1945 On August 28, Yan'an Airport, there were several planes parked on , and thousands of people were gradually gathered next to the airport.
Although they were in a hurry and anxious, the entire airport was very quiet. No one cheered, no one shouted, and no one applauded, even if they were facing Chairman Mao .
Mao Zedong arrived in Chongqing and walked out of the plane, waved
Chairman Mao was going to Chongqing to negotiate with Chiang Kai-shek spread wildly. Everyone knew Chiang Kai-shek's behavior very well, and the people of the party and government organs naturally knew it, so they were very worried about whether Chairman Mao could ensure safety when he went there. Therefore, everyone came to the airport to see Chairman Mao farewell.
Chairman Mao saw so many people smiling at him, so he waved to the people. Chairman Mao used his own way to tell everyone not to worry about himself. Going to Chongqing will inevitably bring the fruits of the talks.
But Chongqing negotiations did not go as smoothly as Chairman Mao expected. After encountering many difficulties, Chairman Mao finally escaped unscathed, but Chiang Kai-shek wrote in his diary: "I predict that Mao will not succeed."
Chiang Kai-shek
Why did Chiang Kai-shek make this judgment? What happened during the Chongqing negotiations?
1. The performance of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party in the late stage of the War of Resistance Against Japan
1945, news of the surrender of the Japanese invaders spread throughout China.
The Communist Party of China, far away in Yan'an, also learned this huge good news through the radio. At the same time, Chiang Kai-shek was also very excited. The Japanese army had occupied the land of China for so many years, and they had seized countless resources and wealth. Now that Japan has officially withdrew from the Chinese stage and returned to their small country, this is an exciting news.
000008-14 Xinhua Daily, outside the Xinhua Daily, August 14, 1945 "Japan accepts the terms of surrender"
But Chiang Kai-shek was very excited and thought of another problem, that is, Although the Japanese withdrew from the Chinese stage, the people and armed forces led by the Communist Party of China have become his major concerns.
During the War of Resistance Against Japan, Chiang Kai-shek once issued a non-resistance order that the troops of the national army repeatedly retreated south, causing many people's grievances.
But although the Communist Party was still relatively weak at that time, they had always insisted on opening up battlefields in bases behind enemy lines, insisted on fighting against the Japanese army, and even met the Kuomintang and smiled and wiped out their grudges, just to join forces with them to fight against foreign enemies.
The Communist Party dared to give up the hatred of the first breakup of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, which made the people see the Communist Party’s mind. In the later anti-Japanese performance, the people also saw the strength of fighting within the Communist Party, so the people's hearts began to gradually fall into the Communist Party.
Chiang Kai-shek
This is the result that Chiang Kai-shek was most reluctant to see. After all, it is well known that he wants dictatorial . It is obvious to all how he gradually became a Kuomintang soldier and a leader of the Kuomintang. He has done step by step the power struggle, the party's struggle against differences and the military power struggle. Nowadays, the dream of a dictatorship is near, and with Chiang Kai-shek's character, it is absolutely impossible for him to give up the benefits he has obtained to our party.
However, at this time, he imagined that he would clean up the Communist Party like the first time the Kuomintang and the Communist Party cooperated with . After all, the Communist Party is no longer the naive party of the day. In the late period of the Anti-Japanese War, the Communist Party of China had become a leading and organized mature party. The most important thing is that they have the weapon of the people.
Chairman Mao
Chiang Kai-shek also knew the deterrent power of the Communist Party, so he issued an order for his spy chief to collect intelligence, based on the situation returned by Dai Li and . As of early August 1945, the Communist Party organizations had spread across 23 provinces and cities, with nearly 1.2 million party members. The Communist Party directly controlled 19 territories and a population of about 100 million. In addition, it also had 1.2 million regular troops and 2.2 million militias. The numbers like
made Chiang Kai-shek very shocked, but after being shocked, Chiang Kai-shek was even more fortunate. He always believed that these people were mobs and were not worth worrying about. He held a direct army and a serious officer from Huangpu. It was effortless to attack these mobs.
Chiang Kai-shek inspects the army
It has to be said that Chiang Kai-shek's contempt of the CCP ended. During the first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, Chiang Kai-shek created white terror in the country and cleaned up many Communist Party members. In the late period of the Anti-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek retained his vision and still looked down on the already mature Communist Party of China.
So, timing is particularly important. The War of Resistance Against Japan has ended, and the whole world is watching what kind of chess will take next. After repeated discussions, the Kuomintang began to invite the CCP to attend the meeting in Chongqing, with the goal of defending domestic peace and democracy and building a country with bright and promising nation.
Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling
Although Chiang Kai-shek sent this invitation to the CCP, the CCP was full of worries. With the first experience of cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, everyone knows that Chiang Kai-shek is not a good person. At this time, and they invited the top leaders of the Communist Party of China to go to Chongqing for negotiations, but they were just covering up their eyes and buying time for themselves to launch the civil war.
What's more, Chiang Kai-shek also put a hat on the CCP. If he didn't come to Chongqing for negotiations, then the CCP leaders are deliberately destroying peace and destroying democracy in the hearts of the people. Therefore, Chiang Kai-shek's move actually put Premier Zhou, Chairman Mao and others on the fire, forcing everyone to make a choice.
Chairman Mao and Zhou Enlai were photographed in front of the cave in Yan'an, northern Shaanxi
Facing Chiang Kai-shek's plan, Chairman Mao smoked cigarettes one by one. The Ren Bishi and Wang Ruofei next to them were both very worried. They were not afraid of going to Chongqing to negotiate, but were worried about Chairman Mao’s personal safety. After all, the example of Chiang Kai-shek killing his own people and purgeing the left side of the Kuomintang is still in front of him. If Chairman Mao went alone, he might be captured by Chiang Kai-shek.
But Chairman Mao believes that this is the time when the Chinese Communists express their determination to the people. If they don’t go, wouldn’t they be hit by Chiang Kai-shek’s routine? Moreover, his idea was also supported by Zhu De. Zhu De said that if Chairman Mao went, he would do his best to protect Chairman Mao's safety.
Chairman Mao and Zhu De
"Peace is never something that people will give you, Chiang Kai-shek Since we want us to negotiate with him, then we will go." Chairman Mao's usual heroism and optimism infected everyone. After research and decision by the leaders of the Communist Party of China, in the end, consisted of Wang Ruofei, Premier Zhou and Chairman Mao to meet with Chiang Kai-shek.
So, when party and government organs and people at all levels in Yan'an heard the news, they stopped in front of the airport and watched Chairman Mao get on the plane with their own eyes. The reluctance and concern in their hearts were obvious.
Huerli and Zhang Zhizhong went to Yan'an to welcome Chairman Mao Zedong to take a special plane to Chongqing for negotiations.
2. The highly anticipated Chongqing negotiations
The public's worries and concerns are not unreasonable. After all, Chiang Kai-shek's treacherous and stingy are well-known. But this time he didn't dare to do anything on the plane, because the Soviet Union and the United States were staring at Chiang Kai-shek at this time. He didn't want any mistakes to happen when he reshape his image after the war.
When Chairman Mao's plane landed on Chiang Kai-shek's airport, most of the Kuomintang officers had been waiting for a long time. Chairman Mao and the other three were warmly welcomed and were then arranged to the residence of Chiang Kai-shek's military command.
During the Chongqing negotiations, Chairman Mao Zedong was invited to attend the reception tea party
At 4 pm on August 29, Chiang Kai-shek personally came to Chairman Mao and Premier Zhou's residence . Their meeting this time was not a formal talk, only their two sides' narrative about 220 minutes. The content was completed just a list of talks between the two sides.
After this brief meeting, Chiang Kai-shek wrote in his diary: "We are determined to take it sincerely for Mao Zedong's policy of calling to Chongqing. Politics and military should be resolved in a whole, but we are extremely tolerant of political requirements, and we do not arbitrarily with the strict unity of the military." It is not difficult to see from this sentence that Chiang Kai-shek did not intend to hold a big banquet for Chairman Mao, but he did not want to give in military affairs.
Chongqing Negotiation Chairman Mao and Chiang Kai-shek
Just as Chiang Kai-shek was still writing his diary slowly, Premier Zhou was inviting the main leaders of the Kuomintang to hold a small talk. However, during the talks, Premier Zhou found that KMT could not come up with an effective and mature plan , because this talk was unilaterally promoted by the Kuomintang, and they should be ready, but why do these KMT officers seem so unprepared?
In fact, this is easy to explain. Chiang Kai-shek was originally a fake peace and a real civil war. He never thought that Chairman Mao would come at his invitation, so his headquarters naturally did not prepare any venue plan.
Chairman Mao and Premier Zhou saw through Chiang Kai-shek's plan at a glance. They all felt that Chiang Kai-shek's character had become cunning to his bones.
Chairman Mao talked with guests at the tea party
In order not to let the CCP take a joke, Chiang Kai-shek ordered Chen Chengs to hold an emergency meeting at his official residence, because a plan must be come up. At that time, Chiang Kai-shek put forward an important point in his meeting at the official residence, that would not recognize the liberated areas, nor would he hand over all the military power to the CCP.
It can also be seen from this message that Chiang Kai-shek had no sincerity to promote this talk. The Communist Party at that time was the backbone of the Japanese invaders, but he didn't even want to let go of the Communist Party's People's Army.
At the same time, our party has also formulated terms and projects for the talks between the two sides. On September 3, Chairman Mao and Chiang Kai-shek had a private meeting.
During the Chongqing negotiations, Chairman Mao and Chiang Kai-shek took a photo
Chiang Kai-shek took the lead. He told Chairman Mao that What the country needs now is a stable and peaceful overall situation, because the War of Resistance Against Japan has intensified the internal friction in China, and the desire of the people is an urgent task. Therefore, it is imperative to establish a unified country. Chiang Kai-shek's words were very clever. He only expressed the people's desire for peace, but he hid another keyword, Democracy .
Chairman Mao quickly captured Chiang Kai-shek's scammers, and he responded seriously to Chiang Kai-shek: "Indeed, the country needs peace now, but democracy is also what people think. If the talks between the two parties can be successful, the CCP will also be happy to see it. But the most important thing is how to build an effective and democratic country that will prevent the people from suffering. "
In these words, Chairman Mao pointed out the key to the problem without shyness. In the confrontation, Chiang Kai-shek discovered that Chairman Mao was not simple.
Chairman Mao
3. Chairman Mao
Premier Zhou delivered the proposed bipartisan negotiation plan to the Kuomintang representatives to Chiang Kai-shek. After reading these Kuomintang leaders did not have more in-depth talks, and they were only temporarily put on the side. Most importantly, the two talks held by Chiang Kai-shek and Chairman Mao were extremely important.
During several talks, Chiang Kai-shek raised his most concerned issue several times, that is, Liberated Areas can no longer become Chairman Mao’s leadership area, and the CCP must also hand over its own military ownership and all its armed forces. Chiang Kai-shek also called it: "This is for the construction of the country in peace and reunification."
Chiang Kai-shek
Facing his remarks, Chairman Mao did not believe it, but corrected him righteously: "In order to promote domestic peace, New Fourth Army and Eighth Route Army have both adapted it. In order to fight against Japan, the CCP has made huge concessions. Now if the CCP abandons all its private armed forces and gives up, it is impossible to achieve it. Things. "
Even though Chairman Mao's attitude was so firm, Chiang Kai-shek still did not respond to him arrogantly. Later, he told Chen Bulei : "The CCP now leads only a mob, and my troops can attack him in one fell swoop."
From this point of view, Chiang Kai-shek still believes in his army very much. He believes that the people's armed forces led by Chairman Mao are scattered soldiers and raving brave men who cannot be on the surface, and the Huangpu generals he leads are ace troops that can defeat our army in one go.
So, after the talks, he immediately picked up his diary. He recorded it in the diary as follows: "I expected that Mao Zedong would not be able to succeed, and he would never escape my 'one-cover' (palm)!"
Chiang Kai-shek
From this sentence, it is not difficult to see that Chiang Kai-shek was very confident in his army, and even he believed that the troops he had could defeat Chairman Mao in one fell swoop, and Chairman Mao was just a person who could not succeed in his eyes.
After a series of talks, the Kuomintang-Communist negotiations, which lasted 3 days, finally came to an end after the signing of "Double Ten Agreement", , and the Kuomintang and the Communist Party held one copy respectively. While people were hoping that both the Kuomintang and the Communist Party would continue to implement this treaty, Chiang Kai-shek had already begun to prepare for the launch of a civil war.
You should know that Chiang Kai-shek never thought of governing the entire China with a democratic system. He even wrote in the order clause he issued to himself: "Mao is summoned by me." In Chiang Kai-shek's eyes, he seemed to be the helmsman of the Chinese nation, and it seemed that his Kuomintang was still the legal government of China.
October 11, 1945 Chairman Mao returned to Yan'an after the Chongqing negotiations
What he didn't know was that after he calmly sent away Chairman Mao's several people, the already unstable situation in China had undergone drastic changes.
Looking at the plane flying away, Chiang Kai-shek's heart began to feel a little turbulent. He didn't know whether it was right or wrong to invite Chairman Mao and sent him away peacefully this time. Perhaps he should turn this talk into a Hongmen Banquet to eliminate future troubles forever. Complex emotions kept surging in his heart.
After returning to the house, Chiang Kai-shek saw the " Qinyuan Chunxue " written by Chairman Mao during the talks. The heroism and optimism reflected in this poem shocked Chiang Kai-shek deeply. But he kept comforting himself, with nearly one million ace troops under his command, and it seemed more than enough to deal with the Communist army that had never been trained.
Chiang Kai-shek
Later, the War of Liberation broke out, and a million Liberation Army broke through the defense line of the Yangtze River with a destruction force, and Chiang Kai-shek was also cleared from the mainland.
