Beijing Evening News · Five Colors Earth | Author Huang Yi
"I have been ill these past few days, so I have not visited the court. In the morning of the seventeenth day of the first lunar month , please choose Yuan Liang (meaning a person of great virtue, who is called the prince). It's hard to be accurate in one section. "On the 14th day of the first month of the eighth year of Jingtai (1457), Emperor Zhu Qiyu of the Ming Dynasty, who was on his sick bed, issued an order to reject the application of the important ministers to establish a prince.
This year, Emperor Ming Jingtai was only 29 years old. As the second emperor in the history of Ming Dynasty to rise to power through informal means (the first was Ming Chengzu ), he seemed to be very confident in his health. But the important ministers did not dare to be optimistic: Emperor Ming Jingtai's condition deteriorated in December last year. Although he attended the New Year's Day celebration banquet, he had to have someone perform the ceremony on his behalf when he offered sacrifices to the Ancestral Temple on the sixth day of the first lunar month.
Emperor Jingtai of the Ming Dynasty Zhu Qiyu
On the 13th day of the first lunar month, Emperor Jingtai of the Ming Dynasty made a grand sacrifice to heaven and earth. Emperor Jingtai of the Ming Dynasty fasted for three days and went to the Zhai Palace in the southern suburbs on the 12th. Unexpectedly, he "suddenly vomited blood and could not return it as a ritual", so he asked someone to perform the ritual on his behalf.
The major affairs of the country are sacrifice and military affairs. However, the emperor missed two times in a row due to illness. In particular, Chief of Ceremony Eunuch Xing'an hinted to the important ministers: "If all the ministers of the court, their ears and eyes cannot plan for the country, they will only ask for peace of mind every day." Revealing the meaning of "the situation is not optimistic", Important ministers drafted the draft overnight and applied for the establishment of a reserve.
Unexpectedly, Emperor Ming Jingtai responded with a clear tone, and the important ministers had no choice but to wait for the morning meeting on the 17th. But on the evening of the 16th, a coup broke out. The Supreme Emperor Ming Yingzong , who had been in power for nearly eight years, was restored, and the history of the Ming Dynasty turned again.
Less than 20 days after the drastic change, Emperor Mingjingtai passed away. Some people say he was killed, others think he died of illness. It arouses curiosity: How could a little wind and cold kill Emperor Ming Jingtai in his prime? Without this cold weather, would history have been rewritten?
Want to do something, but ignore the reality.
Emperor Ming Jingtai was the second son of Ming Xuanzong, and was named King Tan. There was no possibility of ascending to the throne. His eldest brother Ming Yingzong Zhu Qizhen was born to Queen Sun. However, "History of the Ming Dynasty " states that she was actually born to a palace maid, and the Sun family pretended to be the queen. As a result, the Sun family became the queen, and Ming Yingzong did not know the truth for a long time.
Ming Yingzong ascended the throne at the age of 9, and the Empress Dowager Zhang took charge of the country and reused Sanyang ( Yang Shiqi, Yang Rong, Yang Pu), continuing the situation of " Renxuan's rule". After Zhang's death, Emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty reused the eunuch Wang Zhen.
It is said that Wang Zhen worked as a Confucian instructor before entering the palace. He failed the year-end assessment in the ninth year and resigned from the palace. This theory is a "false accusation by the barnyard historian". When Wang Zhen entered the palace as a young man, he was favored by Zhu Di, who allowed him to study in the palace. Later, he was appreciated by Ming Renzong, who made him responsible for educating the young Ming Yingzong. During his teaching period, Wang Zhen "stayed by his side day and night, never sleeping or eating. He guarded and cared for him with all his heart. He praised Yi and kept him in check, and he could not do anything. Just words and advice will bring more benefits." Emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty was "elegant and respectful" to him. . Before Ming Xuanzong Zhu Zhanji died, Ming Yingzong was entrusted to Wang Zhen.
Wang Zhen and Ming Yingzong were both teachers and friends, and they both wanted to make a difference.
Emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty was delighted with the ceremony. He consulted Wang Ji, the minister of the Ministry of War. Wang Ji about side affairs. He did not see the report for five days. He reprimanded him face to face: "Are you bullying me when I am young?" and sent him to prison.
In the 14th year of the Zhengtong year of the Ming Dynasty (1449), the Ming Dynasty and Wala had a dispute over the price of horses in the mutual market. The great Khan of Wala Choros Yesian led his army south. Wang Zhen thought that this was an opportunity to leave his name in history. Encourage Emperor Yingzong of Ming Dynasty to conquer personally. Previously, the Ming army had made many offensives on the northern front, but the "Ren-Xuan rule" was too broad, the official system was corrupt, military households fled in large numbers, and the number of people on the list was less than half.
Moreover, "a general is greedy for success, greedy for money and betrays his army, communicates with each other, and is involved in party rivalry. He is not accustomed to fighting, and he dares not to cultivate in military affairs. Generals are enemies of each other, and their superiors and subordinates are in conflict with each other." It is unbearable. A battle.
was released by Ola. The Ming army was annihilated by the Ola army in Tumu Fort (in today's territory of Huailai County, Hebei Province). According to "The Chronicles of the Ming Dynasty" and "The National Review", the Ming army totaled more than 500,000 people, but the famous minister Li Xian said that there were only more than 200,000 people. "Half of them were injured and one of the three died."
According to Mongolian historical data, Ming Yingzong was pulled out of the "pit" and captured.The "pit" may be a temporary bunker. "The eunuchs and tigers around him were covered like hedgehogs," but he was unscathed. When he learned that Ming Yingzong had been captured, he also said happily: "I often appeal to heaven to pray for the great Yuan Dynasty to unify the world, and now I have achieved this victory."
also waited for Ming Yingzong to be generous. Scholar Lin Huan mentioned in "The Capture of Ming Yingzong and His Activities During the Detention in Mengdi" that Ming Yingzong could get one sheep every two days, one cow and one horse every seven days as food, and the local It is customary to "make a feast once every five, seven, or ten days." However, there was a shortage of fresh water, vegetables, and rice and noodles. Emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty complained that "the food was disgusting and disgusting."
It was early in the winter on the grassland. Emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty wrote a letter asking the harem to send clothes. Queen Qian and Empress Dowager Sun spent all the wealth in the harem and secretly sent it to Wala. Wala accepted the gift but refused to release Ming Yingzong. Queen Qian lost one eye and disabled one leg from crying. The winter clothes sent by the harem were also intercepted by the Wala guards, and only the leather robes made by the locals of Ming Yingzong were given to them. According to historical records, "iron foot leather" was first given to Emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty as a gift. It was probably a kind of boots to keep out the cold.
Wala lived in pursuit of water and grass, and Ming Yingzong followed him to live a nomadic life. "An ox cart and a horse were used as tools for moving camps." Whether in the Central Plains or in Oara, there are legends that Ming Yingzong married an Oara woman.
At the beginning, the Oara people looked down upon Ming Yingzong. As their contacts increased, the frank and cultured Ming Yingzong was recognized by the Oara people. Ming Yingzong stayed for more than a year and sent envoys to the Ming court five times to discuss sending it back, but the Ming Dynasty never agreed.
Put your hopes on "youth"
When " Civil Fort Change" happened, the capital was shaken because there were too few troops in the city to fight Oala. In the critical situation, Empress Dowager Sun ordered Emperor Jingtai of the Ming Dynasty to "temporarily take charge of all officials and take care of their affairs" and prepared to make Ming Yingzong's son Zhu Jianshen the emperor.
Before the emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty personally went to war, he ordered Emperor Jingtai to act as regent. Empress Dowager Sun's arrangement was no surprise. At this time, Emperor Jingtai seemed to have no intention of proclaiming himself emperor. At this time, the " Zuoshunmen Incident" broke out - Group The minister beat Wang Zhen's party members severely in the court, causing Ma Shun and three others to die on the spot.
Concorde Gate in the Forbidden City, also known as Zuoshun Gate in the old days
The "Zuoshun Gate Incident" marked the intensification of the conflict between the civil servants group and the eunuch group, and the civil servants had no choice but to actively win over the imperial power. Yu Qian and others jointly reported to the Empress Dowager Sun: "The crown prince is young, the country is in danger, and the hearts of the people are turbulent. The ancient saying goes: The country has an elder king, and the country is blessed. Please make a big plan to establish the clan." Strongly advocated that Emperor Jingtai ascended the throne.
Empress Dowager Sun had no choice but to agree. Ming Yingzong was renamed "Tai Shang Huang" and Zhu Jianshen was the crown prince.
1449, Yu Qian commanded 20,000 remnant soldiers to defeat the 100,000-strong army and won the " Defense of Beijing " victory. As the situation stabilized, Emperor Jingtai really wanted to be the emperor. He wanted to depose Zhu Jianshen and make his only son Zhu Jianji the prince.
Emperor Jingtai knew that this was illegal. On the advice of the eunuchs, he came up with a strange trick - bribing important officials: cabinet bachelors Chen Xun and Gao Gu were each given a hundred taels of platinum, and the other four cabinet ministers were each given 50 taels. After completion, 6 people add 50 taels of gold.
secured the cabinet, and then asked the Ministry of Etiquette to convene the ministers for discussion. There were 91 people present, all of whom may have received bribes from the emperor. No one objected, and even Yu Qian remained silent.
Zhu Jianji fell ill and died not long after he became the prince. Emperor Jingtai had no heir to support and was unwilling to establish Zhu Jianshen, so he had to pin his hopes on "he was still young and could give birth to a boy in the future." Therefore, at the beginning of this article, the important ministers were eager to build a reserve, but Emperor Jingtai firmly disagreed.
We still have to rely on Ming Yingzong's team
With these little calculations, Emperor Jingtai was naturally unwilling to take Ming Yingzong back, but Mingchen Yang Shan, who was sent to Oala as an envoy, secretly "redeemed" Ming Yingzong without permission. , brought back to the Central Plains. Emperor Jingtai had no choice but to send someone to Shanhaiguan to pick him up. The specifications were only "one sedan ride and two horses", and Yang Shan was not rewarded.
When he returned to the capital, he was greeted by his old ministers. Ming Yingzong said guiltily: "I have humiliated the country and lost my master, and I have defiled the ancestral temple. How can I see my ministers?"
After that, Ming Yingzong was imprisoned in "Xi Nei".It is said that the locks on the gate were filled with lead, and daily food was passed through the small holes. Empress Qian was not enough to eat and wear, so she sold her own nuns. In order to cut off contact with the outside world, all the trees near "Xinei" were cut down. . These statements may not be accurate. Ming Yingzong was imprisoned for nearly 8 years and gave birth to 12 children (three of whom died in infancy).
In the secret, the power to support Ming Yingzong has always existed.
First of all, Emperor Jingtai was originally a vassal king and did not have his own team. During the "Tumu Fort Incident", many descendants of the founding officials died in battle, leaving no one available in the court and still relying on the team of Ming Yingzong.
Secondly, Empress Dowager Sun favored Ming Yingzong and alienated Emperor Jingtai. When Emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty was first placed under house arrest, Empress Dowager Sun often went to "Xinei". Later, it was rumored that Emperor Jingtai wanted to take the opportunity to imprison Empress Dowager Sun in "Xinei", so Empress Dowager Sun never went to "Xinei" again.
Thirdly, Emperor Jingtai was not close to the eunuchs. The eunuch Liu Shun died, leaving 15 hectares of mountain land behind him. Other eunuchs wanted it, but the Ministry of Revenue agreed. However, Emperor Jingtai of the Ming Dynasty gave the land to the local people.
Emperor Jingtai was strict, and officials and eunuchs missed Ming Yingzong, who had a generous personality. After the "Tumu Fort Incident", a large number of senior positions were vacated, which aroused the ambitions of Shi Heng, Xu Youzhen, Cao Jixiang and others. Shi Heng was already a high-ranking official, but he wanted to be dictatorial in the court. Cao Jixiang had reached the fourth rank, which was already the ceiling for eunuchs, but he wanted to achieve "wonderful achievements" and climb up one level.
In ancient times, "wind and cold" were a basket case
So, the "-to-gate change " broke out.
Shi Heng, Xu Youzhen, and eunuch Cao Jixiang had limited military power and were unable to carry out a larger-scale coup. They only used 400 people to complete the "gate-taking coup", which shows that Emperor Ming Jingtai was not careful in taking precautions. Emperor Jingtai on the hospital bed asked: Was it Yu Qian's coup? When he learned that it was Ming Yingzong, he laughed and said "Okay".
Yu Qian was not in the cabinet, but Emperor Jingtai often stepped over the cabinet and directly commanded the ministry. The ministers of each ministry became the decision-making center. Yu Qian, as the minister of the Ministry of War, had particularly heavy responsibilities. Some scholars claim that Yu Qian was already the de facto chief assistant at this time. Although this theory is an exaggeration, Ming Yingzong killed Yu Qian most likely in order to regain power.
After the "Change of Seizing the Gate", the eunuch party 's troubles further deepened, and the imperial power was no longer able to control it.
If Emperor Jingtai had not been ill, would this childish coup be successful? Many history enthusiasts pointed out that Zhu Yuanzhang's crown prince Zhu Biao, Ming Renzong, and Ming Xuanzong all died young, and Emperor Jingtai also fell ill at such a time. Is this really a coincidence? The Ming Dynasty was the peak period in the history of Chinese autocracy. The imperial power controlled everything, and the temptation was greater. As a result, more people participated in the competition. Could someone have used "extraordinary tactics"?
However, although "wind-cold" in ancient times was a minor disease, it was very dangerous. Song Zhezong, Zheng Chenggong, Kangxi, etc. all died of "accidental exposure to wind-cold". "Wind-cold" is not today's cold, but refers to a series of diseases caused by climate. Even stroke, , myocardial infarction, etc. are often mistaken for "wind-cold".
Judging from the clinical manifestations of Jingtai Emperor, it may be tuberculosis or lung disease. The incidence rate is high in winter. When it does not occur, it is no different from ordinary people and is not easy to be found. For the emperor who was under extremely high mental pressure, before his illness subsided, he fasted for another three days. It was inevitable that the oil would run out, the lamps would run out, and blood would vomit from the mouth.
After the death of Emperor Jingtai, Emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty nicknamed him "Rou", destroyed his Shouling Mausoleum, and buried him in Jinshan with the ceremony of a prince.
Located at the northern foot of Yuquan Mountain, Jingtai Mausoleum
The sudden death may have another cause
It is worth noting that "wind-cold" is also often used to refer to diseases caused by improper living. For example, Song Zhezong died of excessive sexual indulgence, but it was written as "wind-cold" ", this may also be the cause of Emperor Jingtai's death.
Emperor Jingtai had two queens. Queen Wang was "a virtuous person who remembered all the deaths in the capital and the bones of the old and weak victims in the wilderness, and ordered the official school to bury them." When Emperor Jingtai deposed Zhu Jianshen, Queen Wang firmly disagreed, which angered Emperor Jingtai, and the title of queen was revoked. After Ming Yingzong was restored, he kicked Queen Wang out of the palace. She took the opportunity to make a fortune. Ming Yingzong remembered a piece of jade in the palace and asked Queen Wang to return it. She threw it directly into the well and said that I had also been a queen. Can't you use a few pieces of jade? Queen Wang came from a military family and had a strong personality.
Queen Hang gave birth to Zhu Jianji, who was disgusted by Ming Yingzong and canceled all her titles.
Emperor Jingtai also had a Tang noble concubine , who was designated to be buried as a sacrifice after his death. Emperor Jingtai interacted with Li Xier, a prostitute in Jiaofangsi, and ordered women to be selected from among the people to enter the palace. Emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty said that Emperor Jingtai was "unfilial, disloyal, unkind, and unjust, and his filth was widely heard, which made people and gods angry." Although it was a slander, Emperor Jingtai's private life was indeed chaotic.
Ming Dynasty officialYang Xuan recorded in "Restoration Records": "On the second or third day of the restoration of Emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty, all the most outstanding civil servants served in Wenhua Palace. The emperor was delighted to see his eyebrows. He called the ministers and said: My brother is well, let's eat porridge." It can be seen that Emperor Jingtai's condition recovered, but he died suddenly. The Ming Dynasty Lu Tai said in "Bi Yi Man Ji" that "the death of Emperor Jingtai was an eunuch." Jiang An was strangled to death with silk."
In fact, after Ming Yingzong experienced hardships, his administrative style turned to be lenient. He died of illness at the age of 34, and the "human sacrifice system" was abolished before his death. I couldn't bear it, so there was no need to kill the non-threatening Emperor Jingtai.
Ming Xuanzong was short-lived, and his two sons Ming Yingzong and Ming Jingtai were also short-lived. Even if Emperor Jingtai doesn't suffer from "wind-cold", he will still get other diseases. (Editor: Shen Feng)
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