the Russian Tsar, marking the end of the "vacancies period" of the most internal and external troubles in Russian history. Although Mikhail I became the founding Tsar of the Romanov dynasty at the age of 17, he was still young and had experienced turbulent political situations and cruel wars since he was a child. Therefore, he was very cowardly and timid, and had no ability to govern the country at all. The military and political power was completely in the hands of his parents. He was actually the puppet Tsar of his parents. Until 1645 AD, Mikhail I, who had been a puppet of his parents throughout his life, died at the age of 49. He inherited the throne by his only son, Alexey I, and became the second tsar of the Romanov dynasty. In the second year of becoming the Tsar, Alexei I's grandmother, Queen Mother Marfa, died of illness, and Alexei I gained real power. From then on, the Romanov dynasty continued to strengthen the monarchy, until his son Peter I's during his reign, the Romanov dynasty reached its peak.
The founder of the Russian Empire: Peter I
Peter I (the famous in history - Peter the Great) The fifth tsar and founding emperor of the Romanov dynasty of Russia, Alexei III, the half-brother of Fedor Ivan V, was supported by civil and military ministers in 1682 AD. He was ruled by Ivan V, the half-brother of the same father, who was born with low intelligence. He was completely different from Ivan V, and was born with wise and powerful. In 1689 AD, he was eliminated by his half-master Sophia, who held real power, and ruled. During the reign of Peter I, it was the golden period of the Age of Discovery. Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands and Britain successively reached the hegemony of Europe by establishing maritime power. All countries in Europe are actively building harbors and fleets, seeking the huge profits brought by sea commerce. At that time, Russia's most important ports were located along the North Sea coast. These ports were frozen and suspended due to freezing of sea surfaces for most of the year.
Therefore, after Peter the Great took power, he was determined to obtain a good harbor for Russia that can be navigated in all seasons. This obsession with the sea became one of the driving forces for Russia to tirelessly expand its territory for the next four hundred years.
Peter I (later known as Peter the Great) is considered the most outstanding emperor in Russia. After he succeeded to the throne, he worked hard to govern, learned advanced systems and technologies from European powers, and personally went to the Dutch shipyard to learn shipbuilding technology. Then he visited the Greenwich Observatory in the UK, listened to the debate on the British Parliament , and personally felt the vibrant and rising Western European society under the grand occasion of the Renaissance. Actively establish factories, develop trade, develop culture, education and scientific research in Russia, requiring aristocratic children to have the experience of studying in Western Europe to inherit titles and become officials. At the same time, reform the military, abolish the military system that followed the Mongols, and imitate European countries to establish a modern naval and army system. Strengthen the feudal autocratic centralized system . Then he launched a war and defeated his powerful opponent, Sweden, and obtained the coveted Baltic estuary, laying a solid foundation for the Russian Empire. It can be said that the history of development in modern Russia's politics, economy, culture, education, science and technology originated from the era of Peter the Great.
Russian Peter the Great
In 1721 AD, Peter I moved the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg, which was newly built at the mouth of the Neva River , and changed the title of monarch "Tsar" to "Emperor", and changed the country name "Tsar of Russia" to "Emperor". Peter the Great died of illness in 1725. He was 53 years old and was born into a peasant family in Lithuania. During his foreign military use, Russia became a prisoner of war. By chance, he met Peter I and became the second wife. After Peter I's death, he became the emperor and became the first female monarch in Russian history. Because of the existence of the Romanov dynasty, the male descendants of Peter the Great, who were "declined in men and women" had extinctions, four queens appeared in the Russian Empire in the most powerful 18th century.
The glory of the Russian Empire: Katerina II
1741, Peter I and Katerina I three daughters; Elizabeth I came to power through a coup and became the sixth emperor of the Romanov dynasty in Russia. Elizabeth I was unmarried and had no children. In order to ensure the successor, the eldest son of the eldest daughter of Peter I and Caterina I was appointed to speak Russian in the Principality of Holstein, and he admired Prussian King Frederick II Peter III Fedorovich as the heir to the Russian Empire.
Although Peter was officially named the crown prince at Elizabeth's coronation ceremony, he married Sophia, the daughter of the Duke of Anhalt Zerbst of Prussia (renamed Ekaterina after marriage), the latter was the famous Ekaterina the Great in the future.Peter III was full of disgust for his mother's country and was not interested in learning Orthodox, Russian culture and court etiquette. Although he was guided by the court teachers, he did not even learn Russian for three years. At this time, Peter was still addicted to military games. The soldiers and puppets kept leaving all day long. He was very cold to the things around him, and his style was exaggerated and vain, which disappointed the female tsar and Russian subjects.
Compared with Peter III, his wife, Ekaterina, who was also born in an ancient German aristocratic family, was also very cold to her because Peter was disgusted with political marriage! Caterina received a good European education since she was a child. She also traveled to various European cities with her parents, visiting the courts and princes of various countries. In his childhood, Caterina was determined to achieve great things. After being elected as the wife of Peter III, the Russian Empress Elizabeth, she actively integrated into Russia, studied Russian hard, and converted to Orthodoxism. However, her unhappy life after marriage made Caterina diligently study and learn the way of governing the country, serving Empress Elizabeth more diligently, and at the same time vigorously supported her confidants in the political circle and the army. On January 5, 1762, Elizabeth I passed away, and the crown prince Peter ascended the throne, for Peter III.
Russian third-stage country "Russian Empire"
This mediocre intellectually and has no feelings for Russia, a series of domestic and foreign policies implemented after Peter III came to power have caused dissatisfaction among all classes of society. On June 24 of the same year, with the support of the imperial guards of the palace, Caterina II launched a court coup to overthrow Peter III's rule. He took office as the Tsar on July 18, known in history as Caterina II. Caterina II was one of the two famous "Emperors" in Russian history, but when Caterina II came to power was in the turmoil in Russian history. After the death of the talented and stubborn Emperor Peter the Great, the Russian Empire fell into a period of chaos (1725-1762). In 37 years, Russia changed six tsars, causing domestic political instability and the development of the domestic economy was also seriously affected. In terms of foreign policy, both Empress Elizabeth and Peter III adopted a pro-Prussian policy, resulting in extreme isolation of Russia in Europe. Against this background, Catherine II made major adjustments in political, economic and foreign policy. Vigorously strengthen the autocratic system, centralization system and aristocratic privileges to stabilize the domestic situation.
Katerina II walked onto the throne with the body of her husband Peter III, becoming the second person in Russian history to be regarded as the "Great Emperor". She came to Russia empty-handedly, but expanded Russia's territory by 630,000 square kilometers.
During the 34-year reign of Catherine II, six large-scale foreign wars were launched. In conjunction with Prussia and Austria , he divided Poland three times, erasing Poland, a former Eastern European power, completely erased from the map. Two wars were launched against the Ottoman Empire and they won. It annexed the entire southern Ukraine and successively established cities such as Khlsson, Nikolayev, Odessa , and Yekaterinoslav (Russian "The Glory of Yekaterina", which is now Dnepropetrovsk). In the "Kuchuk-Kennaji Peace Treaty" signed with Turkey , it obtained the Black Sea coast, the Kimbern Peninsula, Yenikar Fortress, Kerch, Azov and other important places between the Dnieper River and the Bug River , and actually controlled the Crimean Khanate (formally annexed in 1783). It greatly damaged the once arrogant Ottoman Empire, and since then it became a sick husband of Siya who was at slaughtered, and won the Russian Romanov dynasty the coveted Black Sea estuary.
In the late 18th century, as the Russian Empire under the rule of Catherine II, it participated in more and more wars in Europe, and its national strength also increased to its peak.Ekaterina II: Alaska in North America and the Aleutian Islands in the Pacific belong to the territory of the Russian Empire. The Russian Empire became a super empire that spans Europe, Asia and the United States. In 1796, Ekaterina died. Her last words were: "If I could live to the age of 200, all Europe would be included in the territory of the Russian Empire. I want to establish a great empire including six capitals, which includes Petersburg , Berlin, Vienna, Paris, Constantinople, Alasthan, name my grandson Alexander. I hope he will build a great Russian empire across Europe and Asia like Alexander the Great in Macedonia.
Russian Empire Ekaterina II
is known as " European Savior”: Alexander I
In 1801 AD, after Paul I, the son of Caterina the Great, died in a palace mutiny, Paul I, the eldest son of Paul I, inherited the throne. At the beginning of Alexander I ascended the throne, continued the enlightened autocracy of his grandmother Caterina II. While continuing to suppress the great nobles and conquered political power, it also continued to allow liberal ideas to spread widely in Russia. Many industrialization and legalization constructions were carried out in Russia. Russia began to enter a prosperous era in many fields such as politics, economy, military and culture. Leading the anti-French alliance defeated Napoleon I of the French Bonaparte dynasty twice, destroying and conquering most of Europe, French Empire , saving the entire Europe, and was respected as "European Savior" The titles of Lord and "Sacred King" are the only monarch in the world history who has been known as the savior.
1825, Alexander I, who reigned for 24 years at the age of 48, died of illness. Because Alexander I had no descendants, Paul I, the third son of Paul I, and Alexander I, the younger brother of Alexander I, inherited the throne. During the reign of Nicholas I, the enlightened and authoritarian tyranny of his grandmother Caterina II, was the Russian farmer. The survival of the people and serfs worsened, so national strength began to decline. Although the December uprising against the autocratic rule of the Romanov dynasty broke out during the period, it was suppressed by Nicholas I, while Western European countries have taken a new step forward due to the industrial revolution and bourgeois revolution. In 1855, Nicholas I and many European countries competed for the territory of Asia Minor. The Mia War was defeated by the British and French coalition forces. The various miserable situations of the defeat were sent to the palace of St. Petersburg one after another. The national strength was severely damaged. During the war, Nicholas I, who was ill in bed, stopped all treatment because he could not face the painful failure, and eventually died of suicide in the bed in disguise. He was 59 years old and reigned for 30 years.
defeated Napoleon Later Russia called itself the "European military police"
pioneer of Russia's modernization: Alexander II
In 1855 AD, after Nicholas I's death, his eldest son Alexander II inherited the throne and became the twelfth emperor of the Russian Romanov dynasty and the 16th Tsar of the Russian Romanov dynasty. After Alexander II ascended the throne, he immediately reached a peace agreement with Britain and France, and then began to carry out bourgeois modernization reforms at home, abolishing the serf system that seriously hindered Russia's development, which was known in history as the "Russian serf reform." At the same time, reforming the judicial system, establishing local autonomous conferences, and beginning to develop a modern education system, as well as reforming Russia's military system, promoting Russia's modern development from all aspects and trying to strive to catch up with the development pace of Western European countries. Alexander II received a good military and cultural education since childhood. Proficient in 4 foreign languages and many subjects, including mathematics, physics, geography, history, Orthodox theology, political economy, law, etc., he has the richest knowledge reserves among all tsars. He is also the Tsar who seized the most Chinese territory in Russian history.
During the reign of Alexander II, during China's Second Opium War from 1858 to 1860, he lured and coerced the Qing government to sign the Sino-Russia Aihui Treaty and the Sino-Russia Beijing Treaty, and occupied more than 1 million square kilometers of land in northeast China. The establishment of the Far East Governor's Office in Vladivostok completely made China lose its estuary in the Sea of Japan.Through the "China-Russia Discussion on the Northwest Boundary", 440,000 square kilometers of land in northwest China were also occupied. From 1864 to 1865, more than 1.6 million square kilometers of land were conquered in the three Khanate countries of Kokhan, Bukhara and Shiva in Central Asia. Send troops to suppress the Great Polish uprising and demote the Kingdom of Poland to a province in Russia. Through the Caucasus War, the Caucasus region was completely incorporated into the Russian territory.
1873 formed the "Three Emperors Alliance" with Prussia and Austro-Hungarian Empire . On April 12, 1877, the Russian-Turkey War broke out again. After Russia defeated, it signed the Treaty of San Stefano with Türkiye. It has made Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina autonomous, Serbia, Montenegro and Romania independent, and also gained a large swath of Türkiye's territory. During this period, 1.5 million square kilometers of land in Alaska were sold to the United States for $7.2 million. While Alexander II's reforms and war were successful, it also inspired domestic conflicts, and some underground revolutionary organizations opposed to the autocratic rule of the Romanov dynasty emerged. On March 13, 1881, Alexander II prepared to sign a decree to announce the reorganization of the National Committee and initiate the constitutional monarchy reform of Russia. Alexander II was assassinated by a member of the People's Party among the revolutionaries when he inspected the streets of St. Petersburg.
Russian modernization pioneer Alexander II
1881, after Alexander II was assassinated, his second son Alexander III inherited the throne. During Alexander III's reign, various social contradictions in Russia continued to deteriorate. Because his father Alexander II was assassinated by revolutionaries, he hated the revolution and severely suppressed it, which made the Russians determined to completely overthrow the autocratic Romanov dynasty. In 1894, 49-year-old Alexander III died unexpectedly in a train derailment accident. His eldest son Nicholas II became the first Romanov dynasty in Russia. Fourteen emperors who were also the devastated nation, both internal and external affairs failed during the reign of Nicholas II. The feudal autocratic rule in internal affairs seriously hindered Russia's development. The loss of troops in diplomacy would seriously damage Russia's national strength, resulting in the February Revolution in Russia in 1917 AD and overthrew the Romanov dynasty. He was forced to abdicate and was placed under house arrest until the outbreak of the October Revolution the following year, all of which were executed by the revolutionaries, including the queen and four daughters and one son, were shot and shot by the revolutionaries at the age of 50 and reigned for 23 years. At this point, the 18th monarch, the Romanov dynasty, which had a 304-year reign, was overthrown, and the Russian monarchy ended.
