India is one of the four ancient civilizations, but this India should have an ancient character added before it. The difference between ancient India and India is thousands of miles apart.
South Asian subcontinent is a superior place, surrounded by either the sea or the mountains. The southeast is Bay of Bengal , the southwest is Arabian Sea , the northwest is the Himalayas, and the northwest is the Kunlun Mountains. The superior geographical environment makes the South Asian subcontinent one of the most closed areas in the world. However, the long-term closed environment makes people here lose their sense of crisis.
Khyber Pass in the northwest Aryans , Persians , Greeks, Great Yuezhi, Turks, Mongols rushing straight in, resulting in a long-term dispersed state of India's history. The invasion of various ethnic groups has made India's folk customs, culture, language, and religion different, and it has never been unified.
If you read all the history of India in one breath, you will find that Ancient India is very different from today's India. The Indus River civilization, one of the four major civilizations, is not today's India. India has been invaded by foreign civilizations in history. It has never stopped since the Aryans and Persians, and it has been until the modern British colonial history that finally created today's India.
Such a complex history has made India today not only have a long civilization, but also in line with Western world , and has gained recognition from the Western world.
Harap Culture (Indus River Basin Civilization )
Harap Culture refers to Indus River Basin Civilization.
Harapa culture is the earliest civilization of Indian subcontinent and one of the earliest civilizations in the world, contemporaneous with Mesopotamian civilization and ancient Egyptian civilization.
If urban civilization is used as the standard, the Indus River Basin civilization is earlier than the Chinese civilization. China did not have the bronze civilization around 2000 BC, and entered the Xia and Shang slavery period.
However, the civilization in the Indus River Basin lasted very short, reaching its peak by 2600 BC, with a population of more than 5 million. In 1900 BC, civilization declined, and urban civilization in the Indus River Basin collapsed in 1800 BC.
This is ancient India. After that, India was India after it was invaded by foreign civilizations.
Vedal culture (Aryan civilization)
Around 1500 BC, a branch of the Aryan who lived in Central Asia entered the Indian subcontinent, conquered the local indigenous people, established some slave countries, established caste system , bringing Vedic culture to India. Therefore, the civilization established by the Aryans is also called Vedal culture .
Aryans.
Home of the Vedic culture existed from about the 15th century BC to the 7th century BC.
It is also divided into the pre-Veda era and the late Vedic era.
Pre-Veda Age From 1500 BC to 1000 BC, the first religious sacred text of ancient India " Rigveda " has a specific description of this era. It is the first era in Indian history with a precise written record.
Late Vedic era was around 900 BC to 700 BC. The book "Samaveda", "Jeruveda" and "Adamav Veda" were written during this period. The caste system was formed in the post-Veda era. This is a class system formed after the combination of unique Aryan culture and Indian indigenous culture. The word Aryan itself means "noble". This system divides people into 4 levels, namely Brahman , Kshatriya, Vaisya, and Shudra.
The Vedic era corresponds to the Zhou Dynasty period. During this period, the feudal system and patriarchal system in the Zhou Dynasty civilization were similar to Vedic culture.
Buddha era (Age of the nations, the age of the sixteen great nations)
Veda era, India's spiritual life was very active, and many philosophical or religious schools appeared, among which the most influential ones were Buddhism and Jainism .
In the late Vedic era, Buddhism was born, and the Buddha was born around the 6th to the 5th century BC. Therefore, the era after the birth of the Buddha is called Buddha era , or nation era .
In the late Vedic era, some tribes began to transition into countries, and "Raoja" became hereditary monarchs, with about 16 countries. Therefore, this period is also called Sixteen Heroes Era .
Time is approximately from the 6th century BC to the 4th century BC.
kingdoms are: Kashi , Kūsara, Yangga, Magadha, Fulishi (Baqi), Mora, Zhiti, Bacai, Kulu , Panzhara, Machaya, Shura Sena, Ashibo, Avandi, Gandhara and Ganbozha (Sword and Sha).
6天国国.
Among the sixteen国国国国国, Mogadah国 gradually gained the advantage, and finally unified the nations and established the first unified dynasty in Indian history.
If we correspond to the Chinese history of the times, it should be the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. And what is magical is that in this period, prophets who influenced the process of world civilization appeared at the same time. In the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period of China, Hundred Schools of Controversy , and great thinkers such as Confucius and Mencius . In the era of India, Buddha Sakyamuni , and in Europe, Socrates and Aristotle . Confucius traveled around the countries, and Sakyamuni also traveled around the countries. Therefore, this era is called the "axial era".
Mauryan Dynasty : (324 BC-187 BC)
Like China's Qin Shihuang unify the six countries, India also had a relatively powerful country in the era of the nations. Finally, relying on force to unify the era of the nations, establishing the first unified dynasty in Indian history - Mauryan Dynasty .
The Mauryan Dynasty existed from about 324 BC to about 187 BC.
Marubonic dynasty.
However, before the establishment of the Mauryan dynasty, India experienced the second invasion of foreign civilizations in history, and they were Persians and Greeks respectively.
Persians established the first unified empire spanning Europe, Asia and Africa in Achaemenid dynasty , also known as the First Persia.
At the end of the 6th century BC, the Persian Achaemenid king Darius I conquered the area around the Indus plain .
However, by 330 BC, the Persian Empire was destroyed by the rising Macedonian Kingdom . The famous Alexander the Great destroyed the First Persian Empire and marched east along the route of Central Asia, entering the South Asian subcontinent.
In 325 BC, after Alexander the Great withdrew, he left the governor to rule the northern part of India.
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Chandragupta believed in Jainism in his later years and abandoned the throne to become a monk. His son Bintosala succeeded to the throne. After Bintosala died, his son Ashoka succeeded to the throne.
Among the 100 emperors who influence the world selected by Americans, Ashoka ranks sixth.
Ashoka.
If we look at it from ancient Chinese standards, Ashoka was the "Qin Shihuang" of India. He ended the era of the nations and unified India for the first time. The Mauryan Dynasty reached its peak during the reign of Ashoka.
Indians have made an epic movie "Ashoka" . To be fair, this is a pretty good movie. From this we can see the cruelty of the country from division to unification. At the end of the movie, Ashoka chose to convert to Buddhism. Historically, because of the excessive killing, King Ashoka chose to convert to Buddhism after conquering the Kingdom of Jielingjia, vigorously spread Buddhism in China, and designated Buddhism as the national religion. Therefore, Ashoka is divided into Black Ashoka and White Ashoka. The non-violent non-cooperation movement of Indians has a long history.
Movie "Ashoka".
But the love story in the play is too deliberate, defining the heroine as the princess of the country of Kalingjia. This kind of love and hatred story of the country's destruction and family destruction deliberately creates conflicts. It turns out that not only domestic dramas love to shoot, but Indians also love to shoot. The same is true for "King Bahubali". Although the plot of destroying the country of your loved one is indeed very sensational and affectionate, if you film too many things, it will seem to be deliberately creating conflicts and it will be embarrassing to watch.
Back to the forefront, most of the kings who succeeded Ashoka after him were incompetent, and the Mauryan Dynasty went to division and decline.
About 187 BC, Brihadrata, the last king of the Mauryan Dynasty, was killed by minister Pushia Mitra Sunga, and the Peacock Empire officially ended.
Marubonic dynasty is equivalent to Qin Dynasty in Chinese history, but it ruled for a longer time than the Qin Dynasty. The difference between the Qin Dynasty and the Mauryan dynasty is that the Qin Dynasty was quickly overthrown, but the Han inherited the Qin system. So, in fact, the Mauryan Dynasty corresponds to the Qin and Han dynasties.
Make an assumption that if Qin Shihuang unified the six kingdoms and converted to Buddhism like Ashoka, would the Qin Dynasty last longer?
Age of foreign invasion: (2nd century BC-4th century AD)
Starting from the beginning of the 2nd century BC, India experienced the era of foreign invasion, mainly including the Greeks, Serbians , Shrines , and the Great Yuezhi people.
Hello people established Hello people in northwestern India, which is a historical legacy after Alexander the Great's expedition.
After the death of Alexander the Great, the Seleucid dynasty was left here. Later, Theodotus I, the governor of the Seleucid Dynasty, chose independence and established the Kingdom of Bactricia. In 200 BC, after Dmitry I ascended the throne, he conquered Kabul, Gandhara in the upper reaches of the Indus River Basin, and Punjab and included them in the territory.
In the 1970s BC, the territory of the Kingdom of Baktria started from the middle reaches of the Ganges River south of the Himalayas in the east, reached the eastern desert of Persia in the west, reached the Bay of Mumbai in the south, and reached the Sir River in Central Asia in the north, reaching its peak.
In 145 BC, the Kingdom of Baktria was conquered by the Great Yuezhi and the Seyats.
Afterwards, the Sai people, the Sai people and the Great Yuezhi invaded India, especially the Kushan Empire established by the Great Yuezhi people was the most powerful.
The Great Yuezhi people defeated the Greeks, the Seit people, the Sail people, controlled the entire Amu River and the Sir River basins, and established the Kushan Empire.
Kulshan Empire.
During the period of the King of Kushan, the Kushan Empire went south to India and occupied the upper reaches of the Ganges. During the I period of Garnasega, he conquered India in the south and moved the capital to the Gandhara region Fulosha , which is today's Pakistan region, where the empire's ruling center was also moved here.
The territory of the Kushan Empire started from the border of Iran in the west, to the middle reaches of the Ganges River in the east, to the Sir River in the north, to the Nabada River in the south, to the four powerful countries in the world that are ranked alongside the Han Dynasty, Roman and Rest in the north.
If this period is placed in Chinese history, it should be Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties . The Mauryan dynasty that followed corresponds to the Qin and Han dynasties in China, and the Gupta dynasty corresponding to the Sui and Tang dynasties in China.
Gupta Dynasty: (about 320 years - about 540 years)
Let me put it this way, the Gupta Dynasty is like the Sui Dynasty in Chinese history. It ended the state of fragmentation of India, ended the history of foreign invasion, and established the second unified dynasty in Indian history. At the same time, this dynasty is also the second dynasty established by the Indians themselves.
The Kushan Empire declined in the later period, and India was once again divided. At this time, an ancient Indian force in northern India rose.
In 320 AD, Chandragupta I, an Indian noble family originated from Magadha, established the Gupta dynasty and established its capital in Fahrenheit.
Gupta Dynasty.
Hand is the same name as the founding monarch of the Mauryan Dynasty, the birthplace is the same, and the capital is the same. The Maurya Dynasty was named because the founder raised peacocks in his home. The Gupta Dynasty was called the Gupta Dynasty because the founder had the word Gupta in his name. After the establishment of the Gupta dynasty, the war of unification began. The descendants and descendants worked hard to govern. First, they drove the Kushan Empire out of India and unified northern India. When the third king, Chandragupta II, they basically unified India, and their territory included northern, central and western parts of India, reaching their peak.
After 500 AD, the Gupta dynasty declined, an economic crisis occurred in the domestic market, and the outside world was invaded by the Kha people. Under a series of internal and external troubles, the Gupta dynasty perished in 540 AD. The dynasty of the Magadha that retreated to the post-Gupta dynasty is called .
Age of foreign invasion
After the demise of the Gupta dynasty, Indian history was in a state of fragmentation, including countries established by Indians and countries established by foreign invasion.
The foreign power at this time was Islamic world .
html At the beginning of the 18th century, the Arabs conquered northwestern India. Because this period was the most powerful time in history when the Arab world was in history, the Umayyad dynasty and the Abbasid dynasty continued to expand westward and eastward, and its forces invaded northwestern India.
In the 9th to 11th century AD, several powerful kingdoms appeared in India, Juluo and Pandiya .
th century, the Turks in the Islamic world began to invade India. The Sultanate of Delhi was established in India, with its capital in Delhi , and its dominance range was in northern India, and its existence period was 1206-1526.
Mughal Empire: (1526-1857)
The world has many magical similarities, and we cannot find the answer yet. Just like in Chinese history, after Tang Dynasty , Song Dynasty , Liao, Xixia , Jin Dynasty , and Mongolia coexist. Finally, Mongolia destroyed the Song Dynasty and established Yuan Dynasty . The Mongols during this period were the protagonists in world history.
Indian history has similarities and differences. India's history has been divided longer than unification, and most periods in Indian history have been in a state of division.
There are only three : the Maurya Dynasty, the Gupta Dynasty, and the Mughal Empire.
Mughal Empire is the third unified empire in the historical mountain of India and the most powerful dynasty in Indian history, but this unified empire was established by the Mongols.
The Mongols established the Timur Empire in Central Asia during their western expedition. After the fall of the Timur Empire in 1507, his descendant Babur led his army to invade the South Asian subcontinent.
Bul.
Bul retreated from Central Asia, first seized Kabul, and then entered Samarkand City and Tashkent, becoming the ruler of Central Asia and Tashkent. Later, Babur's expansion in Central Asia encountered obstacles, and he turned to the south to conquer, and the south was at this time a fragmented Delhi Sultanate.
525, Babur went south to attack the South Asian subcontinent. In 1526, Babur captured Delhi, defeated many united troops in India, and established the Mughal Empire.
528, Babur defeated another 100,000 Afghan coalition forces of the Afghan Mamaud.
The state of different sects and scattered states in India was finally unified by a Mongolian.
Mughal Empire was one of the most powerful countries in the world at that time.
When Shah Jahan was the fifth emperor, the empire was unprecedentedly strong. The famous Taj Mahal was built by Shah Jahan for his Persian wife and was a world cultural heritage.
Taj Mahal.
Hajahan was overthrown by his son Aurangzebu. Aurangzebu During the reign of the reign of the Mughal Empire, the territory of the Mughal Empire reached its largest, from Kabul to Chittagong, from Kashmir to the Kaviri River, the entire subcontinent except for the extreme southern end of the peninsula was incorporated into the territory of the Mughal Empire.
Mugal Empire.
Just like in the late Qing Dynasty, the Mughal Empire also encountered invasions from Western powers in the later period.
The great geographical discovery in the history of the world was originally a search for India, but by chance, the new continent of the Americas was discovered. Later, the Europeans finally reached India.
The first to reach India were the Portuguese, Spanish , and the Dutch. They came here and established colonial strongholds outside the rule of the Mughal Empire. The rulers of the Mughal Empire did not pay attention to these colonial sites.
600 The British invaded here and established the East India Company. At the beginning, Europeans mainly focused on trade here.
757, it completely became a British colony, and the emperor of the Mughal Empire became a puppet.
858, Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom was awarded the title of Queen of India and established British India. The Mughal Empire officially perished in this year.
If the Mughal Empire is placed in Chinese history, it will undoubtedly correspond to the Qing Dynasty, and there are too many similarities. But the difference is that the Mughal Empire was destroyed by British colonization, and India completely became a British colony.
British colonial history
858, Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom was awarded the title of Queen of India. The Mughal Empire was officially destroyed, and India became British India. The British set up here the Governor of India .
The British rule here continued until 1947.
947 On August 15, India and Pakistan were divided and India was independent.
On January 26, 1950, the Republic of India was established and a member of the Commonwealth.
Throughout India's history, you can find that on the land of the South Asian subcontinent, most of the periods were in a state of division, and only a few periods of unification were unified. The number of foreign invasions has been too many, and the invasions of various ethnic groups has made India very different in folk customs, culture, language and religion, and it has always been difficult to unify.
Foreign invasion mixed with ancient Indians, combined with the British colonial history, formed today's India.
The arrival of the British not only helped India achieve unity again, but also brought India English , the common language of the world, thus facilitating communication between Indians and the world and gaining recognition from the Western world. This is also one of the important reasons why Indians have achieved great success in the Western world today.
