In the late Qing Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty, which was in charge of Beijing, faced two major hidden dangers: one was the Han bureaucrats who held military power in the south, and the other was the foreigners who were eyeing them overseas.
In order to protect the country, the Qing government spent real money to build a new army and wanted to use this army to maintain the rule of the Qing royal family.
But what is ridiculous is that the new recruits in the Qing Dynasty dug their own graves and finally drove the Qing emperor off the throne was the rule of the Beiyang New Army.
Yuan Shikai was the number one figure in China in the early years of the Republic of China and also had a very high status in the world, but he later wanted to be emperor and ruined his reputation.
Yuan Shikai's family was also one of the nobles of the Republic of China period. Relying on family connections and financial resources, the descendants of the Yuan family include politicians, literati, and scientists.
The world-renowned physicist Yuan Jialiu is Yuan Shikai's grandson.
Mr. Yuan Jialiu is a famous scientist in the international "high-energy physics" and the founder of China's "high-energy physics". In 1973, Yuan Jialiu took his wife to visit the motherland and was also warmly received by the central leaders.
In his later years, Yuan Jialiu visited China nine times and also served as a professor in higher education institutions such as University of Science and Technology of China. He not only helped China develop High-energy physics , but also promoted scientific cooperation between China and Europe and the United States, leaving an important one in the history of science in the Republic. Pen.
As Yuan Shikai's grandson, how did Yuan Jialiu grow into a world-renowned scientist? What did he do for China in his later years?
11. The father loves antiques, but his son loves physics
1 In 1912, Yuan Jialiu was born in Anyang, Henan. His father was Yuan Shikai's second son, one of the "Fourth Princes of the Republic of China" Yuan Kewen .
Yuan Kewen was born in Seoul, the capital of North Korea. Although his mother is a North Korean, Yuan Shikai treated Yuan Shikai no differently and still loved Yuan Kewen very much.
This young man studied with the great collector of the late Qing Dynasty, Fang Erqian, when he was a child. He was not only well-read in poetry and books, but also able to write calligraphy, draw Chinese paintings, and sing Kun District. He was named a talented man at that time.
Fang Erqian also taught Yuan Kewen his ability to appreciate antiques, making this young man famous in the Republic of China for his hobby of collecting.
But Yuan Kewen, who has been well-read indulged in his voice all his life. He has married 6 wives and concubines alone, and there are countless mistresses, about hundreds.
What is even more amazing is that Yuan Kewen has 7 children, most of whom are outstanding, especially Yuan Jialiu is outstanding.
In addition, Yuan Kewen was also unruly. When his father was named Yuan Shikai became emperor, Yuan Kewen wrote an article to express his opposition and was eventually placed under house arrest by his father. Later, Yuan Shikai died of illness, and Yuan Kewen took his family to settle in Tianjin.
After coming to Tianjin, his son Yuan Jialiu first studied at the Western school "Xinxue Academy" in Tianjin. This school was run by British missionaries and taught in English. Most of the people who come to school were high-ranking officials and nobles.
928, Yuan Jialiu was admitted to Tianjin University of Technology and Business , which is also a British school and is opened in the concession.
Two years later, Yuan Jialiu transferred to Yenching University in Beijing. Earlier, he studied engineering in Tianjin, and then to Yenjing University and then converted to physics. Yuan Jialiu's teacher was one of the most important physicists in China at that time - Xie Yuming .
Although Xie Yuming is not very famous today, he was very famous in China and the United States in the early 20th century.
Xie Yuming is from Fujian. He studied in the United States in the 1920s and studied under the Nobel Prize winner Michaelson. Later, he briefly returned to China to teach physics in the late 1920s. The reason why Yuan Jialiu went to Yanjing University to study was because of following Xie Yuming.
932, Yuan Jialiu graduated from Yanjing University. In the same year, Xie Yuming returned to the United States. Yuan Jialiu continued to study for a master's degree at Yenching University and obtained his master's degree in 1934.
During this period, Yuan Jialiu's father Yuan Kewen died, but Yuan Kewen was very famous in Beijing and Tianjin and made friends with various social celebrities. At that time, the president of Yanjing University, Stu Leiden, was a veteran of Yuan Kewen.
Thanks to this, Stuart Leiden specially helped Yuan Jialiu write a recommendation letter in 1936, asking Yuan Jialiu to study at the University of California, USA.
2. For the sake of scientific research, Yuan Jialiu became an American citizen
At that time, the Yuan family had already lost their family property. Yuan Kewen squandered his family property and had to sell antiques in his later years, and wrote for others to make money to support his family.
In order to let Yuan Jialiu study hard, Stu Leiden applied for a scholarship in the United States for him, which made Yuan Jialiu board a boat to California.
940, Yuan Jialiu obtained a Ph.D. in physics from the University of California and began to work as a researcher at the school. At that time, China's War of Resistance Against Japan was in full swing, and Chinese students such as Yuan Jialiu had the intention to serve the country, but they had nowhere to do so and could only continue to study their careers.
Later, Yuan Jialiu joined the American Radio Research Institute and helped the United States design the new radar during the war, which was also an indirect effort to the War of Resistance.
During his time in the United States, Yuan Jialiu also fell in love with the female physicist Wu Jianxiong, who is also an international student. The two became husband and wife in 1942.
. Yuan Jialiu's academic achievements mostly originated from the 1940s and 1950s, which was a scientist's grandfather.
html In the late 140s, Yuan Jialiu worked in Princeton University , Brookhaven Institute and other places. participated in the construction of the first "high-energy proton accelerator" of mankind, opening a new era in the field of high-energy physics.
His wife Wu Jianxiong has a more special identity. She is the only woman in the "Manhattan Project" in the United States and has made great contributions to nuclear physics.
949 After the founding of New China, Chinese scientists in the United States returned to China one after another, and the United States did not block it at the beginning.
But since 1950, the outbreak of Korean War changed the attitude of the United States. In 1953, the relationship between the United States and the New China fell to freezing point, and the United States began to block China.
At this time, the United States forced Chinese scientists in the United States to "take a side" and restrict them from returning to the mainland, and asked them to give up their Chinese nationality and become American citizen.
Scientists such as Qian Xuesen insisted on returning to China, but ended up being under house arrest in the United States. The scientific community complained a lot but it was useless.
As for scientists such as Yang Zhenning , Yuan Jialiu and Wu Jianxiong, they did not choose to return to China at that time, and they had their own difficulties.
Yang Zhenning is a theoretical physicist . His major in that era only had a future in developed societies like the West. At this time, the New China was poor and deserted, without equipment and scientific research environment, so Yang Zhenning was unable to help when he returned to China, and delayed himself.
Yuan Jialiu's situation is similar. His high-energy physics relies very much on advanced equipment and needs to observe data from the equipment for research. Not to mention China, even Europe did not have this equipment, so if Yuan Jialiu wanted to continue scientific research, he could only stay in the United States.
954, Yuan Jialiu and his wife were forced to become American citizen and lived in North America for a long time. Although he lives in the United States, Yuan Jialiu has never forgotten his motherland.
htmlIn the 150s, Yuan Jialiu and his wife actively helped Chinese scientists who wanted to return to the mainland.
Yuan Jialiu is very famous at home and abroad. Later, Yuan Jialiu, as a representative of the American high-energy physics community, communicates around the world, often actively contacting the Chinese scientific community and foreign scientists to communicate, helping the New China restore its position in the international scientific community.
3. Help China develop science and technology, Yuan Jialiu is in charge of Qianqiu
As early as the 1950s, Mr. Yuan Jialiu had contact with the Chinese scientific community, but never returned to China. It was not until the 1970s that he was able to return to mainland China.
This opportunity was in 1972. Yuan Jialiu visited Switzerland and happened to meet a delegation of Chinese scientists.
At that time, Switzerland was conducting a nuclear physics exchange meeting. Mr. Yuan Jialiu enthusiastically attended the meeting with the Chinese delegation and also had a conversation with the Chinese delegation leader - Tsinghua Principal Zhang Wei .
Then, Yuan Jialiu asked Zhang Wei to forward a letter to the New China government to express his longing for his motherland and hope to visit China.
1973, the Chinese government invited Yuan Jialiu and his wife to visit China. Yuan Jialiu and Wu Jianxiong came to China in the autumn of that year and traveled all over the north and south of China.
The main purpose of Yuan Jialiu's trip was to visit his relatives in China. Dozens of brothers and nephews of the Yuan family lived in China, and the family has not been reunited for nearly half a century.
After reading relatives, Yuan Jialiu and his wife were received by Premier Zhou in Great Hall of the People . Premier Zhou said:
"The Yuan family is extraordinary in China. There are three 'bigs'. Your grandfather Yuan Shikai is a politician, and your father Yuan Kewen is Literary, you are a scientist, and each generation is stronger than the other." After the meeting in Beijing, Mr. Yuan Jialiu went to Shanghai and gave an academic lecture at Fudan University .
At the same time, Academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences Lu Hefu and Yuan Jialiu and his wife had a conversation and told him about the dilemma of China's lack of atomic energy research equipment at that time. The equipment in the past was supported by the Soviet Union, and the Sino-Soviets lost its source after the Sino-Soviets got into evil.
htmlIn the 170s, China and the West had eased relations, so they hoped that Europe or the United States could export some nuclear physics equipment. Lu Hefu asked Mr. Yuan Jialiu to help clear it.
Yuan Jialiu happily agreed to this request. After he arrived in Europe, he worked tirelessly in Britain, France, Switzerland and other countries, allowing the Atomic Energy Agency of various countries to export equipment to China.
The year after Yuan Jialiu visited the motherland, the advanced facilities of Western Europe were sent to China. This was the first batch of world-class advanced equipment obtained by China in the 1950s, greatly improving the level of China's nuclear physics undertaking.
1977, Yuan Jialiu and his wife visited the motherland with their son. This time they met Academician Lu Hefu again and reached an agreement on the future academic exchanges between China and the United States.
1979, China and the United States officially established diplomatic relations. Yuan Jialiu promoted the visit of the American high-energy physics community to China and held talks with Chinese scientists in Beijing. This was the first exchange between the Chinese and American academic communities after the founding of New China.
In the same year, Yuan Jialiu became a member of the China Institute of High Energy Physics Committee and began to spread his knowledge back to China.
html After the 180s, Yuan Jialiu served as an honorary professor at the University of Science and Technology of China, Nankai University , and Nanjing University . He conducted academic exchanges with the Chinese academic community in the form of lectures, and gave advice to universities on issues such as discipline design and research direction.
In his later years, Mr. Yuan Jialiu took the revitalization of Chinese science and technology as his task. He and his wife often operated in China. It was not until Ms. Wu Jianxiong's death in 1997 that Yuan Jialiu gradually faded out of the front line.
In 2003, Yuan Jialiu died in Beijing at the age of 91. During his lifetime, he spent most of his time in the United States. After his death, Yuan Jialiu hoped to be buried with his wife Wu Jianxiong at Mingde School in Taicang, Jiangsu.
Now in the corner of Taicang Mingde School, there is the joint burial cemetery of Wu Jianxiong and Yuan Jialiu. The contributions made by these two overseas returnee scientists to China will be remembered forever in history.
text/Business Wild
Reference materials:
, "Wu Jianxiong and Yuan Jialiu: Witnessing the Deep Love of a Couple in 55 Years", Jia Mengying
, "Wu Jianxiong and Yuan Jialiu in the World Science Hall", Lingding Nian
