Author: West Chu overlord
in ancient China's long history, there have been many minority regime, especially nomadic located on the northern plateau, has appeared Huns, Rouran, Turkic, Uighur, Khitan, party items The nomadic regimes such as, Jurchen, Mongolia, Tatar, and Wacha have become fused and conflicted with the Central Plains regime in the south, and they have built a splendid Chinese civilization.
Nomadic democracy with good riding and shooting
In traditional Chinese history, the Central Plains dynasty has always been orthodox, so that people know very little about the nations on the northern grasslands and the regimes they established. When we look at the historical map, in addition to the Central Plains dynasties such as the Han Dynasty, Weijin, Sui, Tang, Song and Yuan, there are also various ethnic regimes marked in different colors, which proves that they are also part of Chinese history.
(1) Z19z
Xiongnu and Donghu
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Xiongnu and Donghu already existed as early as the Shang and Zhou dynasties. According to legend, Donghu is an ethnic group where Fuxi descendants moved northward and the Hu people lived together; while the Xiongnu was a ethnic group formed after Shang Tang, Xia Jie descendants moved northward and annexed other tribes. According to the origin legends of the Xiongnu and Donghu, they can be regarded as "brothers" with Huaxia in the Central Plains.
Around the 3rd century BC, the Huns quietly rose up and became the foreign troubles of Qin, Zhao and other northern vassals. In order to fight against the frequent attacks of Huns cavalry, Qin and Zhao built the Great Wall on the northern border.
Qin Great Wall site
In 209 BC, Mao Dun Shan Yu killed his father and became a generation hero. Mao Dundan led the Xiongnu to start a war of hegemony with Donghu. Donghu was defeated and eventually split into two tribes, Wuhuan and Xianbei. The Huns who defeated the Donghu became the first overlord on the grassland and opened up the two thousand years of love and killing between nomadic civilization and agricultural civilization.
The powerful Han Dynasty replaced the Qin Dynasty as the Huns' battle opponent, and the Huns went to extinction. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, after the long-term suppression of the Western Han Dynasty and the collapse of the grassland economy, the Huns split into the Southern Huns and the Northern Huns. The Southern Huns were close to the Central Plains, and under the long-term influence of the Central Plains economy and culture, they became the loyal little brothers of the Eastern Han Dynasty and served as the pawns of the Eastern Han Dynasty in the Northern Expedition of the Huns. In addition, Xianbei and Wuhuan, who were once humiliated, also stepped in, adding to the great cause of the Eastern Han Dynasty's crusade against the Huns.
The Northern Huns, under the attack of the Eastern Han, Southern Huns, Xianbei, and Wuhuan, became a bereaved dog and fled to distant Central Asia. While the Southern Huns went further and further along the road of "exiting Huns and entering the Han", the Huns as a nomadic nation gradually disappeared from people's sight after the Eastern Han Dynasty.
(2) During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
Xianbei and Rouran
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Central Plains was caught in a long-term melee, and the Xianbei took the opportunity to quickly take over the grassland. However, Xianbei has always lacked Maudun's single-yu style figures, and the Xianbei tribes disagreed with each other and split into three tribes in the east, middle and west. As for Wuhuan, because of Xianbei's restraint, he could only develop southward. As a result, he was in trouble and was destroyed by Cao Cao.
entered the Five-Hu Sixteen Kingdoms period. Xianbei, the leader of the five-hued kingdoms, went south to the Central Plains and established eight Xianbei regimes. The Murong clan of Xianbei in the east established Qianyan, Houyan, Nanyan, and Beiyan; the Tuoba clan of Xianbei in the central part established a dynasty, which is the Northern Wei Dynasty; the beggar of Xianbei in the west established the Western Qin, and the baldness division (Tuoba clan) was established. In Nanliang, Tuyuhun (Murong clan) established Tuyuhun.
Xianbei
Except for the Xianbei, Liu Yuan, a Chinese Southern Huns, became Shanyu, and then established a regime, named "Han". After Liu Yuan died, his son was changed to Han Zhao. Liu Yuan established Han Ye Called Zhao Han, it is distinguished from the Cheng Han of Li Te, a member of the Di ethnic group in Bashu area. Zhao Han also became the last performance of the Huns on the stage of Chinese history.
After the Battle of Fei Shui, the outside is strongThe former Qin Dynasty collapsed, Tuobagui broke away from the former Qin Dynasty, rebuilt the dynasty, and later changed the country's name to Wei, known as the Northern Wei Dynasty. After 40 years of war, the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the North and the separation of the Northern and Southern Dynasties formed.
When the Xianbei were fighting in the Central Plains, the Rouran rebellious master of Xianbei, who was a slave, turned over and became the master. Rouran was originally the Shiwei people who moved west to the homeland of the Huns after the Xianbei people unified Donghu. Shiwei and the Xiongnu lived together to form Rouran. The Xianbei believed that Rouran people had low intelligence and were brave and insidious. ", which means a bug that can't think.
But it’s just such a group of bugs that occupy the magpie’s nest and drive the Xianbei people out of the grassland. The Xianbei who had lost their nests could only manage the Central Plains with one heart, and even carried out a very thorough reform of Sinicization, becoming the most successful nomadic nation in Sinicization.
(3) During the Sui and Tang Dynasties
Turkic and Huihe
Xianbei's Sinicization reforms were so thorough that they changed their own nation and completely integrated into the Han ethnic group after a hundred years of effort. The Rouran in the north still maintains the aloofness of the nomads, becoming the kind of person he hates most, the kind of perpetrator who oppresses other nations.
The Avars from the North Caucasus region of Russia are soft and descended from Z2z
. The Turks are a tribe of Huns living in the Altai region. The horsemen on the grasslands became slaves for ironmaking under the brutal rule of Rouran. The resentful Turks, united internally and were also dissatisfied with Rouran ruling the Tiele tribe, and ally with the Xianbei people outside, eventually overthrowing Rouran and establishing the Turkic Khanate.
In the process of conquering by force, the Turkic Khanate has more and more territory. The Turkic Khans who plundered their land and population were blinded by their immediate interests, and their masters split into Eastern Turks and Western Turks.
Unfortunately, the Turks will face the most powerful Sui and Tang dynasties in Chinese feudal history. First, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty used a divorce plan, which led to the internal division of the East Turks, and finally recovered some strength. He was continuously educated by Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty. The Huihe tribe, the head of the nine surnames of the former ally of the Tiele tribe, joined the Tang Dynasty. Eastern Turks, Huihe joined the Tang dynasty with the Turks' native place. The Tang Dynasty established Anbei Duhu Mansion here, becoming the first Central Plains dynasty to rule the Mongolian plateau.
By the time of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, the Eastern Turks, Western Turks, Shiwei, Mohe, Goguryeo, and the Western Regions were all taken down by a litter and all became citizens of the Tang Dynasty.
During the Wu Zhou period, Turkic careerists once again established the Khanate, which is called the post-Turkic in history. The good news did not last long. Not long after the country was restored, the Turks were wiped out again under the support of Huihe, a solid ally of Datang. Huihe replaced the Turks as the master of the grassland. After learning from the failure of entering the Tang Dynasty, Huihe changed its name to the Uighur Khanate, established the Uighur Khanate, and became friends with the Tang Dynasty. He even helped the Tang Dynasty greatly during the Anshi Rebellion and became the most reliable ally of the Tang Dynasty from beginning to end. .
(4) During the Song and Yuan Dynasties
Khitan, Jurchen, Dangxiang, Mongolia
Huang Pao added Zhao Kuangyin to establish the Song Dynasty, ending the chaotic five generations and ten kingdoms, knowing that the two Song warlords, who chose the dictatorship of the Song Dynasty, had harmed the Song Dynasty. The talent tree of fancy beating. Due to civil strife, the Uyghurs lost their rule of grassland and were forced to move westward, becoming the ancestors of Uyghurs in Xinjiang. The Khitan, born in Donghu Xianbei, performed.
was a party member (the descendants of the Qiang people who moved in during the Sui and Tang Dynasties) in the Hexi area who had long served as a thug in the Central Plains. After the alliance of Chanyuan, the Northern Song Dynasty recognized counsel, paid protection fees on time every year, and became the younger brother of Khitan. At the same time, the Northern Song Dynasty also issued a big red envelope to Xixia to maintain the fragile vassal relationship between Xixia and Northern Song Dynasty.
Chanyuan Alliance
has been sitting in the position of boss for a long time, and the Khitan also began to swell. The Khitan people moved the threatening tribe of the Jurchen (the descendants of Mohe) to the Liaodong region and changed their nationality to Qidan and became the slaves of the Khitan. The Jurchens who changed their native place to Khitan were called mature Jurchens, and the Jurchens who stayed in their hometowns were called Sheng Jurchens.
was regarded as a "primitive" Jurchen by the Khitan. A ruthless character named Wanyan Aguda was born. After unifying the various parts of the Jurchen, he smashed with the Khitan, and finally united with the Northern Song Dynasty to destroy the Khitan. Fortunately, the lean camel was bigger than the horse. After the Khitan fled west, they rebuilt the West Liao in Central Asia until they survived until Genghis Khan's west march.
Mongolian cavalry
The Northern Song Dynasty originally thought that after the United Jurchen defeated Khitan, they could regain the sixteen states of Yanyun, but they never thought that Jurchen was even more ruthless than Khitan. Jurchen not only captured large areas of the Northern Song Dynasty Central Plains, but also captured the Huiqin Sect and tortured to death. Zhao Gou, the only seedling of the Song Dynasty, ran to Hangzhou to establish the Southern Song Dynasty with the efforts of Yue Fei, Han Shizhong and others. He regarded the Jin Dynasty as the "Papa Country" and barely settled in the southeast corner.
When the four kingdoms of Song, Liao, Jin, and Xia killed each other in love, Shiwei, who was almost annihilated, gradually became stronger and formed Mengwu Shiwei, which was later Mongolia. Everyone is familiar with the later story. Temujin unified the Mongolian tribes and established the Mongol Empire, bringing the Southern Song, Jin, Xixia, and Xiliao together, and establishing the largest empire in Chinese history.
(5) During the Ming and Qing Dynasties
Tart, Wacha, Jurchen, Zhungar
However, the Mongols always felt that they were superior. The Hans in the Mongolian and Yuan Dynasty were very humble, and eventually caused the peasants to drive out Hulu, Zhu Yuanzhang. The slogan of "Restore China" drove the Mongols back to the grasslands and established the Ming Dynasty. Z2z
, the small court of Beiyuan, who fled back to the grassland, later split into Tartar and Wathorn. Tartar was sandwiched between Wathorn and Daming, and the two sides collapsed and died soon after being bullied. Wasxiong stayed for a while and captured Ming Yingzong in the Battle of Tumubao, but later split into Durbert, Junggar, Heshuote, and Turhute.
lost the Jurchen suppressed by Mongolia, and rose again at the end of the Ming Dynasty, and established the Manchu Qing (after the establishment of Nurhachi, the name of the country was changed to Qing during the Huang Taiji period, and the Jurchen was changed to Manchu) and moved to the Central Plains. The Junggar splintered by Wacha unified the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains, trying to restore the dominance of the Mongol Empire. The Manchu and Junggar fought for more than 100 years and finally won victory and became the last feudal dynasty in Chinese history.
There are many people who believe that all ethnic powers other than the territory of the Han Dynasty in the Central Plains belonged to foreign and foreign nations at the time, and were not part of Chinese history. According to this definition, there appeared "Meng Yuan, Manchu Qing non-China"," There is no China after Yashan, and there is no China after the Ming Dynasty.
It is true that if we live in the Han or Song dynasties, the Huns, Liao and Jin are indeed "foreign" to us, but we are now living in the 21st century, and we should look at it from the perspective of modern China and from the perspective of development history. China is a unified multi-ethnic country. Those countries that we regard as foreign countries will eventually become a part of the Chinese nation in the course of history, forming the common history and culture of the Chinese nation. A correct understanding of history is also helpful in handling Ethnic issues within modern China.
