Ethnic relations in ancient Yunnan are an important part of ethnic relations in ancient China, and are a relationship between parts and the whole. Due to the characteristics of Yunnan's own historical development, the interaction between Yunnan and the mainland of the motherland,

The ethnic relations in ancient Yunnan are an important part of the ethnic relations in ancient China. It is a relationship between the part and the whole.

Due to the characteristics of Yunnan's own historical development, the interaction between Yunnan and the mainland of the motherland, the interaction between Yunnan and surrounding provinces and regions, and the linkage between Yunnan and surrounding countries, ethnic relations in ancient Yunnan have commonalities with ethnic relations in other regions, and at the same time have their own individual characteristics. .

On the whole, it can be divided into two types of ethnic relations: friendly and harmonious and conflicting; three major characteristics: harmonious ethnic relations, complex ethnic relations, and close and harmonious relations between Han people and ethnic minorities; harmonious coexistence and cohesion of pluralism China's close relationship and interdependent complementary cooperation pattern.

1. Types of ethnic relations in ancient Yunnan

1. Politically friendly and harmonious ethnic relations

In politics, the friendly and harmonious ethnic relations in ancient Yunnan mainly refer to political affiliation and political participation, as well as the establishment of peace treaties and tribute relationships.

This kind of political friendly and harmonious relationship is established in friendly harmony and conflicts. It is not a simple friendly and harmonious relationship. This is one of the important manifestations in terms of establishing political belonging and political rule.

Among them, county officials and provincial officials effectively govern the ethnic areas in Yunnan, promoting the development of politically friendly and harmonious ethnic relations. The

dynasty used military conquest to force the various ethnic groups in Yunnan to surrender and established county governance and provinces in Yunnan, bringing Yunnan under the control of the central government. Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty opened the border to Yunnan, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty has successively forced some ethnic groups in Yunnan to establish political and ethnic relations with the Han Dynasty through wars and military conquests, while other ethnic groups were forced by the military of the Han Dynasty. Although

did not experience a war, it also established political rule and political affiliation with the Han Dynasty. This shows that there are contradictions and conflicts in friendship and harmony, such as the attachment of the Dian King. The Dian King was under strong military pressure from the Han Dynasty and took the initiative to surrender. , please set up counties.

This kind of surrender due to military pressure occurred in all dynasties from the Western Han down to the Qing Dynasty. For example, the Geng family in the two Jin Dynasties surrendered under the pressure of the Western Jin , and the Shao family was forced to surrender under pressure from the Sui and Tang dynasties. The Naxi people surrendered voluntarily due to pressure from the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty. When the Ming and Qing Dynasties conquered Yunnan, some ethnic groups in Yunnan voluntarily surrendered.

These are a kind of friendly and harmonious political ethnic relations in terms of political affiliation and political rule established between the dynasty state and the Yunnan ethnic groups, that is, between the ruling ethnic groups and the ruled ethnic groups. In addition, the Nanzhao regime and the Tang Dynasty moved toward alliance and alliance amid conflicts.

After Nanzhao unified Yunnan, the conflicts with the Tang Dynasty became more and more serious due to the needs of their respective interests. The Tang Dynasty took the initiative to attack Nanzhao Tianbao War and Nanzhao took the initiative to attack the Tang Dynasty. The conflicts between the two sides occurred. The conflict is sharp.

Finally, due to the need to jointly oppose Tubo , Nanzhao and the Tang Dynasty moved towards unity, held the Zhenyuan League, resolved ethnic contradictions and conflicts through a peace treaty, and re-established friendly and harmonious ethnic relations.

2. Various ethnic groups in Yunnan resisted the brutal political rule of the state political machine.

During the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, counties and counties were established in Yunnan, and Yunnan ethnic minorities and Han people were included in the ruling system of the state power.

Due to the cruel rule of county officials, Han Dynasty border management problems occurred, which led to uprisings of various ethnic groups in Yunnan from the Western Han Dynasty to Eastern Han , and resisted the central dynasty's rule of counties and counties in Yunnan.

During the Shu Han period, with the development of the Da surname forces and the Yishuai forces, the Da surnames began to seek independence and separatism, intensifying their political contradictions and conflicts with the Shu Han regime. Finally, under the military conquest of the Shu Han regime, the Shu Han regime restored its control over all ethnic groups in Yunnan. political rule.

Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, with the decline of the power of the central dynasty and the rise of the power of large surnames and ethnic minorities, the political rule of the central dynasty over various ethnic groups in Yunnan has continued to decline.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, with the growth of the power of the central dynasty, the system of prefectures, counties and Ji Mi was reused to strengthen the political rule over the various ethnic groups in Yunnan.

to During the Tang Xuanzong period, with the growth of Nanzhao's power, the contradictions and conflicts between Tang and Zhao intensified, and gradually evolved into Nanzhao's struggle for independence.

In the late Nanzhao period, the political struggle between several major forces formed within the Nanzhao Kingdom , and eventually experienced several short-lived regimes. This was the result of the internal political struggle in Nanzhao.

In the later period of Dali Kingdom , feudal lords such as Gao and Yang fought against each other, which severely weakened Dali's political rule over them and intensified their political contradictions and conflicts with Dali. Finally, the Gao family was in political conflict with Dali. In the process, the Gao family established "Greater China". In the post-Dali period, the king of Dali was controlled by the Gao family. At the same time, political competition within the Gao family also intensified. Weaker.

2. Management of the Yunnan-Guizhou region in the Ming Dynasty

1, implementing policies of gentleness and appeasement, and implementing the chieftain system

In order to quickly control the southwest ethnic minority areas and unify the country, the early Ming Dynasty implemented the chieftain system in the southwest ethnic minority areas following the Yuan Dynasty story.

However, due to the inherent separatist nature of the chieftains, they did not meet the needs of the development of a unified multi-ethnic country. Therefore, after the Ming Dynasty rulers stabilized their rule, they gradually took measures to implement the policy of reforming native land and returning natives to the minority areas in the southwest. .

The policy of gentleness and appeasement was the main policy implemented by the Ming Dynasty in its management of the Yunnan-Guizhou region. The Yunnan-Guizhou region is where my country's ethnic minorities live, with steep mountains and complex ethnic groups. Starting from the Qin and Han dynasties, the autocratic dynasties of all dynasties implemented the Ji Mi system here, and the Yuan Dynasty implemented the chieftain system on this basis. Tusi has deep roots in this area. For example, Tusi in Sinan, sizhou, and Shuixi in Guizhou have hundreds of years of history and have strong economic and military strength.

In order to bring the Yunnan-Guizhou region into the central management system, the Ming Dynasty adopted a policy of tolerance and appeasement, and implemented measures to win over and restrain the leaders of the ethnic minorities in the Yunnan-Guizhou region to achieve effective control over the Yunnan-Guizhou region.

2. Implementing the policy of "using barbarians to control barbarians"

The so-called "using barbarians to control barbarians", Mao Qiling said: "Use barbarians to control barbarians, that is, use barbarians to attack barbarians." Between the rivers and the rivers, when a sneak attack occurs, it is easy for us to recruit others. Therefore, the method of controlling the native soldiers was established, and those who discussed the great expedition were all wolf soldiers and native soldiers, "

" using barbarians to control barbarians. "Attack the barbarians" was the traditional policy of the central government in ancient my country to govern the border minority groups. The Ming government implemented it as an important policy when governing the Yunnan-Guizhou region.

The Ming government's policy of "using barbarians to control barbarians" in the Yunnan-Guizhou region was first manifested in the requisition of local soldiers when suppressing the rebellion of chieftains, and the use of surrendered soldiers to deal with those who had surrendered.

The implementation of the chieftain system is a strategic policy adopted by the Ming Dynasty to manage the Yunnan-Guizhou region based on its political, economic, complex ethnic conditions and geographical environment. It is an important policy implemented by the Ming Dynasty in the Yunnan-Guizhou ethnic minority areas. , played an important role in developing local areas and consolidating the rule of the Ming Central Committee in the Yunnan-Guizhou region.

3. The Yunnan-Guizhou region of the Qing Dynasty fought against the imperial court

1. Trouble occurred in the Miao territory in the Yunnan-Guizhou region

Since the Yunnan-Guizhou region was located on the border, the imperial court was beyond its reach to monitor the chieftains. The chieftain took this opportunity to continuously expand his sphere of influence, and even strengthened his own strength by collecting more money and food, forming a situation where he could not lose his power and compete with the imperial court.

The "life world" of Miao territory in Guizhou contained many social problems, which began to arouse the vigilance of the Qing court during the Yongzheng period. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, most of the Miao people in the southwest were under the rule of chieftains or officials. This part of the Miao people is called "ripe Miao" in historical records.

Those foreign Miao people are called "shengmiao", and the places where "shengmiao" live together are called the "shengming world" of Miao territory in academic circles.

In the early Qing Dynasty, the remaining Miao border "biosphere" in Guizhou mainly included three parts: the Miao growing area in northeastern Guizhou, the Miao growing area in southeastern Guizhou, and the Miao growing area in central and southern Guizhou. In the early Qing Dynasty, due to the unstable political situation, the Qing government was unable to control the Miao growing area. The tentacles go deep into these areas, and some seedling areas are even supervised by the surrounding chieftains.

Local officials in the Qing Dynasty were very dissatisfied with the situation of murder and plundering, cannibalism, constant fighting, and confrontation with the government in the Miao territory. Thus strengthening the rule over the Miao border areas.

2. The Qing government’s policy on governing the Yunnan-Guizhou region

The Central Plains dynasty before the Yuan Dynasty held a contemptuous and hostile attitude towards the border barbarians and kept a considerable distance from them.

After the Han and Jin Dynasties, the Yunnan-Guizhou and other border minority areas were governed by Jimo rule. In the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, the obvious hostility and alienation towards the frontier barbarians gradually turned into limited credit and active transformation. In addition, from the past, the general view of barbarians as strange and rebellious barbarians or docile barbarians has changed to distinguishing between "acquainted barbarians" and "born barbarians" among barbarians, and adopting different governance strategies.

In traditional society, the goal of social control is determined based on the vested interests of the ruling group. As a traditional society in the Qing Dynasty, the social control goal of its rulers was to ensure social stability and long-term peace. Only in this way can the vested interests of the feudal ruling group be guaranteed. Benefits are not lost.

Faced with the increasingly complex and severe toast problem in the Yunnan-Guizhou region, the monarchs and ministers of the Qing Dynasty did not wait and see. Instead, they adopted a series of countermeasures and measures to try to guide, adjust, alleviate or even prevent the toast problem from developing in a direction that was not beneficial to them.

In terms of social control methods and strategies, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty adopted a multi-pronged strategy of combining hard control and soft control, feedforward control, repressive control, institutional control, legal control, and educational control. To a certain extent to adjust and alleviate the increasingly severe ethnic problems.

Conclusion:

The process of adjusting ethnic relations in the Yunnan-Guizhou region is extremely long and tortuous. In order to effectively adjust the relationship between the Central Plains dynasties and the border ethnic areas, the ancient Central Plains dynasties successively formed the "five-server" or "nine-server", " These thoughts and systems include strategic thoughts and systems such as "Great Unification", " Discrimination between Yi and Xia", "Guide the Middle and Rule the Border", "Guard the Four Barbarians", "Contain the Policies of Controlling Mi", "Use Barbarians to Rule Barbarians". Throughout the Central Plains Dynasty's strategy and practice of border governance.

Under the guidance of the national border management strategy, from the time when the Han Dynasty formally incorporated Yunnan into the national political system and the Qing Dynasty for more than a thousand years, successive Central Plains dynasties have always attached great importance to the relationship with the ethnic minority areas in the border areas of Yunnan, and their influence on Yunnan and Guizhou It was a difficult process to carry out development and construction in the region and adjust the relationship with the Yunnan-Guizhou region with the times. Fortunately, in the end, Yunnan and Guizhou have now become part of China's territory.

References:

"Historical Records" "History of the Ming Dynasty"