The Song Dynasty (960-1279) was the dynasty in Chinese history that succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms and the Yuan Dynasty. It was divided into two stages: Northern Song and Southern Song . It experienced eighteen emperors and enjoyed the country for 310 years. Nine years.
Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin (March 21, 927 - November 14, 976), nicknamed Xianghaier . Zhuojun was born in Jiamaying, Luoyang (now Dongguan, Zhanghe District, Luoyang City, Henan Province). From the Five Dynasties to the early Northern Song Dynasty, he was a military strategist, politician, and strategist, and the founding emperor of the Song Dynasty (reigned from February 4, 960 to November 14, 976). The second son of Zhao Hongyin (Xuanzu of Song Dynasty), the commander of the Protector of the Holy Capital in the Later Zhou Dynasty, his mother was Du Shi (Empress Dowager Zhaoxian).
(1) Early experience : Zhao Kuangyin was born in a military family. His grandfather Zhao Jing served as governor of Ying, Ji and Zhuo prefectures. Zhao Kuangyin was the second son of Zhao Hongyin (Xuanzu of Song Dynasty).
In the early years of the Later Han Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin traveled around and lived in a temple in Xiangyang. He was persuaded by an old monk who was proficient in mathematics to set out to the north and joined the Privy Council of the Later Han Dynasty Guo Wei Zhang. Next, he followed Guo Wei to conquer the rebellion of Li Shouzhen, the Jiedushi envoy in the middle of the river, and made many military exploits.
In the first year of Guangshun (951), Guo Wei proclaimed himself emperor, and in the later Zhou Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin was appointed as the leader of the East and West Troops and paid homage to Huazhou as deputy commander. Guangshun three years (953), Guo Wei's adopted son Chai Rong ( Later Zhou Shizong ) became Kaifeng Prefecture Yin, and Zhao Kuangyin was transferred to Kaifeng Prefecture Ma Zhijun envoy.
(2) Repeated military exploits : In the first year of Xiande (954), Chai Rong ascended the throne and promoted Zhao Kuangyin to take charge of the Imperial Army. In this year, the allied forces of the Northern Han and Khitan invaded, and Chai Rong Yujia went on a personal expedition and encountered the Northern Han army at Bagongyuan (today's Bagong Town, Jincheng, Shanxi) south of Gaoping, Zezhou. When the war started, the right armies Fan Aineng and He Hui were defeated without fighting, and the situation was very critical. At this juncture, Zhao Kuangyin raised his arms and shouted: "Your Majesty is in danger, we will fight to the death!" He also asked the Forbidden Army general Zhang Yongde to lead the archers to seize the high ground on the left. Zhao and Zhang each led two thousand elite troops to attack from both sides and fight to the death. With Chai Rong personally supervising the battle, their morale was greatly boosted and they finally defeated the Northern Han army. Zhao Kuangyin and his army took advantage of the victory to attack Taiyuan, the capital of the Northern Han Dynasty. They burned the city gate and was shot in the left arm by a stray arrow. Chai Rong stopped him from attacking the city again. After returning to the army, Zhao Kuangyin was appointed as the Marquis of Yu, the capital in front of the palace, and the governor of Yanzhou (now Southeast of Laibin, Guangxi, which was under the jurisdiction of the Southern Han Dynasty at that time). Although he had an additional title, he was already a mid-level and senior general. In October, he was promoted to the defense envoy of Yongzhou (now Yongzhou, Hunan, which was under the jurisdiction of Wuping Army at that time).
Zhao Kuangyin, as the deputy chief of the Dianqian Division, participated in Chai Rong's reorganization of the Dianqian Division and established new squads under the Dianqian Division as well as Long Jie (horse army), Hu Jie (infantry army), Tieqi, Konghe, etc. The Forbidden Army, the Imperial Army under the Dianqian Division became the most elite army in the Later Zhou Dynasty. Although the status of the Palace Front Division was lower than that of the Imperial Guards Division, which was in charge of most of the Forbidden Army, the Imperial Guards under its jurisdiction were the emperor's personal guards, and Zhao Kuangyin became one of Chai Rong's trusted generals.
In the spring of the third year of Xiande (956), Zhao Kuangyin followed Chai Rong in the expedition to Huainan. In the first battle, he defeated more than 10,000 Southern Tang troops at Wokou (now northeast of Huaiyuan, Anhui), and beheaded Southern Tang Military Supervisor He Yanxi and others. The Southern Tang Dynasty Fenghua Army Jiedushi Huangfu Hui and Changzhou regiment training envoy Yao Feng led an army of 150,000, which was stationed in Qingliu Pass (now the middle section of Guanshan in the western suburbs of Chuzhou, Anhui). Zhao Kuangyin led his army to defeat them. Zhao Kuangyin chased him to the city. Huangfuhui asked him to set up a formation for a decisive victory. Zhao Kuangyin agreed with a smile. Huangfu Hui set up a formation and went out to fight. Zhao Kuangyin rushed into the Southern Tang formation with his horse's neck in his arms, chopped off Huangfu Hui's head, and captured him together with Yao Feng.
In the spring of the fourth year of Xiande (957), Zhao Kuangyin followed Chai Rong on an expedition to Shouchun, conquered Lianzhu Village, and took advantage of the momentum to capture Shouzhou. After returning to the army, Chai Rong worshiped him as the military governor of the Yicheng Army and the chief inspector of the school, and he still served as the commander of the capital in front of the palace. In the winter of this year, Zhao Kuangyin followed Chai Rong in the expedition against Haozhou and Sizhou, acting as a vanguard. In the sixth year of Xiande (959), Chai Rong went on the Northern Expedition, and Zhao Kuangyin was in charge of the land and water deployment. Arriving at Mozhou, they first went to Waqiao Pass , where the guard Yao Neibin surrendered; then they repelled thousands of Khitan cavalry, and Guannan was pacified.On the march, Chai Rong reviewed the documents submitted from various places and got a leather bag. In the bag was a wooden board more than three feet long, with the words "Inspection to make the emperor" written on it. Chai Rong felt that this was very strange. At that time, Zhang Yongde was appointed as the inspector in front of the palace. Chai Rong returned to Beijing due to illness and ordered Zhao Kuangyin to be the tutor of the inspection school and the inspector in front of the palace to replace Zhang Yongde. In the same year, Chai Rong died, and Chai Zongxun (later Emperor Gong of Zhou Dynasty), who was only seven years old, succeeded to the throne. Zhao Kuangyin was reassigned to the German Army's Jiedu Envoy and Inspector Inspector.
(3) Chenqiao Mutiny and the Yellow Robe: On the first day of the first lunar month in the seventh year of Xian De (960), the court of the Later Zhou Dynasty heard that Khitan and the Northern Han Dynasty allied forces were heading south. Prime Minister Fan Zhi and others did not distinguish the true from the false and hurriedly dispatched Zhao Kuangyin to lead the army. The armies moved north to resist.
On the second day of the first lunar month, Zhao Kuangyin led his army to leave the capital and stayed overnight at Chenqiaoyi (today's Chenqiao Town southeast of Fengqiu, Henan), twenty kilometers northeast of Kaifeng. That night, some of Zhao Kuangyin's cronies spread rumors among the soldiers, saying, "The emperor is young and weak and cannot govern personally. We will work for the country to defeat the enemy. Who knows? Why not first make Zhao Kuangyin the emperor and then set off for the Northern Expedition?" . The soldiers' mutiny was quickly aroused.
The next day, Zhao Kuangyin's younger brother Zhao Kuangyi (i.e. Song Taizong Zhao Jiong (jiǒng)) and his confidant Zhao Pu, seeing that the time was ripe, ordered the soldiers to put a prepared yellow robe on Zhao Kuangyin, who was pretending to be drunk and had just woken up, and worshiped him. In the court, they supported him as emperor. The crowd's shouts of long live could be heard miles away. Zhao Kuangyin pretended to be forced and said: "You are greedy for wealth and honor, and you have made me the emperor. If you can follow my orders, you can do it. Otherwise, I cannot be your master." The supporters all said, "I am the emperor." listen". Zhao Kuangyin announced in public: "After returning to Kaifeng, we are not allowed to offend the Queen Mother and the Lord, we are not allowed to invade the ministers, and we are not allowed to plunder the court or city treasury. Those who obey the orders will be rewarded, and those who disobey the orders will be punished by their clans." All the soldiers said "Promise" . Zhao Kuangyin then led the mutinous troops back to Kaifeng.
The main Forbidden Army generals guarding the capital, Shi Shouxin, Wang Shenqi and others, were all Zhao Kuangyin's "brothers in association" in the past. After learning that the mutiny was successful, they opened the city gate to respond. Among the generals of the Forbidden Army of the Later Zhou Dynasty in Kaifeng at that time, only Han Tong, the deputy commander of the guard pro-army Ma Bu Army, wanted to lead his troops to resist in a hurry, but before he could summon the army, he was killed by Wang Yansheng of the military academy. The generals and soldiers of Chenqiao's mutiny took control of the capital city of Kaifeng without any bloodshed.
At this time, Fan Zhi and others knew that they were deceived by not distinguishing the true and false military information, so they dispatched the general in a hurry. However, they had no choice but to lead the officials to obey orders. Hanlin bachelor Tao Gu took out a prepared edict of the Zen Dynasty and announced Chai Zongxun's Zen status. On the fourth day of the first lunar month, Zhao Kuangyin officially ascended the throne as emperor in Chongyuan Hall, Kaifeng. He was thirty-four years old. Later, an edict was issued to change the title of Chai Zongxun to King Zheng. Since the vassal town where Zhao Kuangyin served as the military governor of the German Army in the Later Zhou Dynasty was located in Songzhou (now Shangqiu, Henan Province), the Song Dynasty was adopted as the country's name, and the capital was still in Kaifeng.
html One cup of wine releases military power: the ninth day of July in the second year of Jianlong (AD 961). In the late dynasty, Song Taizu left Shi Shouxin and other senior generals of the Forbidden Army to drink. When the wine was in full swing, Song Taizu suddenly dismissed his attendants. He sighed, expressed his difficulties, and said: "If I didn't rely on your efforts, I wouldn't be able to reach this position. For this reason, I have always thought of your merits from the bottom of my heart. However, the world is too difficult, so I might as well I am so happy that I can't sleep peacefully all night!" Shi Shouxin and others were shocked and asked why. Song Taizu continued: "It's not difficult to know, who doesn't want me as emperor?"
After hearing this, Shi Shouxin and others knew that there was something in these words, and kowtowed quickly and said: "Why did your Majesty say this? The destiny has been determined, who dares to have different intentions?"
Song Taizu said: "Otherwise, although you have no different intentions, but If your subordinates want to be rich and powerful, and put a yellow robe on you, even if you don't want to be the emperor, I'm afraid you won't be able to help it."
These generals knew that they were under suspicion and might even lead to death. They all cried in fear and begged Song Taizu to point out a way out for them.
Song Taizu said slowly: "In life, like The fleeting time is so short, so people who want to get rich just want to gather more money and have more entertainment to save future generations from poverty. Why don't you give up your military power and go to other places to buy more good land and beautiful houses to establish a long-term inheritance for your children and grandchildren; at the same time, buy more singers and drink and have fun together day and night until you are old; I and you will get married again, and the relationship between the monarch and his ministers will be peaceful. Isn’t it great to have no suspicion and live in peace with each other? "
Shi Shouxin and others saw that Song Taizu had made his words very clear and there was no room for maneuver. Moreover, Song Taizu had firmly controlled the Central Forbidden Army at that time. Several generals had no other choice but to bow their heads and obey orders to express their gratitude to Taizu for his kindness.
The next day, Shi Shouxin and others claimed that they were ill and asked to be relieved of their military power. Song Taizu readily agreed, and ordered him to be dismissed from the imperial army, appointed as the governor of the province, and abolished the inspection in front of the palace and the pro-army horse infantry. The Forbidden Army was led by the Palace Commanding Department, the Guards Horse Army Commanding Department, and the Guards Infantry Commanding Department, the so-called three yamen commanders. After removing the military power of Shi Shouxin and other senior generals, Taizu selected some other senior officials. People with low personal prestige and easy control served as generals of the imperial army. Therefore, the leadership of the imperial army was divided into three, and the lower-ranking generals controlled the three yamen. This meant that the imperial power had strengthened its control over the army.
After Song Taizu, He also fulfilled his promise to marry a senior general of the Forbidden Army, marrying his widowed sister to Gao Huaide, and later married his daughter to the son of Shi Shouxin and Wang Shenqi, and married Zhang Lingduo's daughter to Zhao Guangmei, the third brother of Taizu
Jingnan and Hunan are located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, adjacent to the north and south, and bordered by the Southern Tang Dynasty to the east, Houshu to the west, and Jinghu Lake to the south. To divide the countries in the south of the Yangtze River, the Song Dynasty decided to look for opportunities to send troops to Jing and Hu. Hannan plundered; on the other hand, he chose Jing and Hu as breakthrough points and sent his troops southward, preparing to start the unification war. In October of the third year of Jianlong (962), Wuping Army's military governor Zhou Xingfeng died of illness, and his eleven-year-old son Zhou Baoquan died. He succeeded. Zhang Wenbiao, the governor of Hengzhou, took the opportunity to rebel and occupied Tanzhou (now Changsha, Hunan) and threatened Langzhou (now Changde, Hunan). In order to defeat Zhang Wenbiao, Zhao Kuangyin decided to use the "false way to destroy Guo" strategy. In order to achieve the goal of killing two birds with one stone
in the first month of the first year of Qiande (963), he sent troops to Hunan and Jingzhu on the false road. He ordered Murong Yanzhao, the military envoy of Shannan East Road, to deploy to the front army capital of Hunan Road, and the deputy envoy to the privy council . Li Chuyun was the governor of the capital. In the name of helping Hunan to fight against Zhang Wenbiao, he took the route to Jingnan. In February, Murong Yanzhao secretly sent Li Chuyun to lead thousands of light cavalry to capture the city of Jiangling (now part of Hubei) and force Jiedu envoy. Gao Jichong surrendered, and Jingnan was killed. At that time, Zhou Baoquan had suppressed the civil strife. Knowing that the Song Dynasty wanted to invade Hunan, he ordered the commander Zhang Congfu to lead troops to intercept Sanjiangkou at the end of February. North of present-day Yueyang, Hunan), captured 700 warships, and occupied Yuezhou (ruling today's Yueyang, Hunan). In March, Zhou Baoquan was captured, and Hunan was defeated. After Jingchi, they immediately deployed to attack Shu.After hearing the news, Emperor Meng Chang of the Later Shu Dynasty wanted to rely on the dangerous terrain of Sichuan and Shaanxi and refused to defend it. At the same time, he sent envoys to the Northern Han Dynasty to jointly fight against the Song Dynasty. Zhao Kuangyin captured the Shu rebel general Zhao Yantao and learned about the deployment of the Shu army's troops, so he ordered the dispatch of troops.
In November of the second year of Qiande (964), Zhao Kuangyin ordered his troops to be divided into two routes: North Route: Zhongwu Army Jiedushi Wang Quanbin was deployed for the Xichuan camp's front army soldiers and horses, and Cui Yanjin, the commander of the guard infantry command, was appointed as the deputy capital. Deployed, led 30,000 infantry and cavalry out of Fengzhou (governing present-day Fengzhou Town in the northeast of Feng County, Shaanxi Province), and went south along the Jialing River; East Road: Commander of the Guards and Horses, Liu Ting let deploy as the deputy capital, led 20,000 infantry and cavalry out and returned Prefecture (governing present-day Zigui, Hubei Province), traced the Yangtze River to the west.
split into two groups to attack together, and will attack Chengdu on a scheduled date. Meng Chang learned that he ordered Wang Zhaoyuan to be the commander of the northern camp, and led tens of thousands of troops north to guard Lizhou (now Guangyuan, Sichuan), Jianmen (now northeast of Jiange, Sichuan) and other passes. In December, the Northern Song Army occupied Lizhou.
In the first month of the third year of Qiande (965), the North Route Army broke through the dangerous point of Jianmen, defeated the Shu army, captured Wang Zhaoyuan, and then occupied Jianzhou (which governs today's Jiange, Sichuan). On the east route, Liu Tingrang his army to break through Badong Yanhangkui Prefecture (governing present-day Dongbai Emperor of Fengjie, Sichuan), and even Ke Wanzhou (governing present-day Wanxian County, Sichuan Province), Kaizhou (governing present-day Kaixian County, Sichuan Province), and Zhongzhou (governing present-day Zhongxian County, Sichuan Province). , Suizhou (governing present-day Suining, Sichuan) and other places. As the two armies approached Chengdu, Meng Chang surrendered the city and later Shu was destroyed.
(6) Putting down the Southern Han Dynasty: After the demise of Jinghu and Hou Shu, the Southern Tang Dynasty and Wu Yue surrendered. Only the Emperor of the Southern Han Dynasty Liu Sui refused to attach himself to the Song Dynasty. In June of the second year of Kaibao (969), Zhao Kuangyin appointed Wang Ming from Youbuque as the Jinghu transit envoy to prepare supplies for the southern expedition.
On the first day of September in the third year of Kaibao (970), Zhao Kuangyin ordered Tanzhou defense envoy Pan Mei to deploy troops and horses for the Daoxing camp in Hezhou. He led the soldiers from ten states to drive south, breaking through in the middle, and heading straight to Hezhou (which governs today's Hexian County, Guangxi). Southeast He Street). Pan Mei promised to take the capital of the Southern Han Dynasty, Xingwangfu (today's Guangzhou, Guangdong), along the He River to the east, in order to lure and annihilate the main force of the Southern Han army. When Liu Yu sent general Wu Yanrou to lead his fleet up the Yujiang River and the He River to the west for reinforcements, the Song army won the ambush, killed Wu Yanrou, and occupied Hezhou. In December, when they entered Shaozhou (ruling today's Shaoguan, Guangdong), Li Chengwo, the commander-in-chief of the Southern Han Dynasty, led 100,000 troops at the foot of Lianhua Peak (now southeast of Shaoguan, Guangdong) and formed an elephant formation to attack them. The Song army defeated them with strong bows and powerful crossbows. Formation, occupied Shaozhou.
In the first month of the fourth year of Kaibao (971), the Song army conquered the three prefectures of Ying (now Yingde, Guangdong) and Xiong (ruled today Nanxiong, Guangdong). In February, he advanced to Ma Jing (now north of Guangzhou, Guangdong), defeated the Southern Han Dynasty with fire and recruited Guo Chongyue 60,000 troops, and then captured Prince Xing's Mansion . Liu Yuan surrendered, and the Southern Han Dynasty was destroyed.
(7) Pacification of Jiangnan: After the Song Dynasty destroyed the Southern Han Dynasty, the queen of the Southern Tang Dynasty Li Yu surrendered on the surface to protect himself, but secretly prepared for war to prevent the Song army from attacking. Zhao Kuangyin was determined to unify Jiangnan. After two years of preparation, in September of the seventh year of Kaibao (974), Cao Bin, the envoy of Xuanhui Nanyuan, was ordered to deploy the cavalry and infantry troops in the southwest of Yizhou to fight against the capital. Together with Pan Mei, the governor of the capital, he led an army of 100,000 out of Jing. In the south, the Wu Yue army was mobilized from Hangzhou (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) to go north to support; Wang Ming was sent to contain the Southern Tang army in Hukou (now in Jiangxi) to ensure the main force's eastward advance. In October, Cao Bin led his army eastward along the Yangtze River, advancing both by land and water, conquering Chizhou (now Guichi, Anhui) and occupying Caishi (now north of Dangtu, Anhui). In mid-November, a pontoon bridge was built across the Yangtze River at the quarry to ensure that the army could cross the river and continue to advance eastward.
On the third day of the first lunar month in the eighth year of Kaibao's reign (975), the Song army broke through Lishui (now part of Jiangsu), and then fought a fierce battle with 100,000 Southern Tang troops at the Qinhuai River (now west of Nanjing, Jiangsu). They defeated the Southern Tang army and approached Jiangning (now Jiangning). Jiangsu Nanjing) city. With the cooperation of Wang Ming's army in the west and Wu Yue's army in the east, they completely annihilated the 100,000 reinforcements led by Zhu Lingyun, the capital of the Southern Tang Dynasty's Divine Guards, and captured Jiangning in November. Li Yu surrendered and the Southern Tang Dynasty was destroyed.
(8) Bizarre death: On the night of October 19th, the ninth year of Kaibao's reign (976), Zhao Kuangyin summoned his younger brother Zhao Guangyi to drink wine and stay in the palace together; in the early morning of the next day (20th) (November 14th), Zhao Kuangyin was He was found dead in Long Live Hall at the age of fifty.His posthumous title is Yingwu Shengwen Shende Emperor, and his temple name is Taizu.
On April 25, the second year of Taiping Xingguo (977), Zhao Kuangyin was buried in Yongchang Mausoleum in Yong'an County, Henan Prefecture (now Gongyi City, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province).
In November of the first year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1008), Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty honored Zhao Kuangyin with the posthumous title of Qi Yunli, the most heroic, martial, holy, literary, divine, moral, Yuangong and filial emperor. In the leap tenth month of the fifth year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1012), the posthumous title was finally determined to be Emperor Daxiao of the Ming Dynasty, who had made great contributions to the Ming Dynasty.
Song Taizong Zhao Guangyi (November 20, 939 - May 8, 997), the second emperor of the Song Dynasty (reigned from November 15, 976 - May 8, 997). His real name was Zhao Kuangyi, but he later changed his name to Zhao Guangyi to avoid the name taboo of his brother Song Taizu. After he ascended the throne, he changed his name to Zhao Jiong.
Zhao Guangyi is the younger brother of Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin. Zhao Guangyi has been smart and independent since he was a child. When he plays with other children, he is intimidated by him. In the seventh year of Xiande of the Later Zhou Dynasty (960), Zhao Guangyi participated in the Chenqiaoyi mutiny in China and supported his brother Zhao Kuangyin as emperor.
After Zhao Kuangyin came to the throne, he appointed Zhao Guangyi as the Marquis of Yu, the capital in front of the palace, and led the defense envoy of Muzhou, and soon the military envoy of Taining Army. After the conquest of Li Chongjin, Zhao Guangyi was granted the title of Da Neidu Deployment, plus Tongping Zhangshi, Kaifeng Prefecture Yin, and Zhongshu Ling. After occupying Taiyuan, Zhao Guangyi was renamed the Eastern Capital Remainer, given a halberd, and was named King of Jin, ranking above the prime minister.
On the night of October 19th in the ninth year of Kaibao (976), Zhao Kuangyin summoned Zhao Guangyi to the palace for a drink and stayed together in the palace that night. In the early morning of the 20th, Zhao Kuangyin died suddenly. On the 21st, King Zhao Guangyi of Jin came to the throne as Taizong of Song Dynasty.
After Zhao Guangyi succeeded to the throne, he first changed the title to "Taiping Xingguo", indicating that he would achieve a new cause. His younger brother Zhao Tingmei was appointed as the prefect of Kaifeng and Zhongshu Ling, and he was granted the title of King of Qi. His nephew Zhao Dezhao was appointed as the Jiedushi and the county prince. Zhao Defang was also named as the Jiedushi. Xue Juzheng, Shen Lun, Lu Duoxun, Cao Bin, Chu Zhaofu and others of Song Taizu's old subordinates were all promoted to nobility, and their children and grandchildren also obtained official positions. Zhao Guangyi pardoned some people who had been punished or wanted to be punished by Song Taizu when he was still alive. However, Zhao Guangyi pays attention to cultivating and promoting his cronies. Members of the shogunate such as Cheng Yu, Jia Yan, Chen Congxin, and Zhang Ping all entered the imperial court and held important positions one after another, slowly replacing the ministers of Song Taizu's dynasty. In addition, Zhao Guangyi also deposed a group of veteran generals such as Zhao Pu, Xiang Gong, Gao Huaide, Feng Jiye and Zhang Mei, and transferred them to serve as officials near the capital for easier control.
After Zhao Guangyi consolidated his throne, he continued the cause of unification. In the third year of Taiping and Xingguo's reign (978), under the political pressure of the Song Dynasty, Chen Hongjin, who separatized Zhangquan Prefecture in Fujian Province, and the Qian family of Wuyue, which separatized Zhejiang Province, surrendered to the Song Dynasty.
In the first month of the fourth year of Taiping and Xingguo (979), Zhao Guangyi first sent general Pan Mei and others to the north to besiege Taiyuan, the capital of the Northern Han Dynasty. Zhao Guangyi led his army to conquer Taiyuan in February. The Song army repelled the Liao reinforcements and destroyed the Northern Han Dynasty. It was finally over. Since the Huangchao Rebellion in the late Tang Dynasty, the feudal vassals and towns had been separated and warred for nearly ninety years, and the whole country was once again formally unified.
In May of the same year, Zhao Guangyi ignored the opposition of all ministers and took advantage of the Northern Han Dynasty to launch the Northern Expedition from Taiyuan. At the beginning of the Northern Expedition, Yizhou and Zhuozhou in Hebei were recovered. Zhao Guangyi ordered the siege of Yanjing, and the Song army and the Liao people fought fiercely on the banks of the Gaoliang River. Zhao Guangyi went to the battlefield in person, but was injured by an arrow. He evacuated in a panic on a donkey cart, and the Northern Expedition failed.
In the third year of Yongxi (986), Zhao Guangyi sent five generals, Pan Mei, Yang Ye, Tian Zhong, Cao Bin, and Cui Yanjin, to divide into three routes: east, middle and west, with the east route as the main route before embarking on the Northern Expedition. The West and Middle Route armies advanced smoothly, but the main force of the East Route Army was repeatedly defeated by the Liao army, and the grain road was cut off. In the end, it failed to join the Central and Western Routes, and was defeated and collapsed at Qigou Pass. The Central and Western Routes also had to withdraw southward. Yang Ye, the leader of the West Route, was captured by the Liao army for covering the southward retreat of soldiers and civilians. He went on a hunger strike for three days and died in prison. Zhao Guangyi appointed his cronies Fu Qian, Wang Chao, Chai Yuxi, Zhao Rong, Zhang Xun, Yang Shouyi and Mi Dechao as commanders of the Forbidden Army. They were many mediocre people who were afraid of fighting.
Zhao Guangyi’s eldest son, Zhao Yuanzuo, was smart and alert since he was a child, and he looked like Zhao Guangyi.Zhao Yuanzuo was skilled in martial arts and good at riding and shooting. He also accompanied Zhao Guangyi on an expedition to Taiyuan and Youji. Ben is the most suitable crown prince. Unexpectedly, Zhao Yuanzuo went crazy because of the unjust death of his uncle Zhao Tingmei.
In the second year of Yongxi (985), Zhao Guangyi gathered several of his sons to hold a banquet, drink and have fun in the palace garden. Because Zhao Yuanzuo had not recovered from his illness, he did not send anyone to invite him. After the banquet, Chen Wang Zhao Yuanyou went to visit Zhao Yuanzuo. When Zhao Yuanzuo learned about the banquet, he was furious and kept drinking. In the middle of the night, a fire was set on the palace courtyard. For a moment, smoke billowed from the palaces and pavilions, and flames shot into the sky. After Zhao Guangyi learned about it, he guessed that it might be Zhao Yuanzuo, so he ordered someone to investigate, and Zhao Yuanzuo admitted it. Zhao Yuanzuo was deposed as a commoner. Later, Zhao Yuanyou, the next king of Chen, became the candidate for the crown prince as recommended by the public, and Zhao Guangyi also had this intention.
In July of the third year of Yongxi's reign (986), Zhao Yuanyou changed his name to Zhao Yuanxi, and was granted the title of Kaifeng Prefect and Minister, becoming the quasi-crown prince. In the same year, Yongxi failed in his Northern Expedition. Zhao Pu wrote a memorial "Admonishing Yongxi to the Northern Expedition" and was praised by Zhao Guangyi. Later, Zhao Yuanxi also wrote a book about the conquest of Liao, which was adopted by Zhao Guangyi.
In the first year of Duangong (988), Zhao Pu became prime minister for the third time, and his authority was restored for a while. Zhao Yuanxi, the king of Chen who tried his best to support and win over Zhao Pu, was also promoted to King Xu, which further consolidated the status of the crown prince. After Zhao Pu resigned as prime minister, Zhao Yuanxi had a close relationship with another prime minister, Lu Mengzheng. The matter of establishing the crown prince is proceeding step by step. Unexpectedly, in November of the third year of Chunhua (992), Zhao Yuanxi returned home early and felt unwell, and died soon after. Zhao Guangyi was extremely sad and stopped going to court for five days.
Zhao Yuanzuo was deposed, Zhao Yuanxi died suddenly, and the throne was vacant, so Feng Zheng and others asked to be crown prince early, and Zhao Guangyi demoted Feng Zheng and others to Lingnan. From then on no one dared to discuss the issue of succession. Later, Zhao Guangyi was disturbed by an arrow injury and knew that he would die soon. So he asked Kou Ni privately about this. With Kou Zhun's support, finally in the first year of Zhidao (995), Zhao Guangyi's third son, Shou Wang Zhao Yuankan, was established as the crown prince and changed his name to Zhao Heng. Zhao Guangyi appointed the crown prince and granted amnesty to the whole country. Everyone in the capital cheered when they saw the crown prince, but Zhao Guangyi was not happy about it. Later, with Kou Zuo's persuasion, his mood improved.
On March 29 of the third year of Zhidao (May 8, 997), Zhao Guangyi died in the Wansui Hall at the age of fifty-nine and had reigned for twenty-two years. Crown Prince Zhao Heng ascended the throne as Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty. The ministers honored him with the posthumous title of "Shenggong Shengde Civil and Military Emperor", and his temple name was Taizong. In October of the same year, Jiyou was buried in Yongxi Mausoleum.
Song Zhenzong Zhao Heng, Zhao Heng was born on December 2 (December 23) in the sixth year of Qiande (968), in Kaifeng Mansion, Tokyo. He was the third son of Song Taizong Zhao Guangyi, and the same mother as the King of Chu Zhao Yuanzuo Brother, his first name was Zhao Dechang. When he was young, he was brilliant and had a unique appearance. When playing with the kings, he likes to be in battle formation and calls himself "marshal". Song Taizu loved Zhao Heng and raised him in the palace.
In the eighth year of the Taiping Xingguo reign (983), he was awarded the title of Taibao of the School, Pingzhangshi of Tongzhongshu Menxia, the title of King of Han, and changed his name to Zhao Yuanxiu. In July of the third year of Yongxi's reign (986), his name was changed to Zhao Yuankan.
In the first year of Zhidao (995), he was established as the prince, changed his name to Zhao Heng, and still served as the governor of Kaifeng. Zhao Heng was neither Taizong's eldest son nor the queen's son, so he was originally not in line to succeed. But his eldest brother Zhao Yuanzuo went crazy because of the death of his uncle Zhao Tingmei, and his second brother Zhao Yuanxi died suddenly without illness, so he was lucky enough to become the prince.
In March of the third year of Zhidao (997), Taizong died. After Taizong's death, Zhao Heng encountered a palace coup planned by the eunuch Wang Jien and Empress Li (Empress Mingde). Prime Minister Lu Duan defeated the coup and in the same month appointed Zhao Heng to succeed Song Zhenzong. At the beginning of Zhao Heng's accession to the throne, he appointed Li Hang and others as prime ministers, who were diligent in political affairs, and divided the country into fifteen routes. Envoys from each route came to Beijing in turn to report on their duties, and exempted and exempted taxes since the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms; he could also pay attention to frugality, so the society It is relatively stable, creating a favorable opportunity for the country to achieve relatively long-term peaceful development.At that time, the production of iron tools progressed, and the cultivated area increased to 520 million acres (more than 300 million acres in the second year of Emperor Taizong's reign). Siamese improved rice varieties were introduced, and crop output doubled. Textile, dyeing, papermaking, porcelain making, etc. Handicrafts and commerce flourished, and trade was unprecedented, bringing the Northern Song Dynasty into a period of economic prosperity, known as the "Xianping Reign" in history.
Chanyuan Alliance : Since the disastrous defeat of Yongxi's Northern Expedition, the Northern Song Dynasty has always been afraid of the Liao Dynasty, and gradually changed from active attack to passive defense. On the contrary, the Liao Dynasty pressed the Song Dynasty step by step and continued to invade the Song Dynasty southward. Since the second year of Xianping (999), the Liao Dynasty has successively sent troops to provoke provocations on the border, plundering property and massacring people, bringing huge disasters to the residents in the border areas. Although the Song army, led by generals such as Yang Yanlang and Yang Si, actively resisted the invasion, the Liao Dynasty's cavalry advanced and retreated very quickly and had flexible tactics, which put increasing pressure on the Song Dynasty's border defenses.
In the autumn of the first year of Jingde (1004), Xiao Chuo, Queen Mother of Liao Chengtian, and Yelu Longxu, Shengzong of Liao personally led an army of 200,000 southward, approaching the city of Chanzhou (now Puyang, Henan) on the bank of the Yellow River, threatening the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty. Tokyo (Bianliang). The alarm spread to Tokyo five times overnight, and Zhao Heng asked the officials for advice. At that time, Wang Qinruo, a native of Jiangxi and political advisor, advocated moving the capital to Shengzhou (today's Nanjing, Jiangsu). Chen Yaosou, a native of Shu and a member of the Privy Council, advocated moving the capital to Yizhou (today's Chengdu, Sichuan). Prime Minister Kou Ni (zhǔn), who had only been in office for one month ) objected sternly: "Who is the person who planned this plan for your majesty? His crime can be beheaded. Now your majesty is a divine and mighty emperor, and the generals and civil servants are united. If you personally lead the army, the enemy will naturally flee." . Otherwise, we will use surprise troops to disrupt the enemy's plan, hold on to the position and weaken the enemy's morale. Judging from the tired and comfortable situation between the enemy and us, why should we abandon the Ancestral Temple and Taishe? How about going to remote places like Chu and Shu? The problem is that the people are broken and the enemy is taking advantage of the situation. Can the world be saved? "
At this time, urgent reports were sent to the capital several times a day, and Kou Zhen deliberately withheld them. , and only when it accumulates to a considerable amount, it will be forwarded to Zhao Heng in one go. Zhao Heng saw that all the side reports were urgent, so he asked the prime minister what to do. Kou Zhen believed that the only way to conquer the war personally was to take charge of the army immediately, and Bi Shian also agreed to set off immediately. On November 20 (January 3, 1005), Zhao Heng set off from Kaifeng and ordered Li Jilong and Shi Baoji to serve as the front line envoys. Halfway through the journey, the news came that Zhao Yuanfen, who was staying behind in Tokyo, had died suddenly. Zhao Heng ordered Wang Dan, the political counselor who was accompanying him, to rush back and take charge of staying in Tokyo. Before leaving, Wang Dan asked: "How can we deal with it if we have not won for ten days?" Zhao Heng was silent for a long time before saying: "Establish a prince." In the same month, the Song army used a crossbow to kill Xiao Taolin, the commander of the Liao Nanjing army on the front line of Chanzhou ( The morale of the Liao army was greatly reduced.
When he arrived in Weicheng (now southeast of Hua County, Henan Province), Zhao Heng heard that the Liao army was powerful and wanted to withdraw. Kou Zhen said solemnly: "Now the enemy is approaching and the situation is critical. We can only advance one foot and cannot retreat one inch. Our army in Hebei is looking forward to your Majesty's arrival day and night. The advance will increase the morale of our Hebei armies a hundred times. If we retreat, we will The army was disheartened and the people were disappointed. The enemy took the opportunity to attack. I am afraid that even Jinling could not be saved." Zhao Hengcai agreed to continue the march and crossed the river into Chanzhou City. When the Song troops from far and near saw Zhao Heng's yellow dragon banner, they all jumped in joy. Say "Long live". At Kou Zhen's request, Zhenzong went to the city wall to boost morale, which greatly boosted the morale of the Song army. Since the beginning of the war, Empress Dowager Xiao had repeatedly proposed peace talks with Wang Jizhong, the surrendered general of the Song Dynasty. The envoy Cao Heng sent by Zhao Heng was left behind by the defender of Tianxiong Army who doubted the sincerity of the Liao Dynasty's peace talks. Empress Dowager Xiao did not wait for the envoy. After Zhao Heng's personal expedition, Empress Dowager Xiao saw that the Liao army was passive and asked for peace again.
Zhao Heng was afraid of Liao's momentum, and considering that the two sides had been fighting for a long time and had mutual successes, he decided to send Cao Ling as an envoy again. When Cao Lili went to the Liao Dynasty to make an alliance, Zhao Heng told Cao Lili: "If there is really no way, even if it costs one million, it will be fine." When Kou Zuo found out, he pointed at Cao Liang and said angrily: "If it exceeds thirty If he has ten thousand taels, he will bring his head to see him."
After repeated bargaining between Cao Cao and the Liao Dynasty envoys, the two countries formulated the following treaty:
1. The Liao and Song Dynasties are countries of brothers, and the Song Dynasty is the brother. The Song Dynasty respects the Empress Dowager Xiao as her aunt, and future generations will still treat her as a nephew. The envoy Regular exchanges of visits.
Baigou River was used as the national boundary, and the Liao Dynasty returned to Song Suicheng (now Xushui, Hebei Province) and Ying and Mozhou. From then on, any fugitives who crossed the border were not allowed to stay along the border. Everything in the city is as usual, and Huangcheng is not allowed to be built.
3. The Song Dynasty will provide Liao with 100,000 taels of silver and 200,000 pieces of silk (i.e. annual coins) to be delivered to Xiongzhou every year. The two sides set up a què market on the border to carry out mutual trade.
After Cao Yongli returned to the Song Dynasty, Zhao Heng asked anxiously for the amount. Cao Yongli did not dare to tell him directly and only raised three fingers. Zhao Heng thought it was three million taels. , was shocked and blurted out: “Too many. After a while, he comforted himself and said: "It's too much, but it's better to end the matter here." "When he found out that it was 300,000, he was relieved, his worries turned into joy, and he greatly rewarded Cao Yong.
The Chanyuan Alliance ended the twenty-five-year war between Song and Liao, "Freget and multiply, cattle and sheep "Being wild, people wearing white clothes (white-haired elders) do not know how to fight", and it was also the beginning of the Song Dynasty paying annual coins to Fan Fang in exchange for peace. Since then, the Song and Liao borders have been in a relatively peaceful state for a long time. This made the Song Dynasty save money Huge war expenditures, with annual coins (300,000) less than one percent of the cost of troops (30 million), avoided the excessive corvee and court tax pressure caused by heavy troops guarding the border for many years, and exchanged for less money The Northern Song Dynasty set up forks in Xiongzhou (now Xiongxian, Hebei Province) and Bazhou (now Bazhou, Hebei Province) and other places on the border, and opened up trade, which promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between Song and Liao Dynasties. It was beneficial to the economic development, cultural prosperity and national integration of the Song and Liao Dynasties.
After the signing of the Chanyuan Alliance, Zhao Heng originally thought that this was an achievement worth being proud of, and he was very proud of it for a while. , he saw that Zhao Heng was both fond of great achievements and afraid of war, so he suggested that Zhao Heng hold a ceremony to enshrine the throne. Zhao Heng agreed, but he was worried that Prime Minister Wang Dan would object. Still feeling uneasy, he summoned Wang Dan to a banquet. While the banquet was in full swing, he ordered someone to take out a bottle of wine and give it to Wang Dan, saying: "Take it back and enjoy it with your wife and children! "After Wang Dan returned home, he opened the wine bottle and found that it was filled with beautiful pearls. He had to remain silent about the upcoming sacrifice.
Forged the heavenly book. After everything was ready, Zhao Heng officially set off eastward in early October. The "Heavenly Book" was carried on a jade chariot and led the way. Wang Dan and other civil and military officials followed, as well as a large number of service personnel, forming a mighty team. It took seventeen days to fast at the foot of the mountain for three days. On the same day, he started climbing. According to the pre-planned etiquette, after completing the ceremony of worshiping the sky on the mountain, he went down to Sheshou Mountain to perform the ceremony of worshiping the earth. Zhao Heng changed Qianfeng County to Fengfu County and conferred the title of Taishan God. After that, there was a series of celebrations. "Dongfeng", including going to Qufu to worship Confucius , took forty-seven days to perform a complete farce
Song Zhenzong Zhao Heng also became the last person to renounce Zen Taishan in Chinese history. Emperor. The Chanyuan Alliance was a treaty of equality in name, and the Song and Liao brothers were equal. However, judging from the gift of coins to the Liao Dynasty, it was considered an unequal treaty to the Song Dynasty. Because of this, he was granted the title of Zen in Mount Tai. From then on, the title of Zen was transferred to Song Zhenzong Zhao Heng greatly reduced the weight, and later monarchs no longer granted Zen status (a total of six times in history: Qin Shihuang Yingzheng granted Zen, Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty Liu Che granted Zen, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty Liu Xiu granted Zen, Tang Gaozong Li Zhi granted Zen, Tang Xuanzong Li Longji granted Zen, and Song Dynasty). Zhenzong Zhao Heng's Fengzen)
The enshrinement of the Heavenly Book had a significant impact on the politics and finance of Zhenzong's dynasty.Just to seal Mount Tai in the east cost more than 8 million guan; to worship Fenyin in the west cost an additional 200,000 guan, not counting the trip to Bozhou. There is no specific expenditure record for the construction of the Jade Qing Zhaoying Palace, but only 10,000 taels of gold and 5,000 taels of silver were used to carve three statues. The waste of 2,600 buildings can be imagined. If the Jingling Palace in the capital, Taiji Temple and other temples in various places are included, the cost would probably be beyond the tens of millions of dollars. In the early years of Zhao Heng's reign, after nearly forty years of economic recovery, the world was prosperous and financially sound. However, due to his pretense, he almost squandered all the savings of the previous generation. In his later years, "the internal savings were slightly exhausted." .
After the reign of Dazhong Xiangfu (1008-1016), Zhao Heng was repeatedly keen on "auspiciousness" to whitewash peace, but had no intention of promoting government affairs, allowing Wang Qinruo, Ding Wei and other "five ghosts" to participate in government affairs. In his later years, he became even more obsessed, even talking nonsense, and entered a state of ecstasy. Most important affairs of the government were decided by Queen Liu.
On the Mid-Autumn Festival of the second year of Tianxi (1018), Zhao Heng issued an edict to appoint eight-year-old Zhao Youyi as the crown prince and changed his name to Zhao Zhen (i.e. Song Renzong).
On February 19 (March 23) of the first year of Qianxing (1022), Zhao Heng died in Yanqing Hall, Tokyo, at the age of fifty-five. He reigned for a total of twenty-five years. The ministers gave him the posthumous title of Emperor Wenming Zhangsheng Yuanxiao, and the temple name Zhenzong. On October 13th, he was buried in Yongding Mausoleum; on the 23rd, he was worshiped at the Ancestral Temple.
In the second year of Tiansheng reign of Emperor Renzong of Song Dynasty (1024), he was posthumously named Emperor Wenming Wuding Zhangsheng Yuanxiao. In the seventh year of Qingli (1047), the posthumous title was given to Emperor Ying Fuji, the ancient magic power of Rang Deming, Wu Dingzhang, Sheng Yuanxiao.
Song Renzong Zhao Zhen (zhēn) (May 30, 1010 - April 30, 1063), first named Zhao Yiyi, the fourth emperor of the Song Dynasty (March 23, 1022 - April 30, 1063) position), the sixth son of Song Zhenzong Zhao Heng, his mother was Concubine Li Chen.
Zhao Zhen is benevolent and filial by nature, generous and kind to others, and his joy and anger are invisible. In February of the second year of Tianxi (1018), Zhao Yiyi was transferred to the third division of Yitong in Kaifu, the chief guardian, the secretary of Zhongshu Ling, the governor of Xingjiang Ningyin, and the governor of Jiankang army, and was promoted to king. On Dingmao day in August of the same year, Zhao Youyi was canonized as the crown prince and named Zhao Zhen. Li Di, a political advisor and a guest of the prince, was appointed to tutor Zhao Zhen.
Zhao Heng passed away on February 19, the first year of Qianxing (March 23, 1022). Zhao Zhen, who was only thirteen years old, ascended the throne as emperor, and Empress Dowager Liu handled military and state affairs on his behalf.
Zhao Zhen has a generous temperament, does not indulge in luxury, can restrain himself, and treats his officials and attendants generously. The remonstrating minister Bao Zheng repeatedly offended Yan Zhijian, and his saliva even splashed on Zhao Zhen's face. But Zhao Zhen wiped his face with his sleeves and accepted his suggestion without blaming him. Once, Bao Zheng objected to the appointment of Zhang Yaozuo, the uncle of Renzong's favorite concubine Zhang (namely Queen Wencheng), as the third envoy. Zhao Zhen changed the appointment of Zhang Yaozuo as the Jiedu envoy. Bao Zheng objected more and more fiercely, leading the seven famous officials to fight with Zhao Zhen theory. Zhao Zhen said angrily: "Do you want to talk about Zhang Yaozuo? Jiedushi is a rough official, why are you still arguing?" Tang Jie, the official, stepped forward and replied politely: "Jiedushi, Taizu (Zhao Kuangyin) ) and Taizong (Zhao Guangyi) have done it before, I'm afraid he is not a rough official." Zhao Zhen was horrified and finally adopted Yan Guan's suggestion. After he returned to the harem, he said to Zhang: "You only know how to declare Hui envoys. Don't you know that Bao Zheng is the censor?"
Zhao Zhen was unsatisfied with the status quo of Shoucheng. The phenomenon of land annexation and "three redundancies" (redundant officials, redundant soldiers, and redundant expenses) broke out one after another and became increasingly serious, and there was also a desire to carry out reforms. He repeatedly said that "the minister is responsible for the affairs of the world", intending to make a difference.
In the third year of Qingli (1043), Zhao Zhen appointed Fan Zhongyan as a political advisor, and promoted Ouyang Xiu, Yu Jing, Wang Su and Cai Xiang as admonishers (known as the "Four Admonitions"), and he was determined to make progress. In September, under the orders of Zhao Zhen, Fan Zhongyan and Fu Bi proposed "clearly deposed the emperor, suppressed luck, paid tribute, selected officials, equalized public land, enriched farmers and mulberry trees, repaired military equipment, reduced corvee labor, favored people, and emphasized orders." Ouyang Xiu and others also wrote about the ten reform proposals, and Zhao Zhen mostly adopted them, and gradually promulgated and implemented them and issued them to the whole country.
Because the New Deal violated the interests of the aristocracy and bureaucrats, it was obstructed by them. At the beginning of the fifth year of Qingli (1045), Fan Zhongyan, Han Qi, Fu Bi, Ouyang Xiu and others were excluded from the court one after another, various reforms were also abolished, and the New Deal completely failed. Although this reform failed, it played a leading role in Wang Anshi's subsequent reform.
Zhao Zhen's health has always been poor. As early as August of the first year of Jingyou (1034), Zhao Zhen was in a state of "unhesitation". In the first month of the third year of Zhihe (1056), when Zhao Zhen was worshiped by hundreds of civil and military officials, he suddenly danced and salivated. On the same day, an envoy from the Liao Dynasty met with Zhao Zhen in the Zichen Hall. Zhao Zhen's speech was incoherent. Prime Minister Wen Yanbo had to explain to the Liao envoy that it was caused by excessive drinking. In the next few days, Zhao Zhen's condition worsened and he yelled ridiculous words such as "The Queen and Zhang Mao are plotting treason" all day long. It was not until February that he gradually recovered and began to deal with political affairs.
Zhao Zhen was in poor health and had lost three sons in a row (Zhao Xin, Yang Wang Zhao Fang, and Jing Wang Zhao Xi). He felt heavy and worried about the issue of the emperor's heir both inside and outside the court. After repeated advice from Prime Minister Han Qi and ministers Bao Zheng, Fan Zhen, Sima Guang, etc., Zhao Zhen officially established Zhao Zongshi as the prince in August of the seventh year of Jiayou (1062) and named him Shu.
Starting from February of the eighth year of Jiayou (1063), Zhao Zhen became seriously ill and finally died on March 29 (April 30) in Funing Hall, Tokyo, at the age of fifty-four. His posthumous title is Emperor Shen Wen Sheng Wu Ming Xiao, and his temple name is Ren Zong. On October 27, he was buried in Yongzhao Mausoleum in Yong'an County, Henan Prefecture.
After the news of Zhao Zhen's death came out, "the capital (Kaifeng) went on strike and cried in the streets for several days. Even beggars and children burned paper money and cried in front of Dauchi." When the news of Zhao Zhen's death reached Luoyang, the citizens also took the initiative to stop the market to mourn. The smoke from burning paper money filled the sky over Luoyang City, so that "the sky was dark." It is said that after the obituary notice of Zhao Zhen's death was sent to the Liao Dynasty, "people in the Yan realm cried, both far and near." Yelu Hongji, the Taoist of the Liao Dynasty, also held the hand of the Song envoy and lamented: "Forty-two years, I have not seen the military revolution." "Exactly." He also said, "I want to build a tomb for him to express my condolences." Since then, the monarchs of the Liao Dynasty have "revered him as their ancestors."
Song Shenzong Zhao Xu (xū) (May 25, 1048 - April 1, 1085) was the sixth emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty (reigned from January 25, 1067 - April 1, 1085). When Shenzong came to the throne, he heard about the plight of poverty and weakness, so soon after he took the throne, he summoned Wang Anshi to Beijing to implement reforms, which were known in history as "Xining Reform" and "Wang Anshi Reform". In February of the second year of Xining (1069), Zhao Xu appointed Wang Anshi as a political advisor, mainly responsible for political reforms. At the same time, personnel arrangements were adjusted and a new governing team was formed. The reform measures are roughly divided into three parts: the method of enriching the country, the method of strengthening the army, and the method of recruiting scholars. Then new laws were gradually introduced.
As soon as the new law was promulgated, it attracted a lot of criticism and abuse from both the government and the public. Not only did they criticize the new law in terms of content and effectiveness, but they also criticized it ideologically and morally. They said that Wang Anshi "changed the laws of his ancestors" and "used the technique of enriching the country and strengthening the army." , enlighten the mind, seek quick success, and forget the old learning." In the face of numerous court discussions, Wang Anshi remained unmoved and shouted out the three deficiencies: "There is no need to fear changes in nature, there is no compassion for people's words, and there is no need to uphold the laws of our ancestors." slogan, Zhao Xu expressed his support for Wang Anshi, saying: "As long as a minister can talk about morality without using fame and fame, it will not help the cause." He advocates equal emphasis on morality and fame, and opposes the practice of the conservatives who talk about morality empty-handedly and do nothing politically. . During the dispute between the two factions, Zhao Xu successively dismissed a group of officials who held negative opinions on the reform.
In the third year of Xining (1070), Wang Anshi was promoted to Pingzhangshi under Tongzhongshu, and he was given the same position as prime minister, which gave him greater power, so he implemented the Farmland Water Conservancy Law, the Young Crops Law, the Equal Transmission Law, the Baojia Law, and the Immunization Law. New laws such as the Law of the People's Republic of China, the Law of Changing the Market, the Law of Protecting Horses, and the Law of Equalizing Taxes among Farms and Fields were successively promulgated throughout the country, and the reform reached its climax.In order to formulate and implement the new law in a timely and effective manner, Zhao Xu specially set up the "Regulations Department of the Three Departments", which is a specialized agency to formulate the regulations of the Ministry of Household Affairs, Duzhi, and Salt and Iron Departments. It is chaired by Wang Anshi and Chen Shengzhi, the Privy Councilor. In this organization, Zhao Xu followed Wang Anshi's recommendation and hired a group of new people such as Lu Huiqing, Zhang Dun, Cai Que, Zeng Bu, Lu Jiawen, Shen Kuo, and Xue Xiang.
Although Xining's new law received strong support from Zhao Xu, its implementation was difficult. Because the new law violated the interests of privileged big bureaucrats, big landowners, and big businessmen in many ways, this reform was met with fierce opposition from the beginning. of opposition. This opposition force was supported by the Empress Dowager, the Empress Dowager and Empress Shenzong. At the same time, because the new law itself had many shortcomings, it was also opposed by some upright ministers, including Su Che, Han Qi, and Sima Guang. Shenzong also began to hesitate in his thoughts. Wang Anshi had been mentally prepared for the conservative ministers' opposition to the new law, but the internal split among the reformists dealt a particularly heavy blow to Wang Anshi. At this time, Shenzong did not obey Wang Anshi's advice as he did in previous years, and sometimes did not even pay attention to his opinions. Wang Anshi lamented to Shenzong: "Everything in the world is like boiling soup. A fire is put on, and then a spoonful of water is poured on it. How can there be time to boil it?"
In the spring of the ninth year of Xining (1076), Wang Anshi suffered from physical illness. He was ill and repeatedly asked to resign. By June, Wang Anshi's son passed away in his prime. Wang Anshi was devastated, his spirit was greatly stimulated, and he could no longer concentrate on political affairs. Shenzong had no choice but to ask Wang Anshi to resign his position and go to Jiangning Mansion to judge. The next year, Wang Anshi even resigned from his official title in Jiangning Mansion. From then until his death in 1086, Wang Anshi never returned to the court.
Wang Anshi resigned from the prime minister twice, both of which were the result of Zhao Xu's compromise with the conservative forces. Zhao Xu's purpose was to retain his throne and gain the support of ministers and descendants, but his political goal of enriching the country and strengthening the army through reforms remained unchanged. While he appeased the ministers of the conservative faction and used old figures such as Lu Gongzhu, Feng Jing, and Sun Gu who had been dismissed and demoted, he insisted on reforms to balance the power of the new faction and the old faction.
In the fourth year of Yuanfeng (1081), there was civil strife in the Xixia royal family. Shenzong thought there was an opportunity to take advantage of it, so he sent troops to attack Xia in five directions. However, the armies that went deep into Xia returned without success due to lack of food and grass. In the fifth year of Yuanfeng (1082), he listened to Xu Xi's plan and built Yongle City. Xixia sent an army of 300,000 to besiege Yongle City and was defeated. The Song army was defeated twice, and Shenzong's plan to attack Xia to avenge his shame and save "year-old gifts" completely went bankrupt.
In the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1085), Song Shenzong Zhao Xu died of melancholy in Funing Hall at the age of 38. His temple name was Shenzong, and his posthumous title was English Liewu Shengxiao Emperor. He was buried in Yongyu Mausoleum, and his son Zhao Xu succeeded him. Under the opposition of the conservative forces, although Shenzong wavered between the old and new parties, his determination to maintain the New Deal and persist in reforms remained unchanged. He was an ambitious and accomplished emperor of the Song Dynasty.
Song Huizong Zhao Ji (jí) was the eleventh son of Song Shenzong. He was pampered since childhood and gradually developed a frivolous and dissolute character. In the first month of the third year of Yuanfu (1100), Zhezong of the Song Dynasty died of illness at the age of 25. Prime Minister Zhang Dun advocated that according to etiquette and law, Zhezong should be made the same as his mother's brother Jian Wang Zhaosi, otherwise his eldest brother Shen Wang Zhaoyi should be made (bì ). However, Empress Dowager Xiang (Empress Shenzong) thought that she had no children and all the sons of Shenzong were concubines, so she excluded Empress Zhao Ji who suffered from eye disease. With the support of the ruling officials such as Zeng Bu, Cai Bian, Xu General, etc., Empress Dowager Xiang established Zhao Ji as emperor. In the second year after Zhao Ji took the throne, Empress Dowager Xiang died, and the reign was changed to "Jianzhong Jingguo". This was the beginning of Zhao Ji's reign, which lasted for twenty-five years.
Cai Jing was a political speculator. He supported Wang Anshi's reforms during his political reform. Yuan Youchu also agreed with Sima Guang in actively overthrowing the new law. Shao Shengchu also actively supported the new law. Shortly after Huizong ascended the throne, he was attacked by the conservatives and was removed from his post and promoted to a palace to live idle. In Hangzhou (today's Hangzhou, Zhejiang), he made friends with Tong Guan, an eunuch who went to Hangzhou to collect calligraphy and paintings. Cai Jing was gradually appreciated by Song Huizong, who could be called a painter and calligrapher, for his good calligraphy. In May of the first year of Chongning (1102), Cai Jing was promoted to Governing. Then he was promoted to the right prime minister, and soon to the left prime minister, and he remained the sole prime minister for three years.In the last years of Emperor Huizong's reign, Cai Jing, who had been an official for many years, took charge of the affairs of the three provinces and took control of the government. The Huizong period was always dominated by Cai Jing and his party members. They used the banner of introducing Shenzong's reforms as a cover to exclude dissidents and attack opponents. Cai Jing did all kinds of evil, bribed the public, sold his official positions and won titles, cleverly created names, increased taxes and gifts, and plundered people's wealth.
In the first year of Xuanhe (1119), Song Jiang revolted on Hebei Road. In December of the same year, it developed into a peasant uprising army of a certain scale. The court of the Northern Song Dynasty issued an edict to recruit and surrender, but Song Jiang did not accept the recruitment and went to war the following year. Going south, they moved in the states of Qing, Ji, Yun, and Pu (now north of Juancheng, Shandong). At this time, an uprising was held in Fangla in the south, which developed rapidly. Later, Song Jiang moved his army southward. Jiang Yuan, the magistrate of Yizhou (now Linyi, Shandong), pretended to agree to Song Jiang's uprising army taking the passage, but attacked the Song Jiang uprising army on the way. The uprising army suffered a great loss. loss. At the beginning of the third year of Xuanhe (1121), Song Jiang's rebel army marched south to Huaiyang Army (now south of Pi County, Jiangsu Province). The imperial court sent officers and soldiers to pursue it. The rebel army had to continue southward and entered the Chuzhou (now Huai'an) area on Huainan Road. Turning to the north, when passing through Shuyang, he was attacked by Shixin, the county captain. In February, in Haizhou (southwest of today's Lianyungang city), Zhang Shuye, the prefect, "ambushed his troops and captured his deputy thief. Song Jiang surrendered" ", the Song Jiang Uprising failed.
The largest peasant uprising in the late Northern Song Dynasty was the Fangla Uprising Army. Fang La first captured Qingxi County. The people of Zhejiang and Zhejiang, who were deeply affected by the "Huashi Gang", responded one after another. The rebel army immediately captured Muzhou and Shezhou. When the news reached the capital Kaifeng, Huizong immediately sent his trusted eunuch and Privy Councilor (the highest military officer) Tong Guan to lead hundreds of thousands of people. The army originally prepared to attack Liao quickly moved south. At about the same time, the rebel army had captured Hangzhou (now part of Zhejiang), the capital of the Two Zhejiang Roads. Fang La rejected his subordinates' suggestion to go north to seize Jiangning and control the natural dangers of the Yangtze River to resist the official army's crossing. , but the main force went south and successively captured Wuzhou, Quzhou, Chuzhou (now west of Lishui) and other places.
In the first month of the third year of Xuanhe (1121), the official army of the Northern Song Dynasty was ordered to seize Jiangning and Runzhou first. In the second half of the first month of the first month, when the East Route rebel army marching north besieged Xiuzhou (today's Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province), the East Route official army also arrived in Xiuzhou. The rebel army retreated to Hangzhou under internal and external attack by the official army. In mid-February, the official army captured Hangzhou. . The Western Route rebels who went north were frustrated by Jingde, Ningguo, and Shezhou. In March and April, the army captured Quzhou, Wuzhou and other places. In mid-April, Fang La abandoned Qingxi and retreated to Bangyuan Cave in the western mountainous area. Bangyuan Cave was attacked by the east and west officers and soldiers. After several days of fierce fighting, the rebel army was defeated. On the 26th, Fang La was captured by Han Shizhong, a junior officer in the government army. , the uprising failed. After being captured, Fang La was taken to the capital Kaifeng and was killed in late August.
In the first year of Zhenghe (1111), Zheng Yunzhong and Tong Guan envoyed to the Liao Dynasty. Ma Zhi, a Liao man, offered advice. The Song Dynasty sent envoys from Dengzhou (today's Penglai, Shandong) and Laizhou (today's Shandong) to cross the sea to Liaodong to form an alliance with the Jurchens and jointly destroy the Liao Dynasty. , can seize the sixteen states of Yanyun that were ceded to the Liao Dynasty by the Jin Dynasty after the Five Dynasties. In the first year of Chonghe (1118), Ma Zheng envoy Jin verbally expressed that Song and Jin would jointly attack Liao and the Yan and Yun areas. Jin dismissed Fu and others and asked Song to discuss alliance matters. In the second year of Xuanhe (1120), the Song Dynasty sent Zhao Liangsi and Ma Zheng as envoys to the Jin Dynasty. The Jin Dynasty also sent envoys to the Song Dynasty several times. The two sides agreed to attack the Liao Dynasty from a flank. The Song army captured Yanjing in Liao Dynasty, and the Jin army attacked Dading Prefecture in the central capital of Liao Dynasty. (now west of Ningcheng, Liaoning Province) and other places, after the fall of the Liao Dynasty, the Yanyun area returned to the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty transferred the old coins originally paid to the Liao Dynasty to the Jin Dynasty, which was known as the "Sea Alliance" in history.
However, due to the corruption of the Song army and lack of combat effectiveness, hundreds of thousands of troops attacked Liao Nanjing (Yanjing) twice, but were defeated by the Liao defenders. Liao Nanjing was still captured by the Jin army. In April of the fifth year of Xuanhe (1123), Jin Fang returned Yanjing and the six western states among the nine states it belonged to to the Song Dynasty. However, most of the residents of Yanjing had been captured by the Jin and sent to the northeast as slaves. In the Yunzhou (Xijing, Liaoning) area, Jin Taizu also stated that it would belong to the Song Dynasty on the condition that the Song Dynasty paid military expenses to the Jin. In May, Jin had promised to return Shuo (now Shanxi), Wu (now Shenchi, Shanxi), and Wei (now Yu County, Hebei) to the Song Dynasty. Before it could be implemented, it was suspended because Jin Taizu died of illness in June of the same year.
At the end of November in the first year of Jingkang (1126), the Jin soldiers went south again. On December 15, the Battle of Tokyo was defeated, the Jin army captured Bianjing, and the Jin Emperor deposed Song Huizong and Zi Qinzong Zhao Huan as common people. At the end of March in the second year of Jingkang (1127), the Jin Emperor ordered the two emperors Hui and Qin, together with their concubines and clan members, hundreds of officials and thousands of people, as well as religious musicians, craftsmen, legal chariots, ceremonial guards, crowns, uniforms, ritual utensils, etc. Astronomical instruments, treasures and playthings, royal collections of books, maps of state capitals all over the world, etc. were escorted to the north. All public and private savings in Bianjing were robbed, and the Northern Song Dynasty was destroyed. Because this happened during the Jingkang period, it was known as the "Jingkang Incident" in history. It is said that Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty didn't care when he heard that his treasures had been robbed, but when he heard that the royal collection of books had also been robbed, he looked up to the sky and sighed. Song Huizong was humiliated on the way to be escorted. First, the beloved concubine Wang Wanrong and others were forcibly taken away by the Jin general. Then, after arriving at the capital of the Jin Kingdom, he was ordered to wear mourning clothes with Zhao Huan and go to the temple of Jin Taizu Wanyan Aguda, which meant that the Jin Emperor presented prisoners to Taizu. Later, Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty was humiliated and given the title of Duke Huunde by the Jin Emperor. He was imprisoned in Hanzhou (today's Changtu County, Liaoning Province), and later moved to Wuguocheng (today's Yilan County, Heilongjiang Province).
Song Huizong was imprisoned for nine years. On the first day of April in the thirteenth year of Jin Tianhui (the fifth year of Shaoxing in Song Dynasty, 1135), Song Huizong finally died in Wuguo City due to unbearable mental torture at the age of 54. Jin Xizong buried him in Guangning, Henan (near today's Luoyang, Henan). In the Southern Song Dynasty, Yaoshang was honored with the posthumous title of Saint Wen, Benevolent and Filial Emperor, and his temple name was Huizong.
Song Gaozong Zhao Gou (June 12, 1107 - November 9, 1187), the tenth emperor of the Song Dynasty (reigned from June 12, 1127 - July 24, 1162), the founding emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty, Song Huizong Zhao Ji The ninth son, the younger brother of Song Qinzong Zhao Huan.
In December of the first year of Jingkang (1126), when the Jin soldiers surrounded Kaifeng again, Zhao Gou was appointed as the marshal of the Hebei army and horses. The Song court ordered him to lead the Hebei soldiers and horses to rescue the capital, but he moved to Daming Mansion in Beijing (today's Daming Palace in Hebei Province). County), and then moved to Dongping Prefecture (now part of Shandong Province) to avoid the enemy's front.
On the first day of May in the second year of Jingkang (1127), after the Jin soldiers captured the Hui and Qin sects and went north, it was known as the "Jingkang Incident" in history. Zhao Gou ascended the throne in Yingtianfu, Nanjing (now Shangqiu City, Henan Province), changed the Yuan Dynasty to Jianyan, and became the first emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty.
In the second month of the third year of Jianyan (1129), the Jin soldiers rushed to Yangzhou. He crossed the river in embarrassment and passed through Zhenjiang Prefecture to Hangzhou. Due to the pressure of public opinion, he had to remove Wang Boyan, Huang Qianshan and others. Miao Fu and Liu Zhengyan took advantage of the sergeants' dissatisfaction with the government and launched a mutiny. They killed Wang Yuan, the Privy Councilor who had signed the letter and a group of eunuchs whom Emperor Gaozong trusted, and forced Emperor Gaozong to abdicate. This is known as the Miao-Liu Mutiny in history. Civil servants Lu Yihao and Zhang Jun and military generals Han Shizhong, Liu Guangshi and Zhang Jun raised troops to "King Qin", and Song Gaozong was "restored". He continued to send envoys to the Jin Dynasty to beg for surrender, but did not make any effective arrangements for the war against the Jin Dynasty. In September, the Jin soldiers crossed the Yangtze River and invaded south. Song Gaozong led his officials to flee south. In October, he went to Yuezhou (now Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province), and later fled to Mingzhou (now Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province). From Mingzhou to Dinghai (now Zhoushan City, Zhejiang Province), he drifted on the sea and fled to Wenzhou (now Zhejiang Province). Province).
In the summer of the fourth year of Jianyan (1130), after the Jin soldiers withdrew from Jiangnan, Zhao Goucai returned to Shaoxing Prefecture (now Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province), Lin'an Prefecture (now Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province) and other places, and later settled Lin'an Prefecture. For the Southern Song Dynasty. The Jin soldiers suspended their southern invasion, and Song Gaozong dispatched elite troops to suppress the peasant uprisings and bandits in Jinghu, Jiangxi, Fujian and other roads, thus consolidating his rule. Although he made some arrangements for the defense of Jin soldiers and appointed Yue Fei, Han Shizhong, Wu Jie, Liu Guangshi, Zhang Jun and others to be responsible for the defense of Jiang and Huaihe areas, he only used military deployment as a bargaining chip for peace negotiations. He reused Qin Hui, the peace faction, as prime minister, and tried his best to suppress the demands of Yue Fei and other war factions.
In the tenth year of Shaoxing (1140), when the various Song armies were winning successively in the war against the Jin Dynasty, Song Gaozong was worried that the generals would be too powerful to lose, and the imperial court was financially strapped, so he ordered all the Song armies to regroup.The Song army had achieved certain success in countering Jin's invasion, but Song Gaozong and Prime Minister Qin Hui, fearing that it would hinder the peace negotiations with Jin, removed the military power of the three generals Han Shizhong, Zhang Jun, and Yue Fei, and even caused Yue Fei to be imprisoned unjustly, causing the anti-war parties to surrender and negotiate for peace. No objection is possible. In the eleventh year of Shaoxing (1141), the two sides reached a peace treaty: the Song Dynasty professed its vassalage to the Jin Dynasty, and the Jin Dynasty named Zhao Gou, King Kang of the Song Dynasty, as the emperor; the boundaries were demarcated, with the middle flow of the Huaihe River as the boundary in the east, Dashanguan Pass (southwest of Baoji, Shaanxi Province) as the boundary in the west, and the Jin Dynasty as the emperor in the south. In the Song Dynasty, the north belonged to gold; the Song Dynasty paid tribute to the gold every year, 250,000 taels of silver and silk, each year. Starting from the twelfth year of Shaoxing, the tribute was moved to Sizhou every spring. The Shaoxing Peace Treaty confirmed the unequal political relationship between the Song and Jin Dynasties, ended the war that lasted for more than 10 years, and formed a confrontation between the north and the south. It is known as the "Shaoxing Peace Treaty" in history.
Song Gaozong hoped to take back the bodies of his mother and Song Huizong, and promised Jin to kill Yue Fei. On New Year's Eve at the end of December (January 27, 1142), Zhao Gou and Qin Hui killed Yue Fei on "unfounded" charges. His son Yue Yun and his general Zhang Xian beheaded him in the busy city of Lin'an (now Hangzhou). The "Shaoxing Peace Agreement" was immediately realized. Jin Huizong's coffin and his biological mother Wei Shi were sent back to the Southern Song Dynasty. Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty gained half of the country in the southeast at the cost of paying tribute to the Jin Dynasty.
In June of the 32nd year of Shaoxing (1162), after being emperor for thirty-six years, Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty passed the throne to his adopted son Zhao Shi (shèn) on the grounds that he was "tired of hard work" and wanted to take more rest. , claiming to be the Supreme Emperor.
After Zhao Gou abdicated, he claimed that he would no longer ask about government affairs, but in fact he also interfered in some political affairs. On Yihai, October 14th, the 14th year of Chunxi (November 9, 1187), Zhao Gou died of illness in Deshou Palace in Lin'an at the age of 81. His posthumous title was Emperor Shengshen Wuwenxianxiao, and his temple name was Gaozong. . After Zhao Gou's death, the coffin was not buried until Bingyin Day in March of the 16th year of Chunxi (1189), when it was buried in the Yongsi Mausoleum in Kuaiji County, Shaoxing Prefecture.
Qingyuan party ban , also known as the ban on pseudo-study and rebellion against the party, refers to the political incident in which Han Zhou (tuō zhòu) attacked political opponents during the Qingyuan period of Ningzong in the Song Dynasty in China. After Zhao Kuo of Ningzong came to the throne, Zhao Ruyu, a member of the clan, was promoted to the right minister for his contribution in supporting Zhao Kuo. His relative, Han Yuzhou, moved to the Privy Council to accept the decree, and the rift between the two deepened. In February of 1195 AD (the first year of Qingyuan), Han Yuzhou sent an admonishment officer to report that Zhao Ruyu's status as a clan member was not conducive to the country. Zhao Kuo demoted Zhao Ruyu to Yongzhou (now part of Hunan), where he later died. Zhao Ruyu was demoted, Zhu Xi, Peng Guinian and others wrote a memorial about Han Kuanzhou's affairs, and Zhao Kuo was also demoted and expelled. When Han Yuzhou was in power, anyone who disagreed with him was called a "Taoist". Later, he denounced Taoism as "pseudo-science" and banned books such as "Quotations" by Neo-Confucianists. In the imperial examination, scholars who have a little knowledge of ethics will not be admitted. The Six Classics, The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, The Doctrine of the Mean, and The Great Learning are all banned in the world. Soon Zhao Kuo issued an edict to establish pseudo-study and anti-Party membership. Those with party membership were punished to varying degrees, and anyone related to them was not allowed to hold official positions or take part in the imperial examinations. The ban on counterfeit learning started in 1195 AD and lasted for 6 years, and was known in history as the "Qingyuan Party Ban".
Alliance with Mongolia to Destroy Jin : In the middle and late Southern Song Dynasty, Mongolia rose rapidly in the northern region and became another ethnic minority regime that posed a huge threat to the Song Dynasty after Liao, Xixia, and Jin. Faced with the rapidly changing situation, disputes arose within the Song Dynasty over foreign policy. Out of hatred for the Jin Dynasty, some people advocated uniting with Mongolia to destroy the Jin Dynasty and restore the Central Plains; others were relatively rational, citing the lessons of the alliance with the Jin Dynasty to destroy the Liao Dynasty, emphasizing the principle of lip loss and teeth coldness, hoping to use Jin as a vassal shield and not repeat the same mistakes. The endless debate caused the Song Dynasty to waver between these two opinions. It neither united with the Jin to resist the Mongols, nor united with the Mongols to destroy the Jin. However, as the war between Mongolia and the Jin Dynasty progressed and the defeat of the Jin Dynasty was determined, Zhao Yun finally made a decision.
In December of the fifth year of Shaoding (1232), Mongolia sent Wang Lu to Jinghu to discuss cooperation between Song and Mongolia and to attack the Jin Dynasty. Shi Song, the envoy of the Jinghu system, reported to the central government. Most of the ministers agreed and believed that this move could avenge Jingkang's shame. Only Zhao Fan disagreed and advocated that the lessons of Huizong's Maritime Alliance should be learned.Lizong, who had always had great ambitions to revitalize the country, regarded this as a God-given opportunity to build immortal achievements, and asked Shi Song's envoy to agree to Mongolia's request. Mongolia promised to return Henan to the Song Dynasty after the Jin Dynasty was destroyed. However, the two parties did not reach a written agreement on the ownership of Henan, only a verbal agreement, which left huge troubles later.
When Jin Aizong learned that Song and Meng had reached a joint agreement, he also sent envoys to win the support of the Southern Song Dynasty, trying his best to explain the truth of lip-tooth dependence, which meant that supporting the Jin Dynasty actually helped the Song Dynasty defend its homeland and country. Song Lizong rejected Jin Aizong's request.
Emperor Lizong appointed Shi Songzhi as the envoy of the Jinghu system and the acquaintance of Xiangyang Mansion to preside over the matter of extinguishing the money. In the sixth year of Shaoding (1233), the Song army sent troops to capture Dengzhou and other places, defeated the Wuxian troops of the Jin army at Ma Deng Mountain, and captured Tangzhou, cutting off Jin Aizong's escape route. In October, Shi Song ordered the Jinghu soldiers and horses to command Meng Gong's 20,000 troops, and jointly besieged Caizhou with the Mongolian army.
In the first month of the first year of Duanping (1234), Caizhou City was captured and Jin Aizong hanged himself. The last emperor Wanyan Chenglin was killed by the rebels, and the Jin Kingdom was destroyed.
When Song and Meng joined forces to destroy the Jin Dynasty, they did not make clear provisions on the ownership of Henan after the Jin Dynasty was destroyed. After the death of Jin, the Mongolian army retreated northward, leaving Henan empty. In May of the first year of Duanping (1234), Lizong appointed Zhao Kui as the commander-in-chief and Quan Zicai as the vanguard. Zhao Fan controlled the Jianghuai army and horses to respond, and formally issued an edict to send troops to Henan. Soon, Quanzi regained Guide Mansion in Nanjing. Then they marched to Kaifeng. On July 5, the Song army entered Kaifeng. After Quan Zicai occupied Kaifeng, grain and grass were not transported in time from the rear, so Quan Zicai was unable to continue his march, which delayed his opportunity to fight. Half a month later, Zhao Kui divided his troops into two groups and continued to march towards Luoyang despite the lack of food and pay. The Song army arrived in Luoyang and was ambushed by the Mongolian army. They suffered heavy losses and retreated in embarrassment. Zhao Kui and Quan Zi, who stayed behind in Tokyo, saw that the fighter plane had been lost and that food and wages were no longer available, so they led their troops back south. The Song armies in other areas were also completely defeated, and the hope of the Southern Song monarchs and ministers to restore their homeland was once again frustrated.
The failure of the "Duanping into Luo" caused heavy losses to the Southern Song Dynasty. Tens of thousands of elite soldiers died in the war, a large amount of materials invested were wasted, and the national power of the Southern Song Dynasty was seriously weakened. More importantly, "Duanping entered Luo" gave Mongolia an excuse to attack the Southern Song Dynasty, and the Song-Mongolia war broke out in an all-round way. There was a lot of discussion between the government and the public about the failure of sending troops to Henan and the serious consequences it brought. In response to this situation, Song Lizong had to issue an edict to review his own mistakes in order to calm people's hearts.
Yashan Naval Battle , in 1279, the large-scale naval battle between the Song Dynasty army and the Mongolian army at Yashan was also a rare naval battle in ancient China.
Yashan is located in Yamen Town, about 50 kilometers south of Xinhui District, Jiangmen City, Guangdong Province. It is where the water of Yinzhou Lake comes out to the sea and is also the entrance and exit of the tide. There is Yashan Mountain in the east and Tangping Mountain in the west. The veins of the two mountains extend southward into the sea, like a gate blocking the mouth of the water, like a half-open door, so it is also called Yamen.
The Battle of Yashan is directly related to the survival of the Southern Song Dynasty, so it is also a decisive battle between the Song and Yuan Dynasties. At the end of the war, the Yuan army defeated the larger army with less, and the entire Song army was destroyed. When the Southern Song Dynasty was destroyed, Lu Xiufu threw himself into the sea with the young emperor Zhao Bing (bǐng) on his back. Many loyal ministers followed him, and one hundred thousand soldiers and civilians jumped into the sea to die for the country.
After this battle, the fall of the Zhao and Song dynasties also meant the complete demise of the remaining forces of the Southern Song Dynasty, and the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty finally unified the entire China. For the first time, China as a whole was conquered by northern nomads.
Neo-Confucianism is the main philosophical school produced during the Song Dynasty, also known as Taoism. Neo-Confucianism is the most exquisite and complete theoretical system in ancient China, and its influence is profound and huge. The natural principles of Neo-Confucianism are moral theology, which also became the legal basis for divine power and royal power. By the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, it was adopted as the official philosophy.Important Neo-Confucians include the Five Scholars of the Northern Song Dynasty (the Five Scholars of the Northern Song Dynasty refer to Zhou Dunyi, Shao Yong, Zhang Zai, Cheng Hao, and Cheng Yi in the Northern Song Dynasty), Yang Shi, Zhu Xi, Chai Zhongxing, Lu Jiuyuan, and Lin Xiyi of the Southern Song Dynasty, and Wu Cheng, Xu Heng, and Liu of the Yuan Dynasty. Yin, Hao Jing, Yao Shu, Lian Xixian, Zhang Wenqian, Liu Bingzhong, Zhao Wei, Wang Kekuan, Hua Youwu, Wu Hai, Dai Liang, Li Qi, Zhang Xian, Liang Yin, Su Tianjue, Zhang Chang, etc., Ming Dynasty Chen Xianzhang, Zhan Ruoshui, Wang Shouren, Zhu Dezhi, etc., broadly speaking, includes San Su, Wang Anshi, Sima Guang and others. The central concept of their philosophy is "reason", which is said to be the spiritual thing that produces all things in the world. The emergence of Neo-Confucianism had a profound impact on the political culture of later generations.
Wen Tianxiang (June 6, 1236 - January 9, 1283), was first named Yun Sun, also named Song Rui, and also named Lu Shan. He named himself Fuxiu Taoist and Wenshan. A native of Luling County, Jizhou, Jiangnan West Road (now Futian Town, Qingyuan District, Ji'an City, Jiangxi Province), he was a politician and writer in the late Southern Song Dynasty, a famous anti-Yuan official, and a national hero. Together with Lu Xiufu and Zhang Shijie, he was known as one of the "Three Heroes of the Late Song Dynasty" ".
In the fourth year of Baoyou's reign (1256), Lizong of the Song Dynasty, 21-year-old Wen Tianxiang ranked first in Jinshi and became the number one scholar. He was once in charge of the Military Supervisor and Quanzhi Academy. He was reprimanded for his outspoken rebuke of the eunuch Dong Songchen and his ridicule of the powerful Prime Minister Jia Sidao. He experienced ups and downs several times and asked himself to serve as an official at the age of thirty-seven. In the first year of Deyou (1275), the Yuan army went south to attack the Song Dynasty. Wen Tianxiang dispersed his family wealth and recruited soldiers to serve the king. He was appointed as the envoy to the west of Zhejiang and Jiangdong and the governor of Pingjiang Prefecture. While rescuing Changzhou, he retreated to Yuhang due to internal discord. Later he was promoted to the right prime minister and privy envoy, and was ordered to negotiate peace with the Yuan army. He was detained for criticizing the Yuan commander-in-chief Boyan, and escaped while being escorted to the north. Soon after, he participated in the establishment of Yiwang Zhao Shi as emperor in Fuzhou, and then went to Nanjianzhou to gather troops to fight against the Yuan Dynasty. In the second year of Jingyan's reign (1277), he attacked Jiangxi again, but was finally defeated and retreated to Guangdong alone. In the first year of Xiangxing (1278), after King Zhao Bing of Wei succeeded to the throne, he paid homage to Shaobao and wrote to the Duke. Later, he was captured in Wupoling and taken to Dadu of the Yuan Dynasty. He was imprisoned for three years. Despite repeated threats and inducements, he still refused to give in. In December of the 19th year of Yuan Dynasty (January 1283), Wen Tianxiang died calmly at the age of forty-seven. In the Ming Dynasty, he was given the posthumous title "Zhonglie".
Wen Tianxiang wrote many poems about loyalty, anger and generosity. His poetic style changed during the Deyou period and became bold and bold, which is worthy of being called the history of poetry. What he wrote in "Crossing the Lingding Ocean", "No one has ever died in life since ancient times, has left his loyal heart to illuminate history" is majestic and sentimental, inspiring many people with lofty ideals in later generations who strive for their ideals. Wen Tianxiang's works were compiled by later generations and compiled into "The Complete Works of Mr. Wenshan".
Yue Fei (March 24, 1103 - January 27, 1142), courtesy name Pengju, was born in Tangyin, Xiangzhou (now Tangyin County, Henan Province). During the Southern Song Dynasty, he was a famous general, military strategist, strategist, national hero, calligrapher, and poet who fought against the Jin Dynasty. He ranked first among the "Four Generals of the ZTE" in the Southern Song Dynasty.
Yue Fei joined the army four times since he was twenty years old. From the second year of Jianyan (1128) when he met Zongze to the eleventh year of Shaoxing (1141), he participated in and directed hundreds of battles, large and small. When the Jin army attacked Jiangnan, it was unique and advocated resisting the Jin army and regaining Jiankang. In the fourth year of Shaoxing (1134), six counties of Xiangyang were recovered. In the sixth year of Shaoxing (1136), he led the Northern Expedition and successfully captured Shangzhou, Guozhou and other places. In the tenth year of Shaoxing (1140), Wanyan Zongbi destroyed the alliance and attacked the Song Dynasty. Yue Fei sent his troops to the Northern Expedition. The people of the two rivers rushed to tell each other, and the rebels from all over the country responded one after another and attacked the Jin army. The Yuejia Army successively recovered Zhengzhou, Luoyang and other places, defeated the Jin army in Yancheng and Yingchang, and marched into Zhuxian Town. However, Song Gaozong Zhao Gou and Prime Minister Qin Hui insisted on seeking peace and urged their teachers with twelve "gold-character plaques". During the peace negotiations between the Song and Jin Dynasties, Yue Fei was falsely accused by Qin Hui, Zhang Jun and others and imprisoned. In January 1142, he was killed together with his eldest son Yue Yun and general Zhang Xian on trumped-up charges. During the reign of Emperor Xiaozong of the Song Dynasty, Zhaoxue was rehabilitated and reburied in Qixialing on the bank of the West Lake. He was posthumously named Wumu, and later Zhongwu, who was granted the title of King of E.
Yue Fei was an outstanding commander-in-chief of the Southern Song Dynasty. He valued the people's resistance to the Jin Dynasty and created the "Connect Heshuo" strategy. He advocated that the civilian anti-Jin Dynasty rebels north of the Yellow River and the Song army cooperate with each other to regain lost ground; he governed the army with clear rewards and punishments and discipline. He is strict and can be considerate of his subordinates and leads by example. The "Yue Family Army" he leads is known as "if you freeze to death, you will not demolish the house, and if you starve to death, you will not take prisoners." The Jin army once commented that "it is easy to shake the mountains, but it is difficult to shake the Yue family's army" to show their sincere admiration for the Yue family's army.
Yue Fei's literary talent is also outstanding. His representative poem "The River is Red: Angry Hair Rushes to the Crown" is a famous patriotic poem that has been passed down through the ages.
Bao Zheng (999-July 3, 1062), courtesy name Xiren, was born in Hefei, Luzhou (now Feidong, Hefei, Anhui) and was a famous official in the Northern Song Dynasty.
In the fifth year of Tiansheng (1027), Bao Zheng became a Jinshi. Lei Qian was the supervisory censor, and he once suggested training troops, selecting generals, and replenishing border supplies. He successively served as the judge of the Third Division of Household Affairs and the transshipment envoy of Jingdong, Shaanxi and Hebei Roads. Later, he served as the deputy envoy of the Third Division of Household Affairs and requested the court's permission to trade salt. When he was in charge of the Remonstrance Court, he repeatedly impeached powerful people. He was then granted the direct bachelor's degree in Longtuge and the transfer envoy to the capital of Hebei Province. He was transferred to the Ying and Yang states, and had the power to know Kaifeng Prefecture, Quan Yushi Zhongcheng, and the third division envoy. In the sixth year of Jiayou's reign (1061), he was promoted to Deputy Privy Envoy. Because he was a direct bachelor of Tianzhang Pavilion and Longtuge, he was known as "Bao Daizhi" and "Baolongtu" in his later generations. In the seventh year of Jiayou's reign (1062), Bao Zheng passed away at the age of sixty-four. He was given the posthumous title "Xiaosu" by the Minister of Rites as a posthumous gift, and later generations called him "Bao Xiaosu". There is "Bao Xiaosu Gong's Memorial" handed down from generation to generation.
Bao Zheng was honest and just, resolute in establishing the government, not attached to powerful people, selfless, wise and decisive, and dared to appeal for the injustice of the people, so he was named "Bao Qingtian" and "Bao Gong". words. Later generations worshiped him as a god and believed that he was the reincarnation of Kuixing. Due to his black-faced image among the people, he was also called "Bao Qingtian".
Liao
The Liao Dynasty (907-1125) was a dynasty established by the Khitan people in Chinese history. It passed down nine emperors and enjoyed the country for 218 years.
(1) Origin of Khitan: The name of Khitan first appeared in the Northern Wei Dynasty. In the early days, the Khitans lived south of Huangshui (now Xilamulun River in Inner Mongolia) and north of Huanglong (now Chaoyang, Liaoning). The Khitan people became increasingly prosperous and developed southward. Emperor Wenxuan of the Northern Qi Dynasty, Gao Yang, personally led a large army to attack the Khitan tribe going south in the fourth year of Tianbao (553), and captured more than 100,000 people and hundreds of thousands of livestock. The Khitan tribe suffered heavy losses. Later, they were invaded by the Turks. At the beginning of the Sui Dynasty, they were attached to the Sui Dynasty and the Turks, and gradually recovered. In the first year of Daye of the Sui Dynasty (605), when the Khitan people went south to Yingzhou (now Chaoyang, Liaoning), they were again attacked by the Sui Dynasty. The general led a Turkic attack, and 40,000 people were captured and suffered heavy losses again.
In the early sixth century, the Khitan people were still in the tribal stage. A tribal alliance was formed in the early Tang Dynasty. The ruler was the Dahe family. In the sixth year of Wude in the Tang Dynasty (623), he sent envoys to Chang'an to pay tribute to Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty, including famous horses and ferocious mink. The political stance still tends to be that of the Turkic Jieli Khan. In the second year of Zhenguan (628), Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, Dahemohui led a tribal alliance to abandon the Turks and surrender to the Tang Dynasty. The emperor of the Tang Dynasty once gave the Khitan leaders flags and drums, which later became a symbol of the Khitan Khan's power. In the third year of Zhenguan (629), Shizhou was established with Shiwei and Khitan tribesmen. Between the Khitan and the Tang Dynasty, there were not only tributes, official appointments, and trade, but also wars and plunders. Later, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty made Khitans the governor of Songmo (in today's Chifeng and Tongliao area), and Dahe Kuge was the governor of Songmo, and gave him the surname Li.
When Wu Zetian was in power, on May 12, the first year of Long Live Tongtian (696), the Khitan Li Jinzhong and his brother-in-law Sun Wanrong rebelled, captured Yingzhou, killed the governor of Yingzhou Zhao Wenhui, and established themselves as the supreme khan. This is the Khitan Man sweated for the first time. Wu Zetian sent troops to encircle and suppress them, but they were defeated by Jin Zhong.
In the 20th year of Kaiyuan (732), the Tang army defeated the Khitan and captured many people. In the fourth year of Tianbao (745), the Turks were destroyed and the Khitan surrendered to the Tang Dynasty. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty gave the Han name Li Huaixiu, worshiped the governor of Songmo, and granted him the title of Chongshun. King, give Princess Jingle. Half a year later, Huaixiu couldn't bear the bullying from An Lushan, so he killed the princess and joined Xi to rebel against the Tang Dynasty.After that, he fought with An Lushan many times, with mixed success and failure. In the fifth year of Tianbao (746 years), the Tang Dynasty granted Hu La Khan Yaonan Kailuo the title of King Gongren and replaced him as the governor of Songmo. Kailuo reigned until the Anshi Rebellion ended, and the large-scale war between the Tang Dynasty and the Khitan basically ended.
(2) Founding of the People's Republic of China by Taizu: During the Five Dynasties, with the development of Khitan society and the improvement of social stage, the Yaonian clan alliance began to transform into the Yelv clan. Yelu Abaoji was born in the 13th year of Xiantong (872) in the Tang Dynasty. Abaoji formed a bodyguard army. Abaoji rose rapidly. He led the Tarma Tribe to defeat small neighboring tribes such as Xiaohuang Shiwei, Yuewu, Uugu, Liuxi, and Bishaji. After Abaoji's uncle was killed, Abaoji inherited his uncle's position as Yuyue (whose status was second only to Khan's). , known in history as the "General Manager of Military and State Affairs", higher than Yi Li Jin, mastering the military and administrative affairs of the alliance, equivalent to the position of Prime Minister of the Central Plains Dynasty, and defeated the powerful tribes of Yelv Shilu headed by Puguzhi. He successively surrendered to Xiaohuang Shiwei and defeated the Wu, Wugu and Liuxi tribes of Yue. He was praised by the people as "Azhu Shali" (Shali, "Langjun" in Khitan). In the third year of Tianfu (903), Abaoji attacked the Jurchens in the north, captured the Hedong and Huaiyuan armies in the south, and captured Jibei (now northern Hebei). He was promoted to Yue and became the general manager of military and state affairs, becoming the actual controller of the tribal alliance. After the death of Qinde in the third year of Tianyou (906), Abaoji no longer chose the khan from the Yaonian family, but took the banner and drums into his own hands and served as the khan of the Khitan tribe. From then on, the khan's Xuanli was transferred to the Yelu family of Diela tribe.
In the first month of the fourth year of Tianyou (907), Yelu Abaoji was elected as the Khitan leader, that is, the emperor. Honoring the mother Xiao as the empress dowager, she established the empress Xiao. The ministers honored her as the emperor of heaven, and the empress was the empress of the earth. In May and June of the third year of Liang Qianhua's reign (913), Abaoji led troops to attack the third rebellion of his brothers. After three rebellions, Abaoji basically eliminated the opposition forces of his family and consolidated the supreme rule.
In the first year of Shence (916), the ministers named Abaoji were honored as the Great Sage and the Emperor of Tomorrow, and Jianyuan Shence was Taizu of the Liao Dynasty. Taizu of the Liao Dynasty took in the refugees caused by the war in Hebei and built cities and towns in the Central Plains style on the grasslands to accommodate them. He also appointed Han Yanhui, Han Zhigu, Kang Moji and Lu Wenjin as his ministers. In the fourth year of Tianzan (925), he conquered the Bohai Kingdom in the east, established the Dongdan Kingdom in the old land to rule the Bohai survivors, and appointed the crown prince Yelvbei as the King of Dongdan. Taizu of the Liao Dynasty had always had the intention of conquering the Central Plains in the south. However, the year after he conquered the Bohai Sea, he fell ill on the way back to his army and finally died. His wife, Queen Shulu (Shuluping), declared regent, and the emperor's second son, Yelu Deguang, took charge of the government and massacred hundreds of political opponents to stabilize the regime. In November of the second year of Tianxian (927, the second year of Tiancheng in the Later Tang Dynasty), Yelu Deguang ascended the throne with the support of Queen Shulu, that is, Taizong of Liao Dynasty. In the fifth year of Tianxian (930, the first year of Changxing in the Later Tang Dynasty), King Yelvbei of Dongdan fled south to the Later Tang Dynasty, and Taizong of the Liao Dynasty unified the Khitan.
(3) Going south to the Central Plains: In April of the ninth year of Tianxian (934), Li Congke, the king of Jun in the Later Tang Dynasty, deposed and killed his master Li Conghou and established himself as emperor. Yelvbei wrote to Emperor Taizong of the Liao Dynasty Yelu Deguang from the Later Tang Dynasty to request a crusade against Li Congke, the late emperor of the Tang Dynasty. In August, Emperor Taizong of the Liao Dynasty personally led his army to the south. In the eleventh year of Tianxian (936), Shi Jingtang, the governor of Hedong in the Later Tang Dynasty, begged Taizong of the Liao Dynasty to send troops to help him oppose the Later Tang Dynasty on the condition of claiming sonship and ceding the sixteen Youyun states. Taizong of the Liao Dynasty personally led 50,000 cavalry to defeat the Later Tang army at the foot of Jinyang City, and appointed Shi Jingtang as the emperor of the Later Jin Dynasty. In November, Emperor Taizong of the Liao Dynasty canonized Shi Jingtang as the "Emperor of the Jin Dynasty", the emperor of the Jin Dynasty. The envoys of the later Jin Dynasty presented the sixteen states of You, Ji, Ying, Mo, Zhuo, Tan, Shun, Guī, Ru, Xin, Wu, Yun, Ying, Shuo, Huán and Wei, as well as pictures and books. The "Sixteen Prefectures of Youyun" were ceded to the Khitan. Emperor Taizong of the Liao Dynasty issued an edict to make the imperial capital Shangjing, rename it Linhuang Mansion, and upgrade Youzhou to Nanjing. After seizing the Sixteenth Prefecture of Youyun, Emperor Taizong of the Liao Dynasty built the Sixteenth Prefecture of Youyun into a base for further southward movement. Taizong of the Liao Dynasty adopted the ruling method of "governing according to customs", implemented a system of two-faced officials in the north and south, and divided the Han and Khitan governments.
In the fifth year of the Jin Dynasty (942), Shi Jingtang's adopted son Shi Chonggui came to the throne. He was unwilling to surrender to the Khitan, so he declared himself a grandson instead of a minister.Emperor Taizong of the Liao Dynasty took the opportunity to lead his army southward with the intention of unifying China. In December of the sixth year of Huitong (943), Taizong of the Liao Dynasty personally went to Nanjing, intending to lead his army south to the Central Plains to attack the Later Jin Dynasty. He ordered Zhao Yanshou, Zhao Yanzhao, Yelu Anduan, Xie Li and others to separate their routes from Cang, Heng, Yi, Ding and other prefectures. As they advanced, Emperor Taizong of the Liao Dynasty led a large army to follow. In the ninth year of Huitong (946), Du Chongwei, the commander-in-chief of the Later Jin Dynasty, forced all the generals to surrender to the Khitan, and the Khitan invaded Kaifeng. Emperor Chu of the Jin Dynasty was forced to surrender, and the Later Jin Dynasty was destroyed.
On the first day of the first month of the tenth year of Huitong (947), Taizong of the Liao Dynasty entered Bianliang, Tokyo, with the honor guard of the Emperor of the Central Plains. On the first day of February of the first year of Datong (947), he issued an edict to name the founding of the country "Da Liao" and changed it to the tenth year of Huitong. The year is the first year of Datong. Although Taizong of the Liao Dynasty had the intention to manage China for a long time, he caused resistance from the people of the Central Plains because he sent troops to plunder people's property and prevented the military governors from returning to their towns. Soon, Liu Zhiyuan, the former governor of Hedong Festival in the Later Jin Dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor, and his country was named Han.
After Liu Zhiyuan proclaimed himself emperor in Jinyang, many towns and old generals from the later Jin Dynasty raised troops to respond. The common people also rose up in resistance. Most of them numbered tens of thousands, and some of them numbered no less than a thousand. They broke into prefectures and counties and killed officials appointed by the Khitan. Wang Qiong, the leader of the Chanzhou uprising army, invaded the city and besieged the Khitan general Yelu Langwu; the Eastern uprising army defeated the three states of Song, Bo and Mi. It can be seen that the Khitan's rule in the Central Plains is difficult to maintain. In April, Emperor Taizong of the Liao Dynasty was forced to lead his army back north, and finally died of illness in Luancheng, Hebei Province.
In the first year of Datong in the Liao Dynasty (947, the fourth year of Kaiyun of the Later Jin Dynasty), generals such as Yelvhou and others in Kaifeng, the Central Plains, supported Yelvbei's son Yelvruan as emperor, who was the Shizong of the Liao Dynasty. During his reign, Emperor Shizong of the Liao Dynasty never forgot his desire to occupy the Central Plains and used troops against the Central Plains many times. However, Liao Shizong was fond of wine and sex and loved hunting. In his later years, he even appointed traitors and promoted the promotion of rewards and killings, which led to neglect of government affairs and political corruption.
In the fifth year of Tianlu of the Liao Dynasty (951, the first year of Guangshun in the later Zhou Dynasty), Yelu Chage launched a coup, killed Shizong of the Liao Dynasty and proclaimed himself emperor. After the eldest son of Emperor Taizong of the Liao Dynasty, Yelv Jing and Yelu Wuzhi, led their troops to kill Yelu Chage, he was He was established as emperor, namely Muzong of Liao Dynasty. Although Mu Zong of the Liao Dynasty hated women and had nothing to do with it, he often drank too much, went to bed at dawn and woke up at noon. Therefore, he ignored the government affairs for a long time and was called the "Sleeping King" by the Chinese. In the early days of Muzong of the Liao Dynasty, the court was unstable and divided, and ministers often rebelled or fled south to the Central Plains. Due to the turbulent political situation, Emperor Muzong of the Liao Dynasty was forced to stop the policy of southern expedition to the Central Plains that had been implemented by Emperor Taizong and Emperor Shizong of the Liao Dynasty in order to restore the national strength that had been weakened by the long-term war, and jointly fought with the Southern Tang and Northern Han Dynasties against the increasingly powerful Later Zhou Dynasty.
In the ninth year of Yingli (959, the sixth year of Xiande of the later Zhou Dynasty), the later Zhou Dynasty launched the Northern Expedition, and Wang Hong, the governor of Ningzhou (now Qingxian County, Hebei Province) of the Liao Dynasty, surrendered in the city. The Zhou army subsequently captured Yijin Pass and Waqiao Pass, and the governors of Mozhou and Yingzhou, Liu Chuxin and Gao Yanhui, also surrendered. At that time, Zhou Shizong wanted to make a big move and take Youzhou directly, while Liao Muzong even intended to abandon the Sixteenth Prefecture of Yanyun. In the end, Zhou Shizong returned south due to serious illness. Mozhou and Yingzhou returned to Zhou and took possession of them, but the Liao army strengthened its defense and did not dare to go south. Because Liao Muzong himself liked killing, he often killed people with his own hands. At the same time, he also loved hunting to the extent that he "didn't look at the court even after a month". Finally, he was killed by his servants in February of the 19th year of Yingli (969, the second year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty). Yelvxian was elected as emperor, namely Jingzong of Liao Dynasty, and his name was changed to Baoning.
(4) Heyday: Jingzong of Liao Dynasty was diligent in political affairs and reused virtuous officials such as Shi Fang and Guo Xi, which brought about a period of Qingming in the Liao Dynasty. Liao Jingzong adopted a relatively loose policy towards the royal family who rebelled during the Liao Muzong period, so there were fewer rebels and the upper class was relatively stable. Liao Jingzong's foreign policy still adopted the policy of not taking the initiative to expedition south to the Central Plains and only aiding the Northern Han Dynasty. After Song Taizong Zhao Guangyi unified Jiangnan, he personally conquered the Northern Han Dynasty in the first year of Qianheng of Liao Dynasty (979, the fourth year of Taiping and Xingguo in the Northern Song Dynasty). The Liao Dynasty sent tens of thousands of troops to support the Northern Han Dynasty. In March, the Liao army fought with the Song army at Baima Ridge and was defeated. Liao general Yelu Dilie and others died in the battle. In June, Liu Jiyuan, the leader of the Northern Han Dynasty, surrendered to the Song Dynasty. The Liao Dynasty changed its strategy and used its main force to defend Youji. Taking advantage of the victory, Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty attacked Youzhou. The Liao Dynasty sent famous generals such as Yelu Sha, Yelu Xiuge, and Yelv Xiezhen to lead their troops to fight the Song Army at the Gaoliang River (now outside Xizhimen, Beijing), and successfully defeated the Song Army. Song Taizong only escaped with his own life. .Because Liao Jingzong was weak and sick, he was sometimes unable to go to court, so most military and state affairs were handled with the assistance of Queen Xiao Chuo.
In the fourth year of Qianheng (982, the seventh year of peace and prosperity in the Northern Song Dynasty), Liao Jingzong died of illness, and Liao Shengzong Yelu Longxu succeeded to the throne. His mother Xiao Chuo was the empress dowager, and she was regent. At that time, Empress Dowager Xiao was 30 years old and Liao Shengzong was 12 years old. However, Empress Dowager Xiao's father, Xiao Siwen, was killed in the second year of Baoning (970, the third year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty) and left no heirs. As a result, Empress Dowager Xiao had no relatives to rely on. However, more than 200 people from the princes and clans supported their own troops and controlled the court, posing a great threat to Empress Dowager Xiao and the Liao Shengzong. Empress Dowager Xiao first appointed her ministers Yelv Xiezhen and Handerang to participate in the political decision-making. She assigned the southern military affairs to Brother Yelvxiu, replaced a group of ministers, and ordered the kings not to entertain each other, requiring them to stay out without incident, and trying to relieve their military power. After these actions, the status of Liao Shengzong and Queen Mother Xiao became stable. Empress Dowager Xiao was regent for twenty-seven years. During her reign, she carried out reforms and worked hard, focusing on farming and mulberry cultivation, building water conservancy, reducing taxes, rectifying officialdom, and training the army, making the people of Liao Dynasty rich and the country strong. In the twenty-seventh year of the Khitan unification (1009, the second year of Dazhong Xiangfu in the Northern Song Dynasty), after Liao Shengzong came into power, the Liao Dynasty has entered its peak. It basically continued the style of the Liao Dynasty when Empress Dowager Xiao was in power, opposed harsh punishments, and prevented Corruption incident. In terms of culture and education, Liao Shengzong implemented imperial examinations and compiled Buddhist scriptures. Buddhism was extremely popular. During his reign, he fought in all directions, won many wars against the Song Dynasty, and captured the famous Song Dynasty general Yang Ye, who was known as Yang Invincible.
At the beginning of the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty, it was intended to regain the sixteen states of Yanyun. It launched two Northern Expeditions in 979 and 986, but both were defeated by the Liao army. In order to prevent Goryeo from forming an alliance with the Northern Song Dynasty, Liao Shengzong threatened the eastern part of the Liao Dynasty. In the eleventh year of Tonghe (993, the fourth year of Chunhua in the Northern Song Dynasty), the Goryeo-Khitan War was launched to surrender Goryeo. In the twenty-seventh year of Tonghe (1009, the second year of Dazhong Xiangfu in the Northern Song Dynasty), the furthest attack Enter Kaicheng in Goryeo. Later, in order to resolve the long-term confrontation between the Liao and Song Dynasties and prevent the Khitan nobles from threatening the imperial power, Empress Dowager Xiao and the Liao Shengzong personally led an army deep into the Song Dynasty in the 22nd year of Tonghe (1004, the first year of Jingde in the Northern Song Dynasty). Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty was afraid of the enemy and wanted to move the capital to the south. However, Prime Minister Kou Zhun insisted and went to Chanzhou (today's Puyang) to supervise the war. The Song army's morale was greatly boosted and they defeated the Liao army's vanguard. Liao general Xiao Talin died in the battle. The Liao army was afraid of being attacked from both sides and proposed a peace treaty. Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty, who advocated peace, signed a peace treaty with the Liao Dynasty at the beginning of the next year. It was agreed that the Song Dynasty would give the Liao 100,000 taels of silver and 200,000 pieces of silk every year. Since then, the two dynasties have been reconciled for 120 years. After that, Liao Shengzong formed a good alliance with Xixia, and Xixia also swayed between Song and Liao in order to survive, forming a situation in which the Liao, Song, and Xia dynasties were at odds.
(5) The decline of Xingdao: In the eleventh year of Taiping in Khitan (1031, the ninth year of Tiansheng in the Northern Song Dynasty), Liao Shengzong died, and his eldest son Yelu Zongzhen came to the throne, that is, Liao Xingzong. The biological mother of Liao Xingzong, Xiao Yujin (the Empress Dowager Fatian), established herself as the empress dowager and regent, and forced Liao Xingzong's adoptive mother, Queen Qitian Xiao Bodhisattva, to death. Empress Fatian reused corrupt officials who had been banned from employment during the Liao Shengzong era, as well as members of her natal family. Liao Xingzong could not save him because he had no power, and mother and son became enmity. Empress Dowager Fatian did not trust Liao Xingzong and planned to make her second son Yelu Zongyuan (ie Yelu Zhongyuan) the emperor instead. Yelu Zongyuan told Liao Xingzong about this. Xingzong of the Liao Dynasty was furious. In the third year of Chongxi (1034, the first year of Jingyou in the Northern Song Dynasty), he used force to depose the Queen Mother Fatian, forced the Queen Mother Fatian to "guard the Qingling Mausoleum", and massacred the Queen Mother's cronies. In July, Xingzong of Liao came into power. A cemetery was built to bury Queen Qitian. Then, he brought the Queen Mother Fatian back and kept a distance of ten miles from her to prevent any unexpected events. The emotional rift between mother and son of Liao Xingzong has never been healed.
When Liao Xingzong was in power, the Liao Dynasty was in decline. During the Liao Xingzong dynasty, traitors were in power, politics were corrupt, the people were in poverty, and the army was weak. Faced with the declining national power, Xingzong of the Liao Dynasty continued to fight for years and conquered Xixia many times; forcing the Song Dynasty to pay more annual coins. However, these made the people of Liao Dynasty complain and make their lives miserable. Xingzong of Liao Dynasty was also superstitious about Buddhism and lived in extreme luxury. Xingzong of Liao once gambled with his younger brother Yelu Zongyuan and lost several cities in a row.He was very grateful to his younger brother Yelu Zongyuan, and once when he was drunk, he promised to pass the throne to Yelu Zongyuan a hundred years later. The prince Yelu Hongji (later known as Daozong of the Liao Dynasty) was not named the crown prince, but was only named the general marshal of the world's soldiers and horses. This had the consequences of Yelu Zongyuan and his son's attempt to seize the throne after Daozong of the Liao Dynasty succeeded to the throne.
After the Song-Xia War, the Northern Song Dynasty was in internal and external difficulties, so the Liao Dynasty took the opportunity to invade the Song Dynasty. After seeking Zhang Jian's advice, he sent his younger brothers Yelu Zongyuan and Xiao Hui to create momentum on the border to attack the Song Dynasty. In the first month of the second year of Qingli in the Northern Song Dynasty), he went to the Song Dynasty to ask for the land of ten counties south of Waqiao Pass. The Song Dynasty sent Fu Bi to negotiate with the Liao envoys, which resulted in Chongxi increasing his currency. The two sides reached an agreement in September, adding an additional 100,000 taels of silver and 100,000 pieces of silk to the Liao Sui coins stipulated by the Chanyuan Alliance to settle the land dispute. Xingzong of the Liao Dynasty once again asked the Song Dynasty to win the word "Na", that is, the Sui coins were accepted by the Song Dynasty and given to the Liao Dynasty, not as a gift. Song Renzong also agreed to compromise, but the condition was that the Liao Dynasty must restrain Xixia from negotiating peace with Song. Therefore, after the reconciliation between Liao and Song, the relationship between Liao and Xia deteriorated and war broke out. Liao Xingzong personally conquered Xixia twice, but both failed. Xixia was finally willing to pay tribute to the Liao Dynasty.
After Daozong of the Liao Dynasty succeeded to the throne, in July of the ninth year of Qingning (1063, the eighth year of Jiayou in the Northern Song Dynasty), Yelu Zongyuan followed his son's persuasion, launched a rebellion, and proclaimed himself emperor. He was soon defeated by Daozong of the Liao Dynasty, and Yelu Zongyuan He committed suicide, which is known as the Luanhe Rebellion in history. During the reign of Daozong of the Liao Dynasty, Liao's politics became corrupt and its power gradually declined. Daozong did not carry out reforms, and he himself was decadent and extravagant. At this time, landlords and bureaucrats rapidly annexed land, and the people were miserable and complained. Daozong of the Liao Dynasty reused Yelu Yixin and other traitors and ignored the government affairs.
In July of the fifth year of Dakang in the Liao Dynasty (1079, the second year of Yuanfeng in the Northern Song Dynasty), Yelu Yixin went on a hunting trip with Daozong of the Liao Dynasty, intending to murder the emperor's grandson Yelu Yanxi. Daozong of the Liao Dynasty accepted the minister's advice and ordered the emperor's grandson to be killed. After hunting together in autumn, Yelu Yixin's conspiracy was resolved. In the ninth year of Dakang (1083, the sixth year of Yuanfeng in the Northern Song Dynasty), Daozong of the Liao Dynasty named the late prince Prince Zhaohuai, and he was buried with the rites of the emperor. In October of the same year, Yelu Yixin tried to take refuge in the Song Dynasty with his private weapons, but he failed and was executed. In the first month of the seventh year of Shouchang (1101, the first year of Jingguo's founding in the Northern Song Dynasty), Daozong of the Liao Dynasty passed away, and his grandson Yelu Yanxi succeeded him as Emperor Tianzuo. At that time, Chongzong of Xixia repeatedly asked for help from the Liao Dynasty due to attacks from the Northern Song Dynasty, and asked Princess Shang, the daughter of Emperor Tianzuo, to be his wife. Finally, in the fifth year of Qiantong (1105, the fourth year of Chongning in the Northern Song Dynasty), Emperor Tianzuo of the Liao Dynasty promoted a clan girl Yelu Nanxian to a princess to marry Xia Chongzong, and sent envoys to the Song Dynasty to persuade the Northern Song Dynasty to negotiate peace with Xixia.
(Six) Towards Destruction: On February 10, the second year of Tianqing in the Liao Dynasty (1112, the second year of Zhenghe in the Northern Song Dynasty), Emperor Tianzuo went to Chunzhou (the former address is Baoshi Town, about 60 kilometers northwest of Tuquan Town, Tuquan County, Inner Mongolia) territory), summoned the chiefs of the nearby Jurchen tribe to come to the court. After getting drunk during the banquet, he ordered all the chiefs to dance for him, but Wanyan Aguda refused. Emperor Tianzuo didn't take it seriously, but from then on Wanyan Aguda was at odds with the Liao Dynasty. In September, Wanyan Aguda stopped obeying the imperial edict and began to use troops against other Jurchen tribes who disobeyed him. In the spring of the fourth year of Tianqing (1114, the fourth year of Zhenghe in the Northern Song Dynasty), Wanyan Aguda officially launched an army to rebel against the Liao Dynasty. At first Emperor Tianzuo did not regard Wanyan Aguda as a major threat, but all the troops he sent to suppress Wanyan Aguda were defeated. In the fifth year of Tianqing (1115, the fifth year of Zhenghe in the Northern Song Dynasty, the first year of the Jin Dynasty), Emperor Tianzuo ordered a personal expedition in order to deal with the Jurchen threat. However, the Liao army was defeated by the Jurchen army everywhere. At the same time, there was also a rebellion in the Liao Dynasty. Yelu Zhangnu rebelled in Shangjing of Liao Dynasty. Although this rebellion was quickly put down, it divided the Liao Dynasty. In the same year, Wanyan Aguda proclaimed himself the emperor and founded the country. The country was named Dajin, the reign was named Suzhou, and the capital city was settled in Ning. In the autumn of the same year, the Jin army captured Huanglong Mansion in the Liao Kingdom, and the Liao Kingdom suffered a serious blow. Afterwards, Gao Yongchang rebelled and became independent in Tokyo, which was located in the former Bohai Kingdom. This rebellion was not put down until April of the sixth year of Tianqing (1116, the sixth year of Zhenghe in the Northern Song Dynasty and the second year of Jin Shouguo). In May, the Jurchens took the opportunity to occupy Liaodong and Shenzhou.
(7) The battle of Jin to destroy Liao: In the tenth year of Tianqing (1120, the second year of Xuanhe in the Northern Song Dynasty and the fourth year of Jin Tianfu), the Jin army conquered Shangjing of Liao Dynasty, and the defender Xiao Tabu also surrendered. By the first year of Baoda (1121) In the 3rd year of Xuanhe in the Northern Song Dynasty and the 5th year of Jin Tianfu) the Liao Dynasty had lost half of its territory. Internal civil strife broke out due to the issue of succession to the throne. In the end, Emperor Tianzuo of the Liao Dynasty killed his eldest son Yelu Aolu Ao. However, this caused more Liao troops to surrender to the Jin Dynasty. In the first month of the second year of Baoda (1122, the fourth year of Xuanhe in the Northern Song Dynasty and the sixth year of Jin Tianfu), the Jin army captured Liao Zhongjing. Emperor Tianzuo was forced by the Jin soldiers and went into exile in Jiashan.
Since Yelu Dashi, Li Chuwen and others in Nanjing of the Liao Dynasty did not know the whereabouts of Emperor Tianzuo, they supported Yelv Chun as emperor, the Tianxi Emperor, and was known as Northern Liao in history. Emperor Tianxi made Emperor Tianzuo king of Xiangyin, and sent an ambassador to the Jin Dynasty to beg for vassalship. But before the work was completed, he died of illness. His wife Liao De was named Concubine De, and the reign name was changed to Dexing. At this time, Li Chuwen and his son, ministers of the Liao Dynasty, felt that the prospects were not good, and planned to have an affair with Tong Guan of the Northern Song Dynasty to the south, in order to kidnap Liao De's concubine and bring her to the Song Dynasty. To the north, he communicated with Jin people secretly and acted as Jin's internal correspondent. Later she discovered their crimes and sentenced them to death. In November of that year, Concubine De of the Liao Dynasty submitted five petitions to the Jin Dynasty. As long as Yelu Ding was allowed to be established as the emperor of the Liao Dynasty, all other conditions were agreed. The Jin people refused, so she had to send troops to defend Juyong Pass. In November, Juyong Pass was lost, and in December, Liao Nanjing was captured. Concubine Liao De took refuge with Emperor Tianzuo with her accompanying officials, but was executed by Emperor Tianzuo.
In the first month of the third year of Baoda (1123, the fifth year of Xuanhe in the Northern Song Dynasty and the seventh year of Jin Tianfu), Huilibao (Xiao Qian) in Shangjing rebelled against the Jin Dynasty and was put down in August. In the fourth year of Baoda (1124, the sixth year of Xuanhe in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the second year of Tianhui in the Jin Dynasty), Emperor Tianzuo had lost most of the land in the Liao Dynasty. He himself withdrew from Mowai, and most of his sons and family members were killed or killed. After being captured, although he still planned to regain the capitals of Yanzhou and Yunzhou, there was actually not much hope. On February 20, the fifth year of Baoda (March 26, 1125), Emperor Tianzuo of the Liao Dynasty was captured by Jin Wanyan Lou and others in Yingzhou. In August, he was sent to Jin Shangjing (today's Baicheng, Acheng District, Heilongjiang Province). Son), was demoted to King of Haibin by Jin Taizong. In the sixth year of Tianhui in the Jin Dynasty (1128, the second year of Jianyan in the Southern Song Dynasty), Haibin King Yelu Yanxi died of illness, and Xiao Shu, the surviving minister, treated his late lord as a human minister. The Liao Dynasty lasted for 210 years (including the Khitan period) and passed through 9 emperors.
The Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) was a feudal dynasty established by the Jurchen tribe in Chinese history that ruled northern and northeastern China. It was built by Wanyan Aguda (Wanyan Min). It borders Xixia and Mongolia to the west, and confronts the Southern Song Dynasty to the south. A total of ten emperors were passed down, and the country enjoyed 119 years.
(1) The Rise of the Jurchens: The Jin Dynasty was established by the Jurchens in the Northeast region, who made a living by fishing and hunting. Chinese literature agrees that the Jurchens are part of the Mohe tribe. The Sumo Mohe, the most civilized among the Mohe (mò hé), established the Bohai Kingdom in the early eighth century. Another part of the Mohe is called the "Blackwater Mohe" Seven tribes live in the middle and lower reaches of Heilongjiang. The first generation of ancestors of the Jurchens originated from Heishui Mohe.
In the Five Dynasties, Mohe had tribes such as the Wanyan tribe, which belonged to the Bohai Kingdom. After the Liao Dynasty conquered the Bohai Kingdom, they incorporated the Jurchens in the south and called them Mature Jurchens, while those in the north were Jurchens born in the north. The Khitan people's policy towards the Jurchen people was to implement "divide and rule". They deceived the surname Qiangzong into the Liaodong Peninsula, incorporated it into the Khitan nationality, and called it "Hesu Guan", also known as Hesu Guan, Hesu Gun, which means "fence" in Jurchen language. These people are "real mature women". The other part stayed to the north of Sumo River (the northern section of the Songhua River) and east of Ningjiang Prefecture (now Fuyu City, Jilin). These people were the "Jurchens". The descendants of Heishui Mohe are the true subjects of giving birth to girls. The Wanyan tribe lives in the upper reaches of the Yalu River and the Tumen River basin. The Jurchen tribe is composed of the Zhuli people in this area and is related to the residents who collect pearls. As a branch of the Blackwater Mohe, the Wanyan tribe migrated from the banks of the winding river to the shores of the Ash River. The Wanyan clan is a royal clan among the Jurchen clan. The Jurchen tribe moved from Changbai Mountain to the middle reaches of Heilongjiang, while the Wanyan tribe settled in Wanda Mountain.
At the time of Wanyan Hanpu, the Jurchens had entered the end of the patriarchal clan society. At the beginning of the 11th century, Wanyan Suike moved to Haigushui. The society underwent significant changes and began to smelt iron, cultivate arboriculture, build houses, and He built boats and settled on the side of Yanchuhu River (now the Ash River southeast of Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province).
In the late Liao Dynasty, the government was in chaos, Emperor Tianzuo was fatuous and incompetent, and the Liao court kept asking for tributes and exploiting the Jurchen people. In 1112, Emperor Tianzuo went to Changchun Prefecture to meet with the Jurchen chiefs and insulted them, which made Wanyan Aguda (Wanyan Min) decide to resist the Liao court. In 1113, Aguda became the leader of the alliance after his stepbrother Wu Yashu, and was called Dubo Jilie.
(2) Founding of the People's Republic of China and Destroying the Liao Dynasty: 1 In September 1114, Wanyan Aguda (Wanyan Min (mín)) ordered all Jurchen tribesmen to swear an oath to come to Liushui (today's Lalin River) and began a ten-year war to conquer the Liao Dynasty. The Jurchen army subsequently defeated the Liao army in the Great Victory of Ningjiang and the Battle of Chuhedian.
On the New Year's Day of the first lunar month of 1115, Aguda proclaimed himself emperor in the "Emperor's Village" (today's Harbin, Heilongjiang). The country was named Dajin. Jianyuan took over the country as Taizu of Jin. Only then did Emperor Tianzuo of the Liao Dynasty pay attention to the matter and ordered a personal expedition. However, the Liao army was defeated by the Jurchen army. At the same time, a rebellion broke out in the Liao Dynasty between Yelu Zhangnu and Gao Yongchang.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Jin Taizu targeted the five capitals of Liao Dynasty and divided his troops into two groups to launch the battle of Jin to destroy Liao. In May 1116, the East Route Army captured Liaoyang Prefecture in Tokyo. In 1120, the West Route Army captured Linhuang Prefecture in Shangjing. The Liao Dynasty lost half of its land. During the war, the Northern Song Dynasty successively sent envoys Ma Zheng and Zhao Liangsi to establish a maritime alliance with the Jin Dynasty to jointly attack the Liao Dynasty.
In 1122, the Eastern Route Army captured Dading Prefecture in Zhongjing, and Emperor Tianzuo fled to the desert. At the same time, the West Route Army also captured Datong Prefecture in Xijing. Yelu Dashi and others supported Yelv Chun in Xijin Prefecture in Nanjing, which was the Northern Liao Dynasty. The Northern Song Dynasty also sent Tong Guan and others to lead troops to attack Liao Nanjing and other Yanyun sixteen states many times, but they were all defeated by the Liao army. The Northern Song Dynasty finally asked the Jin army to capture Nanjing of the Liao Dynasty, and the Northern Liao Dynasty was destroyed. So far, the five capitals of the Liao Dynasty were captured by the Jin army. After negotiation between the Song and Jin parties, the Jin army gave Yanyun some cities in the Sixteenth Prefecture and received annual coins. However, in the end the Northern Song Dynasty only received a bunch of empty cities after the Jin army looted them.
123 Jin Taizu died, and his younger brother Wanyan Wu Qimai (Wanyan Sheng) succeeded to the throne, namely Jin Taizong. Jin Taizong continued to attack the Liao army in Datong. In the first month of 1124, in order to unite with Xixia to destroy Liao, Jin Taizong ceded the Liao land north of Xiazhai and south of Yinshan to Xixia. Xixia changed its title to Jin Dynasty. In 1125, Emperor Tianzuo of Liao Dynasty was captured and the Liao Dynasty fell. Yelu Dashi led his army to the west and established the Western Liao in the Western Regions.
(3) Entering the Central Plains: After the Jin Dynasty destroyed the Liao Dynasty, it intended to go south to destroy the Song Dynasty. Taizong of the Jin Dynasty launched the Jin War to destroy the Song Dynasty in 1125 on the grounds that the Song Dynasty took in the Liao general Zhang Jue during the Pingzhou Rebellion and violated the previous agreement between the Song and Jin Dynasties. He sent Bo Jilie Wanyan Xieye (Wanyan Gao (gǎo)) as the capital marshal, divided his troops into two groups and went south from Shanxi and Hebei, and finally met up with Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty. With Song general Li Gang clinging to Kaifeng, the two sides announced peace talks.
In 1126, Jin Taizong again sent Wanyan Zongwang and Wanyan Zonghan to attack Kaifeng on the grounds that the Song Dynasty had broken the treaty. The following year, he captured Song Huizong, Song Qinzong and other Song royal families and returned north. This was known as the Jingkang Incident in history, and the Northern Song Dynasty was destroyed.
However, Zhao Gou, King Kang of the Song Dynasty, escaped due to luck and proclaimed himself emperor in Yingtianfu, Nanjing (now Shangqiu, Henan Province) in the Song Dynasty and reestablished the Song Dynasty. He was named Gaozong of the Song Dynasty and was known as the Southern Song Dynasty in history. At this time, in order to rule the vast newly occupied Han Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty established puppet states such as Zhang Chu and Liu Qi to rule them, and repeatedly sent Wanyan Zongbi and other Jin generals to lead troops to conquer Song Gaozong who fled south of the Yangtze River. However, with the efforts of Song generals Yue Fei, Han Shizhong and Zhang Jun, the Southern Song Dynasty repeatedly saved the Southern Song Dynasty from danger. In the end, the Jin Dynasty forced the Southern Song Dynasty to surrender, and also made Xixia, Goryeo and other countries surrender to dominate East Asia.
In 11135, Jin Taizong died, and Jin Taizu's grandson Wanyan Dan came to the throne, namely Jin Xizong. Some of the heroes who assisted Jin Ting at that time were called Yanqing heroes. They were mainly divided into the main war faction and the main peace faction. Jin Xizong deposed Liu Qi in 1137, and then followed the advice of Wanyan Talan (Wan Yanchang) of the peace faction to negotiate peace with Song Gaozong and Qin Hui of the Southern Song Dynasty.
Due to dissatisfaction with the cession of the territories of Henan and Shaanxi, Wanyan Zongbi, the main combatant, asked Wanyan Zongbi to lead his army to capture Henan and Shaanxi in 1140. The following year, Wanyan Zongbi once again went on a southern expedition, but was defeated by Yue Fei and Liu Qi. After the Battle of Yancheng, Yue Fei once again went on a northern expedition and approached Bianjing. Finally, Wanyan Zongbi negotiated peace with the Southern Song Dynasty peace faction, and signed the "Shaoxing Peace Agreement" after Yue Fei was falsely accused and imprisoned. So far, the boundaries of the Jin and Song Dynasties were completely determined.
(4) Moving south to Yanjing: Jin Xizong was influenced by Han culture since childhood. After he ascended the throne, he and Wanyan Zongbi promoted the reform of the Han system and reused Han people. The official system of the Jin Dynasty was basically Sinicized at this time, and a three-province system with Shangshu Province as the center was established. Jin Xizong was controlled by the heroes of Yanqing and the queen. He was excessively repressed. In the later period, he ignored the government affairs and killed innocent people indiscriminately. Finally, in 1150, he was killed by the right prime minister Wanyan Liang, King of Hailing. Wanyanliang proclaimed himself emperor and was known as Hailing in history. king.
Jin Emperor Wanyan Liang implemented many measures in order to attack the Southern Song Dynasty and unify China: he moved the capital to Yanjing, which was the central capital (today's Beijing), and intended to move south to Bianjing (today's Kaifeng, Henan); The district was redivided into fourteen routes to facilitate management; the troops under the jurisdiction of Wanyan Zongqian and Wanyan Zonghan who were stationed in Huining Mansion in Shangjing (now Baicheng Village, Ashhe Street, Acheng District, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province) belonging to Jin Taizong and Yanqing heroes were returned to Jinting's control laid the foundation for the centralization of power in the Jin Dynasty.
The following year, Emperor Wanyan Liang of the Jin Dynasty led his army from Bianjing to the south in four directions. However, the East Route Navy was annihilated by Song General Li Bao's navy in Jiaoxi (today's Jiaozhou City, Shandong Province). At the same time, the Khitan tribe in the northwest rebelled, and King Ge Wanyanyong, who was guarding Liaoyang Prefecture in Tokyo, proclaimed himself emperor and moved to Yanjing (today's Beijing), where he became Emperor Shizong of the Jin Dynasty. Jin Emperor Wanyan Liang persisted in crossing the river despite this situation, but the advance troops were defeated by Song general Yu Yunwen in the quarrying battle, and the ships were burned by the Song army. Jin Emperor Wanyan Liang planned to move to Yangzhou and forcefully cross the Yangtze River, but his subordinates strongly opposed it. In the end, they launched a mutiny and killed Jin Emperor Wanyan Liang. The Song army took the opportunity to regain the Huainan area, and the Jin Dynasty no longer attempted to destroy the Song Dynasty.
161 Jin Shizong raised troops to accuse Jin Emperor Wan Yanliang of his crimes, led his army to unify North China, and stopped the southern expedition to destroy the Song Dynasty. However, the war between the Song and Jin Dynasties did not end. In 1162, on the grounds that the Southern Song Dynasty was unwilling to surrender, he sent his general servant San Zhongyi to Bianjing and Heshi Liezhining to guard the front line, preparing to recapture the Huainan area. At this time, Emperor Xiaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty intended to regain the lost territory, so he sent general Zhang Jun to lead the Northern Expedition, led by Li Xianzhong and Shao Hongyuan, which was known as the Longxing Northern Expedition in history. The Song army successively regained various parts of Huaibei, but was defeated by He Shilie Zhining in the Battle of Fuli. Then the Southern Song Dynasty's peace faction rose up, and in 1164 when the Jin army was marching south again, they sued for peace. The two countries signed a contract at the end of the year, and both sides were treated equally, and the Jin Dynasty received Sui coins.
In terms of internal affairs, Jin Shizong himself was very simple. He managed the government in a moderate and stable way, promoted Confucianism, strictly prohibited corruption, exempted unreasonable taxes, and promised immediate relief if natural disasters occurred. They used the imperial examination, school and other systems to win the support of the Han nobles, strengthened Meng'an's power, and expanded the land occupied by the Jurchen people. All these enabled the economy and culture of the Jin Dynasty to recover and develop to a certain extent, which is known as the rule of Dading in history. In addition to resisting the Northern Expedition of the Southern Song Dynasty, Jin Shizong also sent troops to intimidate Xixia and Goryeo, making these two countries submit to the Jin Dynasty. He was called Xiao Yao and Shun by Jin history. After the death of Jin Shizong in 1189, due to the early death of Prince Wanyan Yungong, Yungong's son Wanyan Jing came to the throne as Jin Zhangzong.
In the early period of Jin Zhangzong's politics, the politics were deeply Sinicized and the culture was very developed. It was called the rule of Mingchang in history. However, Jin Zhangzong paid too much attention to cultural development, favored Li Shier (later named Yuanfei) and Li's relatives, and appointed Xu Chiguo, who was born in Jingtong, to manage the government. The two men assisted each other and engaged in political affairs for profit, which caused the political style of Jin Zhangzong to gradually decline in the later period. The flooding and diversion of the Yellow River made the Jin Dynasty begin to decline. At this time, the Jin Dynasty's military gradually became desolate, and the Mongolian tribes in the north rose.
Seeing the decline of the Jin Dynasty, the powerful official Han Kanzhou of the Southern Song Dynasty ordered Wu Xi, the grandson of Wu Lin, to manage Shu and prepare for the Northern Expedition. The Jin Dynasty also sent Pu Sankui to take charge of Bianjing to resist the Song army. In 1206, Han Yuzhou launched the Kaixi Northern Expedition. The Song army once regained the Huaibei area, but Wu Xi, who was guarding the Shu region, surrendered to the Jin Dynasty.In August, Pu Sankui led nine troops southward. At the end of the year, the Jin soldiers approached the Yangtze River and besieged Xiangyang. The following year, Wu Xi was killed and Sichuan returned to the Southern Song Dynasty. At this point, both parties were interested in negotiating peace. Han Yuzhou was finally killed at the request of the Jin Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty. The two sides negotiated a peace in 1208, which was known as the Jiading Peace Conference in history. Jin Zhangzong passed away in 1208. Since all six of his sons died before the age of three, Li Yuanfei appointed Zhangzong's uncle, Wei Shao Wang Wanyan Yongji, to succeed him, deposing the emperor as the Queen of Jin.
(5) War between Mongolia and Jin Dynasty: After Wanyan Yongji succeeded to the throne, he immediately eliminated the influence of Li Yuanfei and other relatives. However, he was stupid and appointed the wrong people. In addition, the Jin Dynasty's national power was declining and chaotic, and he was unable to resist the Mongol invasion. In 1206, Genghis Khan of Mongolia unified the north and south of the desert and established the Great Mongolia. At that time, Mongolia maintained serious hostility towards the Jin Dynasty and intended to break away from the Jin Dynasty's control. Genghis Khan also knew that Wanyan Yongji was an incompetent person and thought this was a good opportunity to attack the Jin Dynasty. Genghis Khan attacked Xixia first to break up the Jinxia Alliance and avoid being restrained by it when he was conquering Jin. At that time, Xixia asked for help from the Jin Dynasty. Emperor Wanyan Yongji of Jin took pleasure in being attacked by neighboring countries and sat idly by without help. Finally, Xixia surrendered to Mongolia and turned to Mongolia to attack Jin Dynasty. After eliminating his worries, Genghis Khan severed diplomatic relations with the Jin Dynasty in 1210. The following year, the Mongolian and Jin War was launched, and the 400,000 Jin army led by Prime Minister Wanyan Chengyu and General Duji Sizhong were defeated at Yehuling (located at the junction of Zhangbei County and Wanquan District in Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province). The Mongolian army then invaded North China and plundered everywhere. Finally, they surrounded Zhongdu (today's Beijing), the capital of the Jin Dynasty, and withdrew because the city of Zhongdu was strong. In 1212, Genghis Khan once again conquered the Jin Dynasty southward and once surrounded Datong Prefecture in Xijing, Jin Dynasty. In the same year, the Khitan Yelvliu Ge rebelled against the Jin and Mongolia in the northeast and defeated the Jin soldiers at Dijinao'er (near Changtu, Liaoning today). The Mongolian army once again approached Zhongdu. In 1213, general Hu Shahu (in charge of He Shilie) killed Jin Emperor Wanyan Yongji and supported Jin Zhangzong's concubine brother Wanyan Xun to succeed him as Jin Xuanzong.
At the beginning of Jin Xuanzong's succession in 213, Hu Shahu (He Shilie in charge) held the power of the Jin Dynasty. Hu Shahu (He Shiliezhong) threatened Zhongdu garrison Shuhu Gaoqi for his inability to fight, and was eventually killed by him. In the autumn of the same year, Genghis Khan divided his troops into three groups to attack the Jin Dynasty. He sent his prince Shuchi to Shanxi and his younger brother Hesar to Hebei. He and his youngest son Tu Lei went to Shandong to develop. The Jin Dynasty only had eleven cities such as Zhongdu, Zhending, and Daming. Not lost. The following year, Jin Xuanzong sued for peace and offered gold to Princess Qi and Genghis Khan, and the Mongolian and Jin peace treaties were reached.
After the Mongolian army retreated, Jin Xuanzong, regardless of the opposition of Tu Shanyi and other ministers, together with Shuhu Gaoqi, moved the capital to Nanjing Bianjing (today's Kaifeng, Henan) in 1214, and only sent the prince to guard the central capital. This move caused unrest among the military and civilians in Hebei. In 1215, Mongolia once again led its army to capture Zhongdu on the grounds that the Jin Emperor moved south, thus occupying the Hebei region. In October of the same year, Pu Xianwannu established himself in Liaodong and established the Dongzhen Kingdom. At this time, Liaodong, the land of Longxing in the Jin Dynasty, was divided between Pu Xianwannu and Yelvliu Ge. Shandong and Hebei were all red-coat armies who rebelled against the people. Jin Ting could only control Henan, Huaibei and Guanzhong. At that time, the river was flooded and the Yellow River changed its course and flowed to the southeast since the Jinshi moved south. The scope of river disasters is very wide.
After Jin Xuanzong moved south, the country became weaker and weaker. Mongolia had replaced the Jin Dynasty in dominating East Asia. Due to the dispute between Genghis Khan and Khwarazmo and the launch of the Western Expedition, the Jin Dynasty finally took a breather. Although Jin Xuanzong wanted to revitalize the Jin Dynasty, he had no outstanding talents and general plans, and he was also suspicious, so there was no political improvement.
219, Taiyuan fell, Jin Xuanzong appointed Shuhu Gaoqi. They were harsh by nature, and they successively conquered the Southern Song Dynasty in the south and Xixia in the west to expand their territory, and continued to fight against the Mongols. At this time, the Jin Dynasty had poor internal affairs and its military strength was declining. After many wars, the Jin Dynasty was in a situation of being besieged on all sides. Shuhu Gaoqi was killed by Jin Xuanzong in 1219. Jin Xuanzong passed away in 1224. Due to the early death of his eldest son, his third son Wanyan Shouxu succeeded him, namely Jin Aizong.
(6) Died in Mongolia: After Jin Aizong ascended the throne, he encouraged agricultural production and reconciled with the Southern Song Dynasty and Xixia. Established the Zhongxiao Army directly under the central government, appointed monk Wanyan Chen (Wanyan Yi) and other famous anti-Mongolian generals, and defeated the Mongolian army in Dachangyuan (now Taichang Township, Ning County, Gansu Province) in 1228. Then the Jin army recovered a lot of land and brought the Jin Dynasty back to life.However, its ally Xixia suffered a decline in national power due to previous wars, and was finally destroyed by the Mongols who returned from the Western Expedition in 1227. Genghis Khan died in the same year, and in 1229 he was officially succeeded by his third son, Ogedai, as Emperor Taizong of the Yuan Dynasty.
After that, Mongolia once again dealt with the Jin Dynasty. In 1230, Ogedai Khan launched a three-pronged attack on the Jin Dynasty. Ogedai Khan led his army across the Yellow River to directly attack Bianjing. Chen Nayan led the Eastern Route Army to Jinan, and his fourth brother Tuo Lei led the army. The West Route Army borrowed the Song Road from Hanzhong to attack Bianjing along the Han River. In 1232, Tuilei succeeded in making a detour to Bianjing. Wanyan Heda (Wanyanzhan) and Yilapua of the Jin Ai sect led a large army to stop the attack in Dengzhou. At this time, Wokuotai Khan led his army across the river and sent Subotai to attack Bianjing. Wanyan Heda (Wanyanzhan) hurriedly led his army to the north to aid Bianjing, and had an encounter with the Mongolian army led by Tuo Lei at Sanfeng Mountain (now Yuzhou, Henan). The elite Jin army was defeated. The famous generals Zhang Hui and Wanyan were defeated. Yan Heda (Wanyanzhan), Wanyanchen Monk (Wanyanyi) and Yilapua died in battle and were captured and killed. The Mongolian army besieged Bianjing, forcing Jin Aizong to sue for peace. Then Jinting killed the Mongolian envoy, and the Mongols besieged Bianjing again.
Jin Aizong insisted on abandoning Bianjing until the end of the year, moving the capital to Guidefu (today's Shangqiu, Henan), and Cui Li, the defender of Bianjing, surrendered to Mongolia. Mongolian general Shi Tianze pursued him all the way, and Jin Aizong fled to Caizhou. The Mongolian army invited Song generals Meng Gong and Jiang Hai to lead a joint siege. In the first month of 1234, Caizhou was in danger. Jin Aizong did not want to be the king of subjugation, so he passed the throne to the commander-in-chief Wanyan Chenglin, who became the last emperor of Jin. At this time, the city of Caizhou fell, Jin Aizong committed suicide, the last emperor died in the rebellion, and the Jin Dynasty fell.
(1) The founding of the Duan family: In the Tianbao War of the Tang Dynasty, General Duan Jianwei defeated the Tang army and made great military exploits for Nanzhao. He was promoted to a Qingping official by King Mengge Luofeng of Nanzhao and passed down to Duan Siping for the sixth generation. . Duan Siping initially served as Mu Lan (deputy general of Xiaofu). Due to his superior martial arts and outstanding talents, he was promoted to Tonghai Jiedushi and became a general in charge of one side.
In the second year of Nanzhao Zunsheng's reign (929), Yang Qianzhen seized the position of Zhao Shanzheng, established Dayi Ningguo, and changed Yuan Dynasty to Xingsheng. His brother Yang Zhao claimed that Duan Siping had the appearance of an emperor. Suspicious and fearful, Yang Qianzhen ordered Duan Siping to be hunted down. Duan Siping received revelations from divination at the Xiushan Shrine and hid in his uncle's tribe. The good political minister Shou Gao Fang had a close relationship with Duan Siping and sent Duan Siping's younger brother Duan Siriang and military advisor Dong Jialuo to protect him.
In the first year of Nanzhao's Xingsheng reign (930), Yang Qianzhen's position was usurped by his younger brother Yang Zhao. After Yang Zhao succeeded to the throne, he changed the name to "Da Ming". Duan Siping immediately borrowed troops from the Thirty-seven Hei Cuan tribes in the east, met in Shicheng, and attacked Nanzhao with Dong Jialuo as his military advisor. He was defeated in all directions, and then attacked Dali.
In the seventh year of the Ming Dynasty (937), Duan Siping came to the throne, changed the country's name to "Dali", established Wende in the Yuan Dynasty, and still made Yangjumei City its capital. After Duan Siping established the Dali Kingdom, he implemented strict reforms, worked hard to govern, develop production, and began to establish a new feudal order. The production and economy of Dali Kingdom have been greatly developed.
(2) The founding of the Duan family: The two families competed: In 944, Duan Siping died while Deng Chuan was inspecting agriculture. His son Duan Siying succeeded to the throne and changed the Yuan Wenjing. In the second year of Wenjing (946), Duan Siping's brother Duan Siliang and Prime Minister Dong Jialuo launched a coup, forcing Duan Siying to abdicate and become a monk, and proclaimed himself emperor, changing Yuan Dynasty to rule. From then on, the succession to the throne of Dali shifted from Duan Siping's line to Duan Siliang's line.
html In 1951, Duan Siliang passed away and was given the posthumous title of Shengci Civil and Military Emperor. After Duan Siliang's death, his son Duan Sicong was established. During the Duan Sicong period, the rapidly expanding Gao family had replaced the Dong family and became the actual controller of the political power.
html In 1960, the Song Dynasty was established. In the first year of Kaibao (968), Dali sent a letter to the Song court asking for good relations. In the second year of the reign of Emperor Taizu of the Song Dynasty, Duan Sicong died. In the seventeenth year of his reign, his son Duan Sushun was established.
Duan Sushun encountered Zhao Kuangyin's southern expedition. In view of the failure of the Tang Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin used a jade ax to draw the Dadu River as the boundary, saying "I don't have anything else", and the Dali Kingdom was preserved. His successor Duan Suying believed in Buddhism and reigned for 24 years. His son Duan Sulian reigned for 13 years and did nothing.
After Duan Sulian died, his nephew Duan Sulong succeeded to the throne. Duan Sulong Bu Le became the emperor and became a monk in Zen, which was the first time for an emperor to become a monk in Zen. His nephew Duan Suzhen succeeded to the throne.Later, Duan Suzhen became a monk in Zen, and his grandson Duan Suxing succeeded him. In the first year of Tianming (1044), the Prime Minister Gao family deposed Duan Suxing, who was increasingly dissolute, and installed Duan Siping's great-great-grandson Duan Silian as emperor. The throne was returned to Duan Siping's lineage.
Duan Silian succeeded to the throne, and the Gao family was like the Dong family in the past. With this support, he surpassed other surnames in one fell swoop. Duan Silian later became a monk, and his temple was named Xingzong. His son Duan Lianyi succeeded to the throne, and Gao Zhisheng gradually seized all power. Duan Lianyi sent envoys to pay tribute to the Song Dynasty in the ninth year of Xining (1076). Although Yang Yunxian was defeated, the strength of the Yang family still existed. In 1080, Yang Yizhen launched another coup, killed the monarch Duan Lianyi and established himself on his own. He changed his name to De'an and took the title "Emperor Guang'an". Gao Shengtai, who was a Qingping official (i.e. prime minister) at the time, was ordered by his father Gao Zhisheng to lead the Eastern troops to attack Yang Yizhen. He supported Duan Shouhui as the emperor of Dali, appointed himself Bu Xie, and made his son Gao Shengtai the Marquis of Shanchan. Since then, the Gao family and his son have been in power in Dali.
After Duan Shouhui came to the throne, he was often in a trance and uneasy because of his suspicion and fear of the Gao family. In the fourth year of Yuanfeng (1081), Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty, Gao Zhisheng and Gao Shengtai and their sons forced Emperor Shangming Duan Shouhui to abdicate and become a monk, and then they succeeded Duan Zhengming, the Baoding Emperor. Gao Shengtai was granted the title of Shanchanhou.
In the first year of Shaosheng's reign (1094), Zhezong of the Song Dynasty, Gao Shengtai, who had always been authoritarian, deposed Duan Zhengming and established himself as king. In 1096, Gao Shengtai died of illness. Due to the opposition of various tribes in Yunnan, Gao Shengtai asked his son Gao Taiming to return power to the Duan family before his death. Therefore, Gao Taiming supported Duan Zhengming's younger brother Duan Zhengchun as the emperor of Dali. However, the control of the country of Dali was still in the hands of the Gao family, and he was known as the Lord of Gao in the world. .
(3) Houli Period: Since the Duan family's regime was interrupted, the history of the Dali Kingdom starting from Duan Zhengchun is called "Houli Kingdom". Although Duan Zhengchun was the emperor of the Later Dali Kingdom and accepted the power returned by the Gao family, the Gao family still had great influence in the court. All the prime ministers came from the Gao family. Finally, in 1108, he gave way to his son Duan Heyu. (Duan Zhengyan), became a monk.
Duan Heyu succeeded his father Duan Zhengchun as the 16th king of Dali in the second year of Daguan of Emperor Huizong of the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 1107). He became a Zen monk and reigned until the seventeenth year of Shaoxing, Emperor Gaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1147). As long as 39 years, he was the longest reigning king among the kings of Houli Kingdom. He was posthumously named Emperor Xuanren after his death. Duan Heyu was an accomplished monarch. He understood that establishing friendly relations with the Song Dynasty was the foundation of a country. Although the relationship between the Song Dynasty and Dali State was somewhat alienated due to Song Taizu's policy of "not having time to go far", Dali State still continued to submit its vassalage to the Song Dynasty. Duan Heyu paid special attention to strengthening ties with the Song Dynasty. He paid tribute to local specialties such as Dali horses, musk, bezoar, and fine felt. He also sent magicians (magicians) to perform in the Song Dynasty. He won the courtesy of Song Huizong, who conferred him the title of Doctor Jin Ziguanglu, Yunnan Jiedushi, King of Dali, etc.
(4) Late Kingdom: Duan Zhengxing, also known as Duan Yichang, the son of Duan Zhengyan. At that time, all the power was controlled by the Prime Minister of the Gao family, including Gao Liangcheng, Gao Shouzhen, Gao Shouchang, etc. Duan Zhengxing finally won the battle for the throne because he received the support of Prime Minister Gao Liangcheng. Duan Zhengxing reigned for 24 years and became a monk in Zen. His son Duan Zhixing succeeded to the throne.
Duan Zhixing worshiped Buddhism very much and repaired Buddhist temples and built 60 temples. Dali was a small country and could not afford the consumption, so its national power declined. During this period, there were many scuffles among the Gao family's descendants in Dali. Duan Zhixing died, and his son Duan Zhilian was established. Duan Zhilian was also interested in Buddhism and sent people to the Song Dynasty to obtain 1,465 Tripitakas, which were placed in the Wuhua Tower in the capital. He died after only 4 years in office and was succeeded by his younger brother Duan Zhixiang.
During his reign, Duan Zhixiang recruited talents, developed agriculture, and governed the country well. He believed deeply in Buddhism and later became a Zen monk, and his position was passed down to his son Duan Xiangxing.
In the fourth year of Chunyou of the Song Dynasty (1244), the Mongolian Kingdom sent troops to the pass and expedition to Dali. Duan Xiangxing sent general Gaohe to fight and died in Jiuhe. Fortunately among the misfortunes, Dali did not perish immediately due to the failure. The Mongolian army retreated due to the death of Great Khan Ogedai.
After Duan Xingzhi succeeded to the throne, Dali finally could not withstand another round of attacks by the Mongolian soldiers, and Duan Xingzhi became the last emperor of Dali.At that time, the military strength of the Dali State was not weak, but in order to weaken the Duan family and control the state affairs, the Gao family intentionally put the elite of the Dali State army under their control, and on the other hand, focused on developing their own local armed forces. On the contrary, the power of Wangji was quite weak, and the Mongolian army captured the capital of Dali effortlessly. Kublai Khan ordered Yao Shu to split a piece of silk into a flag, write "Stop Killing" on it, and give orders to each street and alley, so the army and the people were at peace.
html In 11254, Kublai Khan returned to the north and stayed in Wulianghetai to continue his offensive. In the autumn of 1254, Mongolian soldiers pursued him to Kunming and captured Duan Xingzhi alive. After Duan Xingzhi was captured, he was sent to the Mongolian Khan's court in the north to meet Meng Ge Khan. Meng Ge Khan treated him with kindness and gave him a golden talisman, allowing him to return to the country and continue to manage the ministries he belonged to.
Xixia (1038-1227) was a dynasty established in northwest China by the Dangxiang people in Chinese history. It called itself Bangni Dingguo or Dabai Gaoguo. Because it is in the northwest, it is called Xixia. In the early period, it coexisted with the Liao Dynasty and Northern Song Dynasty, and in the later period, it coexisted with the Jin Dynasty. After ten emperors, the country enjoyed 189 years. From the time Li Sigong was appointed as the governor of the Dingnan Army in 881, the Li regime lasted for a total of 346 years.
Li Sigong, the leader of Xiang Tuoba Party in the late Tang Dynasty, was named the envoy of the Dingnan Army for his contribution to pacifying Huangchao, and was granted the title of five states. Dangxiang successively submitted to the Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty. After the Five Prefectures were annexed by the Northern Song Dynasty, Li Jiqian left to start a business. In 990, he was named King of Xia by the Liao Dynasty. They successively occupied the states in the Hexi Corridor. In 1038, Li Yuanhao proclaimed himself emperor and founded the country. Xixia won the Song-Xia War and the Liao-Xia War, forming a situation of three kingdoms. During the period from Xia Yizong to Chongzong, power was in the hands of Liang's mother party. Xixia was in civil strife due to the confrontation between the imperial party and the mother party. After the rise of the Jin Dynasty, Xixia surrendered to the Jin Dynasty. During the reign of Xia Renzong, natural disasters and the division of the country by Ren Dejing occurred. However, after reforms, a prosperous period emerged during the Tiansheng period. The Great Mongolian Kingdom in Mobei rose, and Xixia finally fell to Mongolia in the second year of Xixia Baoyi (1227).
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