Many of them naturally thought that The Liangzhou League in 1247 was directly established, and the politics of the Sakya Sect in the Yuan Dynasty status.
But in fact, the political legacy of the Liangzhou League is quite short. Although Kuo Duan entrusts the Sakya faction to manage Tibetan affairs, it also stipulates that all local officials must obey the orders of Sakya officials, and shall not violate the criminal law or unauthorized authority. Self-reliance.
It is a pity that the political changes of the Mongolian Khanate changed the efforts of Kuo Duan and Saban in an instant.
In 1247, 贵由汗, who was on the throne of the sweat after a hard game, died after only two years of work.
After the death of Guiyouhan, the queen Wuwuli·Hai lost regent for three years. But this stupid woman took only three years to anger and complain about Mongolia's governance.
1251, 蒙哥 (Torre’s son) took the opportunity to unite with the various forces and was publicly promoted as the new proficiency at the "Hulitai" conference.
The "Golden Family" of the Mongolian Khanate, was transferred from the Wukuotai King line to the Torre King line , and then Mengge cleansed the Wukuotai King line members and supporters, and almost Wukuo The system is uprooted.
As the son of Wo Kuotai, Kuorui escaped this disaster by virtue of his good personal relationship with Meng Ge.
Meng Ge also retained his "benevolence and righteousness", and his fief and ownership rights in Liangzhou. However, the decline of the Wokuotai royal family has finally marginalized the Kuoduan family.
To make matters worse, in this year, Saban and Kuorui passed away.
Almost overnight, the Sakya faction not only lost its supreme leader, but also the support of powerful political figures in Mongolia.
The 17-year-old Basba had to face an extremely complicated and embarrassing situation after taking over the throne of the Sakya King.
八思巴像
One. The dilemma of the Eight Siba
In 1251, the Eight Siba was in Liangzhou, facing one An extremely complicated situation.
On the one hand, Meng Ge Khan still uses the influence of the Sakya Sect to implement administrative measures such as 許户 (household registration check) in Tibet. On the other hand, he also began to gradually divide the land in Tibet, , to the monarchs of Mongolia.
Meng Ge’s practice of enclosing Tibet’s lands is in principle in line with the Mongolian "Brothers share the wealth" tradition. Because it is deeply supported by the Mongolian kings, it has stabilized Meng Ge to a certain extent. Khan’s status.
And from the perspective of controlling Tibet, it is closer to the idea of "multi-feudal construction" of the Ming Dynasty's strategy of governing Tibet.
This strategy is simply "mixing sand", allowing different sects to welcome different Mongolian kings, further aggravating the rift between the factions, making it increasingly difficult to form a joint force.
"Han-Tibet History Collection" records that: "Mengge Khan and Zhigong Sect became the donor and Futian, Kublai (Xue Chanhan) and Caiba Sect formed the donor and Futian, Ali Bge and the Karma sect became the benefactor and Futian, and Xuliegu and the Zhigong sect became the donor and Futian.”
When this magic weapon was sacrificed, the leaders of the various religious sects in Tibet for their own existence And development, have had to establish direct contact with the Mongolian royal family.
From now on, no matter which sect or local power wants to control Tibet, it must win the support of the Central Dynasty.
This has strengthened the connection between Tibet and the Central Plains, and the central government only needs to support these people as agents to ensure the integrity of the territory and the tranquility of the border.
It’s no wonder that the famous contemporary Tibetan scholar Professor Dongga Lobsang Chilie pointed out: “The true unification of Tibet into the Mongolian Khanate was accomplished during the reign of Mong Khan.”
but Meng Khan’s thoughts of governing Tibet are obviously not a good thing for the Sakya Sect.
Although, Meng Ge still divided the Sakya Sect to the descendants of Kuduan. But compared to the various sects surrounding Meng Ge's brothers, the status of the Sakya Sakya as "spokesperson" has been weakened to the extreme.
The young Basba felt this change, and for the development of the Sakya Sect, he also had to find a stronger supporter.
Therefore, after becoming King Sakya, he did not return to Tibet, but stayed in Liangzhou while studying Buddhism, while carefully observing the actions of Mongolian princes, and soon an opportunity came to him. .
2. The first non-intimate contact
1253 (the first year of Song Lizong Baoyou), Basiba got Kubi Lie's summons.
At that time, Kublai Khan was planning an attack on 云南 (Dali). In order to understand the situation in Tibetan areas, Kublai sent people to summon Basiba to Liupan Mountain.
Two friends who have been in friendship throughout their lives, the atmosphere of the first meeting is very harmonious.
Although Ba Siba was 19 years old, Kublai was once suspicious. But as the conversation progressed, Kublai discovered that Pasiba had a unique knowledge and insights into Buddhism, which made him greatly admired.
However, when Kublai Khan asked Pasiba to collect materials and recruits for the Mongolian army in Tibet, the atmosphere of the meeting took a turn for the worse.
Facing Kublai’s request, Basipa replied: "Tibet is only a remote place with a large area and sparse population, and it is difficult to support the needs of the army. Please take it back."
八思巴’s answer immediately angered Kublai, and he roared violently: "You dare to offend my Mongolian tiger, are you tired of your life? My blade pointed out that the blocker was invincible, like boiling soup and splashing snow. Now I just want you to provide some supplies and join the army, you will push three and four."
Seeing this, he shook his head calmly and said: "I really can't help sweating, please allow me Go back to your hometown."
Under his anger, Kublai took the scene and shouted: "Get out of here."
Back in the account sadly Ba Siba began to pack up, preparing to leave Liupanshan the next day.
That night, the king of Kublai Khan 察必 urged: "I see this young Dharma King, who taught very well, the old monk Cai Bar Our opinions are not as good as his. Please don’t let him go.”
Kublai angrily said: “He is really unique in Buddhism, but he doesn’t want to use it for me. Keep him He Yi?"
Cha must smile, and said: "A lot of sweat prospered, is it really lack of supplies and conscription? This is a trivial matter to the sweat, and he has conflicts in his heart. It doesn’t mean that you can’t cooperate in other things.”
Kublai thought for a moment and said: “Well, you and I will go to see him tomorrow morning.”
is in Wangfei’s Under the mediation, Kublai and Pasba gradually established trust.
王妃察必 also accepted "initiation" from Basba and worshipped him as a teacher.
"Initiation" was originally a ritual in ancient India. When the king came to the throne, the water from the four seas was poured into
to express blessings, and later Buddhist Tantras also adopted this ceremony.
Buddhism’s empowerment mainly has two types: Dharma initiation and connection empowerment: Dharma initiation is "for those who follow the Dharma, teach the secret Dharma, so that the position of Shao Ajali Enlightenment; Enlightenment is an enlightenment that "only for the purpose of making a Buddha, attracting ordinary people ten initiation altars, so that they can throw flowers and give the seal and mantra of the deity, without giving and receiving secret methods."
The empowerment that Basibah gave to Princess Chabi is definitely the enlightenment. By imparting initiations, Pasiba will become the teacher of Princess Chabi in Buddhism.
Third, the gradual alliance relationship
After receiving the initiation, Wang Fei Cha will feel quite appreciated. beneficial.
She persuaded Kublai to also receive this initiation ritual: "(Initiation) really is better than other teaching methods. Please accept it."
But as King of Khan, Kublai Receiving empowerment is not a simple matter.
When inquiring about the initiation rites of Basiba, Basiba said: "After receiving the initiation, the master sits on the seat, bows with his body, and obeys the words of the master, and does not violate the wishes of the master. "
Kublai Khan immediately said that he couldn't accept it, and worried that would put the teaching power above the king's power" , and it was the princess that the princess would come out to mediate.
She said: "When there are few legal persons, the master can sit on the seat. When the officials and subjects gather, the master may not be able to be merciful, and the King Khan sits on the seat. Learn about Tubo from the teacher’s teaching If you don’t ask your teacher, you will never give an edict. For other big and small matters, the teacher is not allowed to talk about or intercede.”
Wangfei Chabi proposed is indeed a compromise. She will eight Siba’s masters. Rights are limited to a controllable range.
After clarifying the right boundary between the king and the master, Kublai and Pasiba reached a compromise.
Any compromise is based on mutual needs of both parties.
Basiba needs the support of a powerful Khan King, because in the territory of Mongolia, Mong Khan is obviously more interested in the Kagyu Sect, and the Sakya Sect can only find other ways.
Here, we need to clarify a long-standing misunderstanding.
Among the various religious sects in Tibet, the Sakya faction is not the only one who actively united with the Mongolian forces and became the "agent" of the Mongolian regime in Tibet.
As early as before the Liangzhou League, the various religious sects in Tibet had already started, and they had contact with the Mongolian forces, looking for objects to attach to.
Mr. Dongga Lobsang Chilie wrote in his "On the System of the Unity of Politics and Religion in Tibet": "In 1239 AD, Sakya contacted Prince Kuorui, Pamudrukpa and Yasang Kagyu faction. The prince Xuliewu (son of Drag Thunder, brother of Mengge and Alibu) surrendered, Zhigong and Tibetan ancient sects surrendered to Prince Kublai, and Dalong faction surrendered to Prince Alibu."
Actually, everyone is looking for thighs, the only difference is that "they are not the same."
And the success of Liangzhou Huimeng has indeed benefited the Sakya Sect. In addition to clarifying its “agent” status, will also include the southern and northern parts of Ladui and Gumo in addition to Ali Sanwei. In Qumi, Xiang, Xialu, Yangzhuo, and other seven million households, 10,885 households were directly sealed to the Sakya faction.
The ancients said that "the world is hustling and hustle and bustle, it is all for profit", the sect is also composed of people, and the Sakya school is greatly benefited, and the enthusiasm is naturally indispensable. After
, Meng Ge Khan’s "multiple seals" plan further exacerbated the move to seek strong support.
Ba Si Ba bet on the powerful Kublai Khan, it is understandable.
As the leader of a faction, the hopes of all monks in the religion are pinned on him. In many cases, he can't even decide on each person's likes and dislikes.
In addition, from Kublai’s own point of view, due to long-term contact with Han, Uighurs and Semu people, he showed a tendency of "multicultural symbiosis" to a certain extent (Mongolians regarded it as "sinicization") .
In 1253 AD, Pasiba gave Kublai Khan the Sakya Sakya Sakya Sakya Sakya Sakya initiation, and he officially became Kublai’s religious teacher. This is the first time that a Mongolian prince received the ritual of "initiation" in Tibetan Buddhism.
Then, Kublai sealed Basiba as "国师" , gave a jade seal, dedicate gold and pearl inlaid robes, monk clothes, gold seats, umbrella covers, etc. as empowerments support.
Fourth, Kublai Khan’s right to choose
As the strong side of the partnership, Kublai clearly has more options.
Does he have to cooperate with Sakya faction?
The answer is- Not necessarily!
During the Southern Expedition to Yunnan, Kublai discovered that the Kagyu Sect was far more powerful than the Sakya Sect in Khampa, so he summoned 薩玛拔希 (Karma Kagyu Sect) in northwestern Sichuan The colors of the velvet area meet everywhere.
After meeting the two, they talked very happily. Kublai hoped that Karma Paxi stayed with him for a long time. But Karma Baxi doesn't seem to be very interested in Kublai.
soon said goodbye to him and went to Ningxia, Gansu, Inner Mongolia and other places to teach the Fa. During this period, Karma Baxi received an edict from Meng Khan. He happily obeyed his orders, and accompanied his envoys to and Lin (the capital of the Mongolian Khanate), and was favored by 蒙哥和阿里不哥.
Meng Ge Khan named him a "national teacher", gave him a gold seal, silver, and a gold-rimmed black monk hat. This is the source of the black hat lineage of the Karma Kagyu school.
(Strictly speaking, the "national teacher" awarded by Meng Ge Khan is the most serious national teacher. As a king, Kublai Khan named Ba Sipa as "national teacher". It is suspected of arrogance.)
It should be said that Karma Bahi’s choice was correct. After all, the Mongolian Khan was the thickest at the time. Thigh, no one.
It is a pity that Karma Pasig cannot predict the fate of everyone, including his own.
has been favored by Mong Khan. The Karma Kagyu Sect has gained power and benefits more than that of the Sakya Sect, and it has the potential to dominate Tibet.
But if a person is unlucky, drinking cold water will clog his teeth.
1259 (Southern Song Lizong, the first year of Kaiqing), Meng Gehan personally levied 合州 (now Hechuan District, Chongqing), and died accidentally in Diaoyucheng.
What followed was the constant power struggle.
The two Mongolian kings were held separately to elect the "Hulitai" meeting of Dahan.
In April 1260, Ali Bu Ge was elected by the native Mongolian nobles in Hara and Lin as a great Mongolian nation. On May 5, Kublai Khan became a Mongolian Khan in Kaiping, Central Plains under the support of his generals.
Two profuse sweats stand side by side, and the result is bound to draw their swords at each other. In the four-year battle for the position of sweat, the blood of the Mongols killed themselves.
In the end, Kublai won the victory and imprisoned the defeated brother to death.
The unlucky Karma Baxi first chose Mong Khan in the changing power of the Mongol Empire, and then stood with Ali Bu.
This caused Kublai to sit stillAfter the position, "suddenly" thought of him.
first imprisoned him for a long time, and considered killing him at one time, and finally released him considering the influence of the Karma Kagyu Sect, but after that, the Karma Kagyu Sect was suppressed until the end of Yuan Dynasty. Vitality.
After Karma Paxi was released, he returned to Tibet for 8 years. In order to consolidate the power of its sect, avoid being annexed and disintegrated by other sects.
The Karma Kagyu Sect adopted the reincarnation system of living Buddhas for the first time. This is actually the fundamental reason for the emergence of the reincarnation system of living Buddhas.
五、八思巴的 Choice
The choice between Karma Baxi and Kublai is back, not the Basba can do .
But when Kublai was walking on the edge of the blade, Basiba stood firmly beside Kublai.
With the continuous expansion of the territory of the Mongolian Khanate, the Mongols gradually split into two factions. In fact, from this period onwards, Mongolians have shown the tendency of "left and right wings".
Part of the Mongols represented by 胡必烈 , in the process of long-term contact with the Han scholars of the Central Plains, gradually tended to the inherent culture and management style of the Central Plains.
On the other hand, the Mongolians, represented by 蒙哥汗 and Alibuge , adhere to the inherent grassland traditions, behave conservatively, and are extremely disgusted with Kublai’s tendency to "sinicize".
In 1257, under the instigation of Mongolian conservative forces, Meng Ge Khan suddenly decided to attack Kublai.
took advantage of the opportunity of going south to attack the Song Dynasty, taking "to relieve Kublai Khan’s military power" on the grounds that Kublai’s foot disease was ill," , and detained his ministers for severe torture, with the intention of "first remove Wings, the leader of the latter rule."
For a time, the wind was violent, and the forces that were close to Kublai looked sideways.
Under this crisis, Ba Siba firmly chose to stand behind Kublai Khan, while comforting his soul with Buddhist explanations, while rushing to Wutai Mountain in person to hold a blessing ceremony for him alone.
In the end, under the persuasion of Ba Siba and the minister, Kublai decided to show his "sincerity" to Meng Khan. He took only twenty guards and rushed to the Great Khan camp in person.
After seeing Ge Meng, Kublai said earnestly Fudi "please sin" and said that he had sent "family to Helin hostage".
Meng Ge Khan finally cared about the brotherhood and generous "forgiveness" of Kublai, but this matter caused a huge shadow in his heart.
directly induced, after Meng Gehan died, he twice recommended the "Hulitai" meeting with profuse sweat.
No matter what, Kublai did not dare to put his wealth and life in the hands of Brother Ali who was more conservative.
In 1264 (Southern Lizong, the fifth year of Jingding), the four-year bloody and sweaty battle ended. Kublai relied on another brother 旭烈The support of Wu became a nominal Mongolian Khan, and moved the capital from Helinger to Beijing.
In the crisis, Basiba, who has always firmly supported him, finally obtained the friendship of Kublai Khan. Moreover, Kublai Khan has indeed fulfilled the promise of , "Listen to the teacher's advice on Tubo matters, and never ask the teacher" .
When Kublai respected Basiba as the "national teacher" (this time it was a serious national teacher of eight hundred), he was awarded the first general system of Xuanzhengyuan, "given the jade seal, served as the master of the Central Plains, ruled the world. "
The Xuanzhengyuan set up by Kublai Khan was originally to manage religious affairs across the country and supervise Tibetan affairs. When Basiba led the Xuanzhengyuan as a national teacher, he actually gained the political and religious power in Tibet.
At the same time, this also means that Tibetan Buddhism followed Kublai to the hinterland of the Central Plains and spread its branches and leaves on the territory of the Yuan Dynasty.
In order to enable Basipa to better manage Tibet's affairs, Kublai Khan changed the Mong Khan's "feuding" policy and turned to fully support the Sakya Sect.
He recalled all 守土官 (Daluhuachi) appointed by Mongolian princes in Tibet. Only the defenders of the fief under the name of the supporter 旭烈芜 were retained.
藏文史料 "The Self-report of the Great Situ Jiangqu Jianzan" records this historical fact: "Afterwards, when Meng Ge Khan returned to heaven, when Emperor Xue Chan (Khublai) reigned, During the retreat of all the local guards in Tibet, as Xue Chanhan and Xu Liewu’s brothers are very close, our (Pazhu Sect) guards will still be retained.”
After the abolition of the guards, Sa After the twists and turns of the Mengge period, the Jiapai once again became the only designated "agent" for the Mongols in Tibet.
At this time, 17 years have passed since Kuoduan and Saban’s Liangzhou League.
To sum up, the Liangzhou Huimeng can only be regarded as the first contact between the Sakya Sect and the Mongolian forces. It is really established. The leadership of the Sakya Sect in Tibetan areas is Kublai and Ba Siba.
Tibetan history during the Mongolian Khanate period, a total of four articles have been written:
" The fetal movement of Liangzhou Huimeng——Preliminary preparations for the Mongolian Empire ";
《 During the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty, the strategy of governing Tibet swayed 》
《The two-way choice of Kublai and Pasiba 》
After the glory years of the Sakya School, I wrote it separately in the Yuan Dynasty section. In the next few days, let’s put the Sakya school aside first, let’s talk about "Langdama Extinguish the Buddha" , it is estimated that it is also four articles!
Explain historical details in detail, clarify the ins and outs, and view Chinese history from different perspectives!
Welcome to pay attention to the "Tibetan reading line of white release clothes!"
