pays attention to the sound of the storm
raises the level of thinking
guide
(⊙_⊙)
a global day of Humanities and geographical
micro-channel public number: Earth Knowledge Bureau
NO.2024-The Soviet Union was hollowed out
Author: Anna Gu
Proofreader: Koo Hanying / Editor: Salty fish
br13 after the World War II The pattern has undergone tremendous changes. As one of the main battlefields of the world war, Western Europe has been severely damaged, the economy and people’s livelihoods are declining, and the strength of the former European powers has been greatly reduced. anti-fascist alliance the United States and the Soviet Union naturally dominated the post-war international order, opened the superpower road.
Although the Soviet Union won the final victory
, in fact, the western part of the Soviet Union and the German cities have become a piece of scorched earth like the German cities. One picture network)▼
At this time, the former European colonies became independent and began to form a third force outside the two poles, which was called the third world. In order to let this emerging force fall to itself, the United States and the Soviet Union did not hesitate to spend their money. Among them, Soviet aid to the Third World even reached the point where it could not be added.
The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949
In 1950, the Republic of India was founded _span2 _span2 (Indian officials gave a speech in London in 1953, photo: OneTu.com)▼
3 _p span2sp br13_pbr13_ span1sp _pbr13_ span1sp _p Stalin was in power, Soviet Union focused on contacting countries with potential for socialist revolution. provides direct economic and military assistance to the revolutionary parties in these countries and assists them in establishing a socialist country. This move has the meaning of exporting revolution.
welcome to join the big family
(Photo: OneMap)▼
00 p0
0 p0 The Soviet Union considered that the stage of development was not mature enough, and it was far from the time when the socialist revolution occurred, so it was relatively ignored. Stalin neither looked down on certain left-wing forces that could not support the wall, nor did he want to cooperate with the newly established "bourgeois government".
The United States is the new world-class rival of the Soviet Union
As for the United Kingdom, the focus of its foreign policy is to win over its many colonies 2 span1 span1
(Photo: OneMap)▼
In the years after World War II,The former colonial countries have set off a wave of anti-colonialism, suzerain The cost of maintaining colonial rule is getting higher and higher, but the benefits are getting lower and lower. , coupled with the European powers' vitality, was unable to support the operation of the colonial system at all, and the colonies moved towards independence one after another.
The most obvious here is the Middle East direction
is both the key strategy direction of the Soviet Union to the south (span2span _span2sp ) ▼
The vast colonial countries have abundant resources, abundant populations, huge demand for markets, and some regions also guard transportation routes and have potential geostrategic value. These countries are often in need of assistance, and if there is a powerful country showing their favor, can easily infiltrate its power and expand its sphere of influence.
Out of political game, the Soviet Union not only assisted the third world countries
also supported Eastern Europe that needed to rebuild order and restore production after the war 2span1 Soviet-made tractors entering East Germany
although the East German factory was dismantled and shipped to the Soviet Union)
(Picture: OnePinet)▼
2 pspan0
After Stalin died, Khrushchev took power, the Soviet Union's foreign policy has undergone a 105-180 degree change. Khrushchev believed that the former colonial countries opposed colonialism and imperialism and were potential friends of the Soviet Union, while Stalin only paid attention to those emerging countries that took the initiative to show good things to the Soviet Union, causing the Soviet Union to almost miss the use of the wave of colonial independence to expand its influence. Great time.
The Soviet Union aided the construction of the Aswan dam in Egypt, which was finalized at this time
Over fifty years ago, this dam is still in Huize, Egypt, and Sudan. (In 1964, Soviet experts at the construction site of Aswan)
(Photo: OneMap)▼
img
img
955 Schiff visited India, Myanmar and Afghanistan. During this trip to Asia, made it clear that the Soviet Union was willing to cooperate with the non-socialist countries of the third world in economic and military aspects, to guard against common enemies-colonialism and imperialism.
During his visit to India, Khrushchev met with a mighty wrestler
(Picture: OnePinet)
2 pspan0 2 pspan0like this,The Soviet Union began to provide more assistance to workers’ parties in the third world that had no chance to hold power alone in the short term. At the same time, they also expressed their favor to the "left-wing radical bourgeois regime" (or "Jacobinism") defined by the Soviet Union, and no longer aimed at directly exporting revolution.
Through assistance, the Soviet Union has established friendly relations with key countries in the third world region. The most representative of are: Indonesia under the leadership of Sukarno, Nasser Egypt, and India in the era of Nehru.
assistance is destined to be temporary, and more depends on yourself
Decades later, India seems to be the same 1 span1 Figure of Schov and Nehru: Flickr)▼
Khrushchev hopes to build an international socialist community with the Soviet Union as the center and other socialist countries participating in cooperation. A standardized and integrated international division of labor network covering Europe and Asia. plan formulation, innovation, technology, industry standards, training, national defense and other fields will be coordinated and shared within the system. Ideological issues can also be discussed and resolved at the International Congress.
is actually Sudong Group + Vietnam▼
If the country can also be included in the third world systemIt is undoubtedly a great expansion of the Soviet Union's economic territory and sphere of influence. Moreover, regards the third world countries as potential allies in the transition to a socialist country. incorporates its into the system, which can not only strengthen their relations with the Soviet Union, but also accelerate the arrival of this process.
The headquarters of the Economic and Social Council in Moscow
With the demise of the Soviet Union, it also disappeared from everyone _span _span2 span_putter2 ▼
competed for the third world
2 The grand plan was reorganized in order to realize the international 2. The International Department and the Liaison Department of the Workers' Party of the Communist Party of Socialist Countries are two new departments. At the same time, both the National Security Council (KGB) and the General Intelligence Directorate of the Soviet General Staff ( GRU ) have undertaken the work of collecting information on third world countries. Research institutions have also established related research institutes, and strengthens research on third world countries.
Although there have been a lot of Soviet jokes in the history of the KGB
_span2 is still an excellent intelligence agencyIt is now , the Russian Federal Security Agency resident)
(photo: shutterstock)▼
p3p
-60s It is also very active. has left an excellent impression on the governors of third world countries who want to quickly change the status quo of the country. thus has a good impression of the Soviet model, and even agrees with it.
I feel that the whole world loves me
(1960, Khrushchev and Castro_span2 in New York)
However, what really makes the people of the third world have a lot of goodwill towards the Soviet Union are two iconic projects- aerospace and wasteland . In 1957, the Soviet Union took the lead in launching the first artificial satellite "Sputnik" in human history; in 1961, it successfully sent the astronaut and Yuri Gagarin into space and completed it. The first manned spaceflight in human history. It can be said that the sea of stars in the hearts of the people of the Third World at that time was the Soviet version.
Soviet high-tech, enviable American emperor
(Sputnik at the Soviet Achievement Exhibition, picture: br _span2sp br _span2sp0 p _span2p0 p img _span2sp0
In 1954, the Soviet Union began to reclaim the wasteland of southwestern Siberia and Kazakhstan, hoping to use irrigation water and fertilizer to turn the wasteland into fertile land, eventually reclaiming 12.96 million hectares. Although the Soviet Union's reclamation technology is not in place, the soil fertility has been declining year by year, and the problem of ecological damage has been brought about. , however, seemed to have increased grain production in a short period of time, alleviating the Soviet Union's food shortage.
The Soviets really fight for food
At that time, there were more than 90 _spanspan1 and philosophy majors in Moscow University _span2 pspan1 and _span2 pspan1. There are only 5 in total...
(Photo: avtoexport.cz)
p
p
p
p
p greatly boosted the self-confidence of the Soviets, and made the Soviet Union has a greater voice in diplomacy, and has more confidence to compete with the United States. On the other hand, it also made the leftists of the Third World feel that the Soviet model is a shortcut that can quickly catch up with the West.
Because of this, in the early 1960s, the Soviet political elite began to believe that the struggle for influence in the third world is a major issue for the future of socialism. And socialism will replace capitalism as the world's main social system within a generation.
At this time, the picture of the Soviet Union to the third world countries
let the latter think that this is the way to a better life (1span2span 1 1 The State Department Store in Moscow in the 1970s)
(photo: gumrussia.cn)▼
27 pbr0span under the guidance of this ideology of the Soviet Union Asian, African and Latin American countries have established and upgraded diplomatic relations, and tends to recognize the independence of former colonial countries.
At the same time, a large number of military advisers, economic advisers, and technical experts have signed the assistance agreement.Influx into the third world. Among them, industries such as iron and steel, non-ferrous metals, energy, and electric power are the focus of assistance. At the same time, the Soviet Union’s loan interest rate to the Third World is about 2%-2.5%, is lower than the usual interest rate of 5% in the West, and the repayment period is relatively long.
with this red flag inserted all over the world
(Figure: posterplakat) ▼
Brezhnev ruled the early , The Soviet Union's national power is reaching its peak, and the expansion of its influence on the Third World has entered a new stage. In the Middle East, supports Arab countries against Israel; in South Asia, it vigorously helped India realize industrialization and helped India dismember Pakistan; in Indochina Peninsula , it supported the North Vietnamese regime; in Africa, it joined Cuba to intervene in the Angolan civil war .
In 1972, Brezhnev and Castro
one (Picture: one ) img p3 _p _p18 When the Soviet Union was in full swing,Life in the United States is not easy. Economically, stagflation was triggered by the oil crisis; militaryly, it was trapped in the quagmire of the Vietnam War; and domestic social movements were one after another. For a time, the Soviet Union once occupied the peak in the Cold War, , but the internal problems of the Soviet Union were far more serious than those of the United States. Americans lost, but not completely At the same time, it does not mean that the Soviets won Wikispan1 ▼
The Soviets have spared no effort, but are not able to do business with the Soviet Union. Through these aids, they can earn interest, dump the Soviet machinery and equipment that is not dominant in the international market, and get the raw materials and agricultural products they need without spending foreign exchange.
is too simple and easy to use, and it does export a lot of
(Picture: shutterstock)▼ _p20p img _p20p pbr13The aided party also has to bear some hidden costs. When developing countries receive aid, they are prone to become dependent. Once there is a problem in the relationship between the two countries, the Soviet Union can use means such as stopping aid and demanding loan repayment to force each other to yield, thereby interfering in the foreign and internal affairs of third world countries. If the relationship between the two countries deepens, it means that the country may move towards a socialist planned economy model, further deepening its dependence on the Soviet Union, and will leave huge hidden dangers for future development.
The output of this Soviet-made T-47 tractor is very high
may be the explosive product supporting the third world 2span _span1 )▼
Among them, the most typical one is Cuba. Cuba originally intended to establish a good relationship with the United States, claiming that its revolution was "not red, but olive." However, at the beginning of the Cold War, the United States McCarthyism rampant, and Cuban revolution touched the interests of American capital in ancient times, thus incurred American hostility.
misappraised Castro, which is definitely a major mistake of the Americans.It can’t be done with beauty and champagne
(Meet with actress Maureen during Castro’s visit to the United States)
(Picture: OnePinet) span0 _pspan2 pimg
After Cuba joined the socialist camp, it quickly gained a foothold with the assistance of the Soviet Union and became a beacon of socialism in Latin America. On the other hand, Cuba is on the front line of geopolitical confrontation, and almost became the battlefield of World War III. In the years after , Cuba replaced the Soviet Union and assumed the task of exporting revolution in South America and Africa. For dozens of years since the end of the Cold War, the United States still regards Cuba as a thorn in the eye.
Cuba’s missile crisis was the closest to a nuclear war in the Cold War
_span_span_span_span_span 2 (picture: shutterstock)▼
is such a flower,No matter how thick the family is, it is not enough. The aid to the Third World brought a great burden to the Soviet Union and dragged it into the quagmire. Even in the 1980s, the Soviet Union’s annual aid to third world countries was still as high as 19 billion U.S. dollars, most of which were not repaid. Among them, Afghanistan, Cuba and Vietnam, which are key areas, would spend 7.5-8 billion U.S. dollars each year. , Military assistance accounted for two-thirds of it.
The Soviet Union strongly supported Vietnam
, and then we all learned about it spansp_span2 sp1 ▼ During this period, the Soviet Union assisted the third world countries with 7925 tanks, 20470 cannons, 2620 supersonic aircraft , 1705 helicopters, 32210 surface-to-air missiles, 17 ships submarine. Although these astonishing amounts of munitions have consolidated the armed forces of the third world countries, they have also become destabilizing factors in the future. The S-75 missiles given to North Vietnam by the Soviet Union made great achievements in the Vietnam War The Vietnamese People’s Army used it to defend span2 span _span _span _span 1 Flickr)▼
1979,It was the pinnacle of Soviet intervention in the Third World. As the saying goes, after the apex, all the roads are downhill. This year, the Afghan People’s Democratic Party promoted by the Soviet Union to promote secular reforms was blocked, and the independent Amin initiated a coup and took control of power. Seeing this, the Soviet Union simply came to an end and sent troops to invade Afghanistan. This war of labor and wealth happened just when the Soviet economy was about to explode, and it became a turning point for the Soviet Union from prosperity to decline.
If Afghanistan is an imperial cemetery
I feel that the Panjshir Valley can be the Imperial Cemetery Museum p_1span2 p map )▼
After dozens of years of tossing, the Soviet system has become increasingly rigid and economic problems have become more and more serious. At the same time, those third world friends have also begun to change. some are heavily dependent on the Soviet Union; some have not seen the hope of transition to social ism; some simply rely on geographic advantages And strength , jumped repeatedly between the United States and the Soviet Union, taking advantage of it.
to Gorbachev in the middle and late period,The Soviet Union's national power was so exhausted that it could only be forced to contract strategically in the end, but it was too late. The Soviet Union, which has problems with its own "blood-making" ability, is still constantly "blood transfusion" to others, and the final result can be imagined.
When the car hits the wall and knows it turned; the stock rises and knows to buy it
Do you think of dumping in your mouth? late!
(819 incident, the Soviets could not prevent Soviet Union )
(Figure: One map Network) ▼
References:
1. Zhang Yingjiao, Sun Qijun. On the consequences of the expansion of the Third World during the Brezhnev period in the Soviet Union[J]. Contemporary World and Socialism, 2010:189- 193.
2. Huang Tianying. The Soviet Union’s foreign policy in the Third World area during the Khrushchev era[J]. The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe Issues: 60-67.
3. Li Yaowen, Chen Mingshan. The Soviet Union’s Policy Adjustment to the Third World[J]. J].Liaowang Weekly,1988:41-43.
4.Gu Zhihong.The Soviet Union’s Reflection and Adjustment of the Third World Policy[J].Soviet Eastern Europe Issue,1991:20-25.
5 Zhang Shengnan. The Soviet Union’s Aid Policy to the Third World: Motivation and Results: A Case Study of Cuban Aid (1959-1982). Latin American Studies, 2019(04)
*The content of this article is provided by the author,Knowledge does not mean that the earth Bureau's position
Cover: One view of network
END
Further reading:
The Taliban, they met "old friends" again | Earth Knowledge Bureau
Why does it repeatedly prohibit immigration? | Earth Knowledge Bureau
The truth you don’t know between Beijing and Xinjiang | Earth Knowledge Bureau
, a big event happened in Tibet! | Earth Knowledge Bureau
.Backgrounder: Article 3 September 2021 published in the micro-channel public number Earth Knowledge Bureau (Soviet Union,Was hollowed out ), Fengyun Voice is authorized to reprint.
Editor in charge: Chen Xinyue
