How many warlords were there in the Republic of China

In 1911, a shot of the Wuchang uprising brought the Qing Dynasty’s rule into a countdown state. On February 12, 1912, the last emperor Aixinjueluo Puyi issued an abdication edict in Qing Dynasty history. The emperor system that lasted for 2133 years in China since Qin Shihuang came to an end, but this did not change the semi-feudal and semi-colonial nature of China. The newly born Republic of China is in a situation of internal and external troubles: there are great powers on the outside, and warlords inside are vying for power. Yuan Shikai , as the old bureaucrat of the empire, became the president of the Republic of China.

From then on, Chinese history entered the period of Beiyang warlord rule. Yuan Shikai publicly restored the monarchy in December 1915, but failed under national condemnation. Yuan Shikai's emperor dream came to an end after only 83 days. Yuan Shikai died of uremia on June 6, 1916. After Yuan Shikai's death, the warlords originally led by him were divided into several larger factions such as the direct line, Anhui line , and Feng line. In addition to the Zhi, Anhui, and Feng factions that split from Yuan Shikai's Beiyang system, a large number of warlords such as , Guangxi system , and Dian system have also emerged locally.

The chaos of warlord melee did not end when the Nationalist government replaced the Beiyang government. In fact, until the founding of New China in 1949, the land of China had been in a state where various factions were competing for the best. Without counting the Central Army of the Nationalist Government, the warlords in the Republic of China had 16 major factions, more than 40 small factions, and hundreds of warlords, large and small. During the entire period of the Republic of China, almost all provinces have changed ownership, and few warlords can always occupy a place. How can such a silly word come out?

The changing flag at the head of the city can be said to be the normal state of the Republic of China: this place may be Dashuai Zhang’s site today, but tomorrow it will become Dashuai Li’s site.After the day after tomorrow, I don’t know whose site I will become. Many people will be confused by the names of a lot of warlords when they study the history of the Republic of China. To be realistic about the warlord melee during the Republic of China history does give people a sense of chaos. In order to avoid being confused, it is necessary to understand the factions to which these warlord figures belong, so as to sort out a certain logical order in the chaos.

Yuan Shikai's Wang Shizhen , Duan Qirui, and Feng Guozhang are known as the "Three Great Northerners". After Yuan Shikai's death, the Beiyang warlords began to differentiate: Duan Qirui became the number one warlord of Anhui warlords with his military power and a large number of followers. At the same time, the direct warlords represented by Feng Guozhang, Cao Kun, Wu Peifu and others Become a rival against it. When the Zhizhou and Anhui cliques were fighting over and under the control of the Beijing government, the and Feng clique warlords in the northeast also grew stronger under the leadership of Zhang Zuolin.

The historical period from when Yuan Shikai became the interim president of the Republic of China on February 15, 1912 to the time when the National Revolutionary Army entered Beijing on June 8, 1928 was called the Beiyang Period in Chinese history. During this period, the three lines of Zhi, Anhui, and Feng, which were divided by the Beiyang warlords, showed a three-legged battle around the central government, while the local warlords of Guangxi, Dian, etc. took advantage of the chaos of the three lines of Zhi, Anhui, and Feng to expand themselves. Sphere of influence. The conflict between Li Yuanhong , who succeeded as President after Yuan Shikai’s death, and Duan Qirui, an Anhui leader who served as prime minister, led to a dispute between the government and the court.

Span1span Zhang Xun, known as the "Whip Commander" took the opportunity to enter the capital to support the restoration of the abolished Qing emperor Pu Yi, and Duan Qirui immediately defeated Zhang Xun in the name of the commander-in-chief of the rebel army. After expelling Zhang Xun to restore the republic, Feng Guozhang became president and Duan Qirui became prime minister.In 1917, Prime Minister Duan Qirui and President Feng Guozhang had a second government dispute over the way to resolve the North-South split and unify China. Duan Qirui resigned on November 22, 1917, and was reinstated on March 22 of the following year. After Feng Guozhang's term of office expired on October 10, 1918, the Congress elected Xu Shichang as the president.

Duan Qirui and Feng Guozhang agreed to go down together, but in fact Duan Qirui continued to manipulate the power behind the scenes. From July 14th to 19th, 1920, the straight and Anhui teams fought. At the beginning, the direct offensive was slightly frustrated: Qu Tongfeng, commander of the 1st Division of the West Anhui Road, led his troops to violently attack the Zhijun, forcing the Zhijun to withdraw from Gaobeidian; at the same time, Xu Shuzheng on the East Anhui Road was to the northwest of the border guard 4 The independent brigade attacked Zhangzhuang, Caicun, and Yangcun. On the 17th, the direct line Wu Peifu led his troops to raid Songlindian, thus forcing Wanxi West Road to retreat. Then the Zhi army occupied Zhuozhou and pursued Changxindian.

Although Xu Shuzheng on the East Anhui Road chased the Zhijun to the area of ​​Beicang and Lijiazui, at this time the Fengzhi sent troops and the Zhili fought the Anhui system. The five-day Zhi-Anhui War finally ended in the defeat of the Anhui warlords. After the Zhi-Anhui War, Cao Kun was appointed by President Xu Shichang as the inspection envoy of the three provinces of Zhi, Shandong and Henan. Wu Peifu was also appointed as the deputy envoy. At the same time, the deputy envoy of Zhilu and Henan was also established. The Zhi and Feng warlords thus controlled the Beijing regime, while the Anhui clique headed by Duan Qirui basically withdrew from the stage of history.

After jointly defeating the Anhui system, the Zhixi and Fengxi teams quickly tore their faces around the issue of power distribution. On April 29, 1922, the first Zhifeng war broke out: the Fengxian warlord took Zhang Zuolin as the commander-in-chief, and the Zhili warlord Wu Peifu was the commander-in-chief. Zhang Zuolin lost after 6 days of fierce fighting between the two sides. By the time the Zhili and Fengxi truce under the mediation of Britain, the United States and other countries, the Zhili has completely controlled the Beijing government.Cao Kun, one of the leaders of the direct line, became president through bribery elections, but this aroused public opposition, and at the same time, the conflicts within the direct line became more and more intense.

Zhang Zuolin made a comeback after taking a break in mid-September 1924. Wu Peifu was ordered by Cao Kun to lead the battle. Thus began the second Zhifeng war. At the time when Zhang Zuolin and Wu Peifu were fighting fiercely, as the commander-in-chief of the third army, Feng Yuxiang led his troops back to Beijing to launch a coup: President Cao Kun was imprisoned, and he immediately announced his separation from the direct line and the establishment of the national army . A fire in the backyard was a fatal blow to the immediate warlords. By the beginning of November, Wu Peifu's troops had been crushed. The second Zhifeng war ended in the victory of the Fengzhi warlord.

On November 25, Feng Yuxiang and Zhang Zuolin jointly supported Duan Qirui as the interim ruling of the Republic of China, but the real power of the Beijing government is actually in the hands of the Fengxi warlord. On June 18, 1927, Zhang Zuolin assumed the position of General Marshal of the Army and Navy in Beijing, exercising ruling power on behalf of the Beiyang government and becoming the supreme ruler of the country. On June 4, 1928, Zhang Zuolin was killed in Huanggutun, Shenyang, by a bomb previously planted by the Japanese Kwantung Army. On December 29, 1928, Zhang Zuolin’s son Zhang Xueliang was electrified nationwide to announce the change of flag in Northeast China. Since then, the Northeast has been formally included under the jurisdiction of Nanjing National Government .

In the second Zhifeng war, when Wu Peifu was fighting with Zhang Zuolin, Feng Yuxiang's defiance made him fall into a situation where he was attacked by the enemy. After that, Wu Peifu did not hesitate to form an alliance with the Fengxi who had been fighting for many years in order to divide his opponents. Two years later, in June 1926, Wu Peifu and Zhang Zuolin reached a plan to jointly form the Beijing government and divide the world between the north and the south: after jointly conquering the south entrance of Beijing, Wu Peifu attacked Guangdong southward; Zhang Zuolin attacked the National Army in the north.

However, the development of the situation once again frustrated Wu Peifu’s plan: Guangdong National Government initiated the Northern Expedition,The Ye Ting Independence Regiment and others defeated Wu Peifu’s troops at Tingsi Bridge and He Shengqiao in Southern Hubei. Wu Peifu tried to fight against the Northern Expedition Army with Sichuan and Fengjun warlords. However, after all, they were still powerless-the Northern Expedition Army captured Wuchang on October 10. City, Wu Peifu fled to Xinyang, Henan. On April 19, 1927, the Wuhan Nationalist Government held the second Northern Expedition in Wuchang. Wu Peifu completely failed under the attack of the National Army and the Northern Expedition Army, and led the remnants to escape to Sichuan to shelter in Yang Sen, and then completely withdrew from the political arena.

In 1915, Anhui Lu Yongxiang led the 10th Division to the south to garrison Wusong and served as an envoy to Songhu. During the May Fourth Movement in 1919, Lu Yongxiang was promoted to Zhejiang superintendent due to the suppression of the student movement, and became a provincial military and political chief. Although Lu Yongxiang, who was promoted to the Zhejiang governor, no longer has jurisdiction over Shanghai in name, he has been operating in Shanghai for many years and will naturally not give up the site he has acquired. So he elected He Fenglin to take over his power in Shanghai, and still actually controls the military and political power in Shanghai. . In this way, a paradox appeared: Shanghai in the Republic of China was not yet a municipality directly under the Central Government. At that time, Shanghai belonged to Jiangsu Province.

Shanghai is supposed to be under the jurisdiction of the Jiangsu governor, but Lu Yongxiang, who is the governor of Zhejiang, has actually controlled Shanghai for many years. This has triggered conflicts between Lu Yongxiang and the Jiangsu warlord faction. In 1924, Jiangsu Governor Qi Xieyuan and Zhejiang Governor Lu Yongxiang fought the Jiangsu-Zhejiang War. The war finally ended in Lu Yongxiang's defeat. After the Second Zhifeng War, Fengjun went south and entered Jiangsu and threatened Shanghai. The arrival of Fengjun made warlords in provinces such as Zhejiang, adjacent to Jiangsu, very worried that Fengjun would seize their territory.

October 1925, Zhejiang military superintendent and inspection envoy of Fujian and Zhejiang Sun Chuanfang contact Wang Pu of Anhui, Zhou Yinren of Fujian, Xia Chao of Zhejiang and other warlords, and Jiangsu Chen who temporarily joined the army The Ministry of Tuning Yuan jointly formed the coalition forces of Fujian, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, and Jiangxi provinces. Sun Chuanfang, commander-in-chief of the five-province coalition forces, once had hundreds of thousands of troops after expelling Feng's forces.During this period, Sun Chuanfang, known as the "King of Southeast Asia", along with Zhang Zuolin and Wu Peifu, were collectively referred to as the "Three Northern Warlords". In February of the 16th year of the Republic of China (1927), Sun Chuanfang organized troops to try to prevent the Northern Expedition of the Span1span National Revolutionary Army , and finally fell into disrepair after the main force was exhausted.

After the second Zhifeng war, Zhang Zuolin acquiesced to Zhang Zongchang's semi-independent status in order to let Zhang Zongchang to block his direct counterattack in the south. The resulting faction is called the Zhilu Allied Forces. Although the Zhilu coalition has a semi-independent status, it is a side support supported by the Fengshi after all. The Feng system can get the cooperation of Zhilu Allied Forces for any big moves. After the Feng Faction was defeated by the Northern Expedition in the Second Northern Expedition, the Zhilu Allied Forces collapsed in just a few weeks under the attack of the Northern Expedition. Representatives of this faction include Zhang Zongchang, Sun Dianying, Li Jinglin, Chu Yupu, Fang Yongchang, Bi Shucheng and others.

In 1866, Li Henian, governor of Henan, recruited two armies to prevent the Nian Army from entering Henan: one was the Songwu Army under Zhang Yao's command; the other was the Yi Army under Song Qing's command. After the last emperor Pu Yi abdicated, Yi Jun announced his support for Yuan Shikai, thus becoming an ally of the Beiyang family. During the Beiyang Period, the Yi Army had successively joined forces in the Anhui, Zhi, National Army, and Feng. After Feng was in control of the Beijing government, Zhang Zuolin was worried that the capricious Yi Jun would once again find a new backer, so he ordered Yi Jun to be disarmed. This old army born in the late Qing Dynasty disappeared from the stage of history.

During the development process, Yi Jun has differentiated into branches such as Dingwu Army and Hongwei Army. The leader of the Dingwu Army is the famous braided commander Zhang Xun. Zhang Xun has mixed in both Yijun and Beiyang Departments, so he is very familiar with both. After the establishment of the Republic of China, Zhang Xun's department was renamed Dingwu Army. At that time, other troops had cut off their pigtails, and Zhang Xun's Dingwu Army still had pigtails, so the Dingwu Army was also called the "Braid Army". After Zhang Xun's restoration failed, the Dingwu Army collapsed: the five thousand people who went north to Beijing were disarmed by the Anhui clique, and the twenty thousand people who remained in the south were annexed by the Anhui warlord Ni Sichong.

Hongwei Army is another branch of Yi Army. In 1913, during the Second Revolution of 1913, the Hongwei Army Zhao Yu led his troops into Henan by Yuan Shikai's orders, and later chased after the Bailang Rebels, and was awarded the Henan Guardian Envoy for merits. In 1914, he supervised Henan military affairs. After Yuan Shikai's death, Zhao Di became the governor and governor of Henan and became the de facto emperor of Henan. During the 1920-Zhi-Anhui War, Zhao Di supported the Strait against Anhui. After the war, Wu Peifu, a direct general, squeezed Zhao Wei away and became the new owner of Henan Province. Zhao Wei and his grand army were finally eliminated by Feng Yuxiang.

Feng Yuxiang, a general of the direct line during the Second Zhifeng War, turned to the battle and led to the collapse of the line. After Feng Yuxiang left the direct line, he formed the National Army together with Sun Yue , Hu Jingyi and others. In the Luyu War in October 1925, the troops of and Hu Jingyi were defeated by the Zhilu coalition forces. Feng Yuxiang and Sun Yue were forced to retreat to Suiyuan after being defeated by Fengjun in the Guofeng War at the end of 1925 and early 1926. During the Northern Expedition, Feng Yuxiang sworn in Wuyuan in September 1926. A flag-changing ceremony was held at the oath meeting: the five-color flag of the Beiyang government was replaced with the Qingtian and Bairi flag of the Southern National Government.

After the National Army changed its flag, as Zhang Xueliang changed its flag in the Northeast, it marked the formal obedience to the National Government. As a result, the Nationalist Army transformed into the Northwest Army of the Nationalist Government. After the Second Northern Expedition, the Northwest Army once flourished. Feng Yuxiang became the sole leader of the Northwest Army after Sun Yue died of illness on May 27, 1928. In 1930, Feng Yuxiang joined forces with Li Zongren, Yan Xishan and Chiang Kai-shek to start a melee in the Central Plains. After the Central Plains War, the Northwest Army disintegrated into the five major factions of Song Zheyuan, Shi You, Han Fuju, Sun Lianzhong, and Sun Liangcheng.

After the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911, Li Yunlong from Lintong, Shaanxi and Zhang Fengming, Nan Chengxiang, Zhang Mingxuan, Ding Zenghua and a group of green forest volunteers formed the "Weibei Swordsman".They shouted the slogan "Killing officers and soldiers to walk the way for the sky, beating the rich to kill the rich and the poor". In September 1912, "Weibei Swordsmen" ambushed a group of officers and soldiers in Liucun on the official road. Since then, the "Weibei Swordsmen" gradually evolved from a group of righteous men and women into a military force that cannot be ignored in Shaanxi at that time. The Shaanxi Army developed from the Shaanyu Swordsmen successively participated in the National Defence War and the Defence War.

In the Second Zhifeng War, the Shaanxi Army's Hu Jingyi and Feng Yuxiang jointly formed the Second National Army, and the Shaanxi Army's Yang Hucheng Department joined the National Army. The Shaanxi army units that joined the Nationalist Army were merged into the Northwest Army during the Kuomintang period. After the Jiang Feng War and the Central Plains War, the Shaanxi army units became independent. The Shaanxi Army, which was independent from the Northwest Army, was reorganized into the Seventeenth Route Army of the National Revolutionary Army: Yang Hucheng served as the commander and commander-in-chief. On December 12, 1936, Yang Hucheng and Zhang Xueliang jointly launched troops to persuade Chiang Kai-shek to resist the Japanese.

After the Xi'an incident was resolved peacefully, Yang Hucheng was forced to resign as the director of the Xi'an Appeasement Administration and the commander-in-chief of the 17th Route Army. In June 1937, Chiang Kai-shek ordered Yang Hucheng to "go abroad for investigation." From the beginning of the Xi'an Incident to the time when Yang Hucheng left Xi'an to go abroad, the 17th Route Army was divided and bought by Chiang Kai-shek. In the end, the Nanjing National Government reduced the 17th Route Army into the 38th Army with a total of 22 regiments of about 40,000. After the outbreak of the Lugouqiao Incident in 1937, the 38th Army was reorganized into the 31st Army and the 4th Army.

In the twenty-eighth year of Guangxu (1902), Shanxi Province began to organize and train a new army. After the successful uprising of the Shanxi New Army on September 8th (October 29, 1911) of Xuantong three years, the Shanxi Provisional Military Government was organized: Yan Xishan was elected as the governor and Wen Shouquan as the deputy governor. The Jin army, which originated from the Shanxi New Army in the late Qing Dynasty, has nothing to do with the Beiyang system, but the Jin army has been developing steadily under the management of Yan Xishan. When the three factions of Anhui, Zhili, and Feng were fought together, Shanxi remained unaffected. After the Northern Expedition of the Nationalist Government, Yan Xishan announced to join the Kuomintang in June 1927.

After that, the Shanxi Army under Yan Xishan also belonged to the National Revolutionary Army in the same form as Zhang Xueliang's Northeast Army and Feng Yuxiang's Northwest Army.After the victory of the Second Northern Expedition, the Jin army broke out of Shanxi and occupied parts of Suiyuan and North China. From then on, the Jin army was also called the Jinsui Army. The situation in Shanxi was quite fixed in the era of the Great King Banner at the head of the city: it was the site of Yan Xishan of the Jin Dynasty throughout the Republic of China. In the 38 years from the 1911 Revolution in 1911 to the founding of New China in 1949, Yan Xishan has always stood firm in Shanxi, and can be described as a tumbler among the warlords of the Republic of China.

There are seven major factions of the Cantonese warlords in Guangdong: Chen Jiongming's troops were the first to become famous. Chen Jiongming was the backbone military leader of the early Guangdong revolutionary government, but he broke with Sun Yat-sen because of political differences. On June 16, 1922, Chen Jiongming launched a mutiny: the Presidential Palace and Yuexiu Tower were bombarded. On August 15th, Chen Jiongming served as the commander-in-chief of Guangdong army in Guangzhou. In January 1923, Chen Jiongming led his troops to retreat to Dongjiang after being defeated by the West Road thieves formed by the allied forces of Yunnan, Guangxi, and Guangdong. In 1925, the National Revolutionary Army completely defeated Chen Jiongming's remnants.

After Chen Jiongming escaped from Sun Yat-sen Xu Chongzhi came to the top with strength. Xu Chongzhi's army was formed when the revolutionary government of Guangdong attacked Fujian in 1919 (about one army). After Sun Yat-sen's death, Xu Chongzhi was implicated in the assassination of Liao Zhongkai and was squeezed out by Chiang Kai-shek. After Xu Chongzhi, the leader of the Cantonese army, Li Jishen and Li Fulin filled the Cantonese vacancy after he went off the field. Li Fulin's troops are indigenous armed forces in Guangdong. Guangzhou National Government was reorganized into the Fifth Army after the establishment of Li Fulin. Later, Li Fulin was squeezed out of the field by Chiang Kai-shek for supporting Wang Jingwei, and his subordinates were annexed by the Li Jishen faction.

Li Jishen's troops originated from Chen Jiongming's department. During the Northern Expedition, the Ministry was reorganized into the Fourth Army. Later, Jiang Jieshen and Li Zongren were afraid that Li Jishen would support Li Zongren during the battle between Jiang Jieshen and Li Zongren, so Li Jishen was lured to Nanjing and placed under house arrest. After Li Jishen was placed under house arrest, his three commanders Chen Mingshu , Chen Jitang, and Zhang Fakui announced their support for the central government.So these three people formed another three factions of the Cantonese army: Chen Mingshu sent the Cantonese army to be the 29th Route Army, which was disbanded by the Central Army after the Fujian Incident. In contrast, Chen Jitang once became the great warlord who ruled Guangdong, so he was hailed as the "King of Southern Heaven".

The Zhang Fakui faction of the Guangdong Army was once the pillar force of the Wuhan Nationalist Government to support Wang Jingwei. Later, after most areas of Guangdong were controlled by the Chen Jitang faction, Zhang Fakui had to hand over the command of the troops to Chiang Kai-shek. This faction of Guangdong Army has also become a side force of the Central Army. Famous generals of the national army Wu Qiwei, Xue Yue and others are from this faction. The powerful Chen Jitang was later suppressed by the central government because he united with Guangxi to provoke the incident against Chiang Kai-shek in Guangdong and Guangxi. After that, Chen Jitang was forced to go into exile, and the leader of his Cantonese army was replaced by Yu Hanmou .

After the 1911 Revolution of 1911, Lu Rongting, the former admiral of Guangxi of the Qing government, declared Guangxi independence and turned to the revolution. The Guangxi forces represented by Lu Rongting are called the old Guangxi forces. In 1920, the old Guangxi clique wanted to eliminate the Guangdong army in Chaoshan under the command of Sun Yat-sen. The first Guangdong-Guangxi War (also known as the "War between Guangdong and Guangxi") broke out, and the two sides fought fiercely until June 1921. After the defeat of the Gui army, Lu Rongting was forced to announce his departure. The forces of the old Guangxi were severely hit. In 1921, the "Second Guangdong-Guangxi War" broke out: Guangdong troops invaded Guangxi and destroyed the old Guangxi regime.

In early 1924, Lu Rongting had a fierce battle with Shen Hongying . Li Zongren took the opportunity to attack Lu Rongting and wipe out Lu Rongting's power. After that, the Guangdong and Guangxi regions were gradually controlled by the new Guangxi family represented by Li Zongren and and Bai Chongxi . In 1930, the Xingui clan headed by Li Zongren joined Feng Yuxiang, Yan Xishan and Chiang Kai-shek in a battle in the Central Plains. After the Central Plains War, the Gui family fought against Chiang Kai-shek many times,He also squeezed Chiang Kai-shek from the position of leader three times, and he was called the third strongest power in the era of the Nationalist Government.

After the Revolution of 1911, the New Yunnan Army during the Qing government was transformed into the Yunnan Army. The governor of Yunnan at the beginning of the Republic of China in 1912 was Cai E , and he was succeeded by Tang Jiyao the following year. Tang Jiyao took the opportunity of successively serving as governor of Guizhou and governor of Yunnan to gradually control and unify all the Yunnan army. In the latter part of the National Defence War, Tang Jiyao expanded its army in Yunnan. During this period, the Dian Army had entered Sichuan in addition to ruling Yunnan and controlling Guizhou. During the War of Defence of the Law, Tang Jiyao even organized the Yasukuni Army and served as the commander-in-chief of the Eight-province Allied Forces, which made the Dian Army's reputation reached its zenith.

In 1927, Tang Jiyao's aide-servant and commander of the Fifth Army, Long Yun, launched a coup and forced Tang to step down. Since then, the Dian army has transitioned from the old Dian system to the new Dian system. From then on until 1945, Long Yun held the military and political power in Yunnan for 18 years. October 3, 1945 Du Yuming launched the "Thirteenth" coup in Kunming-ordered the removal of Long Yunben from his posts, and was transferred to the chairman of the Military Senate of the Military Committee. The chairman of the Yunnan Provincial Government was renewed by Lu Han. On December 9, 1949, Lu Han energized the whole country to announce the Yunnan Uprising. So far, the Dian Army withdrew from the stage of history.

The Guangxi Huidang rebel army that entered Guizhou in 1902 captured the city of Xingyi. The local Liu Guanli, his son Liu Xianshi , and his nephew Liu Xianqian took the opportunity to pull up the banner of the regiment defense bureau and cooperate with the Qing army to recover the city. Therefore, Liu Xianshi was appointed by the Qing government as the Jingbian regiment Zhengying management belt. Since then, the Liu family has become a small imperial court in Xingyi. After the Revolution of 1911, the Liu family of Xingyi gradually expanded into a warlord power in Guizhou. After the death of Liu Guanli, his son Liu Xianshi integrated Guizhou's military power and political power: he exercised military rule internally and followed Tang Jiyao of the Dian family to expand into Sichuan.

Guizhou in 1920 maintained a peaceful atmosphere under Liu Xianshi’s rule.In fact, the Xingyi family has fallen apart: the new faction led by Liu Xianshi's nephew and Wang Wenhua are trying to reform. These people were very dissatisfied with Guo Chongguang and other old-school forces for holding Liu Xianshi to control Guizhou. In the end, Wang Wenhua forced Liu Xianshi to step down in the name of "the side of the Qing emperor." Wang Wenhua himself was very talented, but the practice of driving away his uncle prevented him from taking control of the province rashly, so he had to say that he was sick and took refuge in Shanghai. In 1921, Wang Wenhua's subordinates Yuan Zuming sent assassins to Shanghai to assassinate Wang Wenhua.

In 1922, Yuan Zuming launched the Dingqian War, and thus mastered the military and political power of Guizhou. In August 1922, Yuan Zuming became governor of Guizhou. Soon, Tang Jiyao of the Dian family came to dominate Guizhou again, but after Dian family came to dominate Guizhou, it was unable to continue to expand, and the power of Zhouxicheng of the Qian Army began to grow stronger day by day. In the autumn of 1928, Chiang Kai-shek instructed Li Shen, the commander of the 43rd Army, to return to Guizhou. Although Li Shen defeated Zhou Xicheng, he was met by Zhou Xicheng’s old division Mao Guangxiang, Wang Jialie, You Guocai, Liao Huai and others. attack. Li Shen lost to everyone and was forced to withdraw from Guiyang. Guizhou's military and political power fell into the hands of Mao Guangxiang.

Since then, Wang Jialie won Chiang Kai-shek's appreciation for cooperating with Chiang Kai-shek in suppressing communism. In February 1932, Wang Jialie coerced Mao Guangxiang to hand over his seal and transfer power at the instigation of Chiang Kai-shek and became the new master of Guizhou. The Central Red Army entered Guizhou during the Long March, and Xue Yuebu of the Kuomintang Central Army followed the Red Army into Guizhou. After the Red Army left Guizhou, the Central Army did not leave. On May 3, 1935, Wang Jialie took his concubine Liang Clan to Hankou. In this way, Wang Jialie's troops were in fact annexed by the Central Army. So far, as an independent warlord force, the Qian Army actually ceased to exist.

During the Republic of China, Sichuan was the hardest hit area of ​​warlords' melee: from the "Provincial Rebellion" in 1912 to 1935, the Central Army experienced more than 400 wars, both large and small. Among them, there were 29 large-scale wars that affected the whole province.Almost every year there are large-scale melees. During this period, Sichuan formed a situation of separate warlords: Yang Sen, Deng Xihou, Tian Songyao, Liu Xiang, Liu Wenhui, Liu Chengxun, Lai Xinhui, Liu Cunhou and the eight warlords separatist. The eight warlords all had the idea of ​​unifying Sichuan. At the same time, they There are also entanglements with various warlords outside Sichuan.

The Liu Xiang who finally won the melee of the eight warlords in Sichuan was called the King of Sichuan. Like Liu Xiang, Liu Wenhui, who is also from the Liu family in Dayi, Sichuan, is Liu Xiang's uncle. Liu Wenhui and Liu Xiang's nephew were the two most powerful warlords during the melee of Sichuan warlords. Both of them have the idea of ​​unifying Sichuan and becoming the lord of Sichuan. In the Second Liu War that broke out in 1932, Liu Xiang finally won. Liu Xiang thus became the largest warlord in Sichuan and the chairman of Sichuan Province, while Liu Wenhui, who was defeated by Liu Xiang, was forced to retreat to Ya'an .

At this time, the National Government was planning to establish Xikang Province on the Sichuan-Tibet border. Liu Wenhui, who was unable to fight for the supremacy of Sichuan, drove out and Liu Chengxun in 1927 and occupied Xikang after . In order to avoid Liu Xiang's unification of Sichuan, Chiang Kai-shek supported Liu Wenhui to govern Xikang to contain Liu Xiang's flanks. After that, Liu Wenhui, who was in charge of Xikang Province for ten years, was called "Span1span Xikang King". When the Central Red Army forcibly crossed the Dadu River and flew over the Luding Bridge, "Xikang King" Liu Wenhui suffered heavy losses in the battle against the Red Army. On December 9, 1949, Liu Wenhui led an uprising to accept the reorganization of the people's government.

The Hunan Army in the Republic of China was first formed by Hunan Warlord Tan Yankai . After the defeat of the Second Revolution, Tan Yankai went down to the field, and this unit was also incorporated by the Beiyang Department. During the National Defence War, Cheng Qian, a member of the League of Nations, was appointed by the General Headquarters of the National Defence Army as the Hunan Envoy.Cheng Qian, who entered Hunan from Guizhou, regained most of Hunan, so Hunan Army was reborn in Cheng Qian's hands, thus forming the Cheng Pai Xiang Army. The process did not fully control Hunan from beginning to end, so for a period of time afterwards, Zhao Hengti, the old ministry of Tan Yankai, took the opportunity to develop and formed the Zhao faction Xiang army.

Later, Zhao Hengti and Cheng Qian fought a battle. The result of this battle was that the Cheng faction was defeated, so the Zhao faction dominated Hunan from then on. After Zhao Hengti dominated Hunan, he reorganized his troops into four divisions. Later, the fourth division commander Tang Shengzhi gradually broke away from Zhao Hengti's control as his own strength increased. At the beginning of the Northern Expedition, Qian Chengqian and Tang Shengzhi both surrendered to the Kuomintang, so after the Northern Expedition, the two factions became mixed. In the Northern Expedition, Zhao Hengti was hit hard by the Northern Expedition. In the end, Zhao Hengti's troops were strongly annexed by Tang Shengzhi.

After Tang Shengzhi's strength developed and strengthened, he wanted to break the wrist with Chiang Kai-shek, but was forced to go down the field under the pressure of Chiang Kai-shek. After Tang Shengzhi went down to the wild, the former Tang sent the Xiang army commander He Jian to lead his troops to join the Gui family. After the outbreak of the Jiang-Guizhou War in 1929, He Jian supported Jiang against Gui-leading his troops to coerce Li Zongren and Bai Chongxi into the wilds, and then gradually formed a line with the support of Chiang Kai-shek. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, He Jian's Hunan Army was annexed by the Kuomintang Central Army, and He Jian became a polished commander. So far, the Hunan warlord as an independent warlord force ceased to exist.

During the Republic of China, the local warlords who controlled Gansu, Ningxia, , Qinghai and other places were called Majiajun. Ma Jiajun is divided into Ningxia Majiajun, Qinghai Majiajun, and Gansu Majiajun: Ningxia Majiajun is referred to as Ningma, and the representatives are Ma Hongbin and Ma Hongkui; Qinghai Majiajun is abbreviated as Qingma, and the representative is Ma Bufang; Gansu Majiajun is abbreviated as Ganma, and the representative is There are Ma Anliang, Ma Tingmen, Ma Tingxian and so on. In the spring of 1928, Feng Yuxiang’s National Army had conflicts with Muslims in Hezhou, Gansu.Ma Bao, then commander of the Ning Naval Battalion, came to petition and was arrested and executed by the National Army suspected of being a "passage bandit."

Ma Zhongying, the son of Ma Bao, who is studying in the military academy, joined forces with Ning naval officers Ma Teng, Ma Yi, Ma Hushan, Maqulibai, Ma Qisan, and Madamba 6 people who fled privately Hezhou called The local 20,000 to 30,000 people set up an armed "black tiger sucks Feng army." After that, Ma Zhongying moved to Gansu, Ningxia, Xinjiang and other places, and was eventually defeated by Xinjiang Wang Shengshicai and the Soviet Union. Before and after the Central Plains War in 1930, Ma Qi, Ma Buqing, and Ma Bufang (Ma Qi is the father of Ma Buqing and Ma Bufang) all acted secretly to expand their army; on the other hand, they actively collected intelligence on Chiang Kai-shek, Feng Yuxiang, and Yan Xishan, and placed bets on both sides.

After the Northeast Army entered the customs in September 1930, Feng and Yan were defeated, and Ma Qi and his son immediately embraced Jiang against Feng. Ma Bufang took the Qinghai Temporary First Division formed in Xining as its capital to arrange an offensive against the rest of the National Army; it also obtained the consent of Chiang Kai-shek to participate in the battle to chase Ma Zhongying's troops. First, the first group of the ninth mixed brigade belonged to Xining to open Liangzhou (now Wuwei). In 1931, Ma Bufang led a group of people from Xining Jingmenyuan and Biandukou to occupy , Ganzhou (now Zhangye) and Suzhou (now Jiuquan). Ma Zhongying was forced to retreat to Dunhuang, Anxi, and Yumen before entering Xinjiang.

In July of the same year, Ma Qi died of illness. After Ma Bufang and others worked hard and softly, the Nanjing National Government changed its original intention to succeed Wang Yutang and announced Ma Lin as the chairman of Qinghai Province and Ma Bufang as the new ninth division commander. In January 1932, Ma Bufang also served as a member of the Qinghai Provincial Government, and Xuan also served as the garrison commander of the southern border area of ​​Qinghai. At that time, the First Division of the Central Army of the Hu Zongnan stationed in Tianshui, with the image of regaining Qinghai. Feeling pressured, Ma Bufang provoked the "Qinghai-Tibet War", which forced Chiang Kai-shek to order Ma Bufang to send troops to retreat from the Tibetan army.Hu Zongnan's plan to regain Qinghai had to be shelved.

In 1933, Chiang Kai-shek appointed and Sun Dianying to supervise the Qinghai Qaidam Reclamation, and Sun led his department to go west through Baotou. Ma Bufang, , Ma Hongkui , and Ma Hongbin blocked and interfered with this, forcing Chiang Kai-shek to withdraw his life. But Sun Dianying refused to show weakness, so he fought bloody battles with Ma Bufang, Ma Hongkui, and Ma Hongbin in Ningxia. Sun Dianying failed in March 1934. In the battle with Ma Zhongying and Sun Dianying, Ma Bufang expanded his power from Qinghai to Gansu, Ningxia and other places, becoming the strongest among the Northwest Five Ma warlords (Ma Hongkui, Ma Hongbin, Ma Bufang, Ma Buqing , Ma Zhongying).

After the 1911 Revolution of 1911, the revolutionary party Hunanese Liu Xianjun and others instigated an uprising in Yili and killed General Zhirui of Yili. After the uprising, the Qing and Yili of Qing Dynasty Xinjiang Province under the rule of General Mansion perished, and then Xinjiang Yili Provisional Military Government was established. The governor of Xinjiang Yuan Dahua saw that the military government was strong, so he recommended Yang Zengxin as the governor of Xinjiang, and he fled. After Yang Zengxin negotiated with the military government in 1912, he gradually gained control of Xinjiang. In the same year, Outer Mongolia became independent under the planning and support of Tsarist Russia. Yang Zengxin defeated the Outer Mongolian army that invaded Xinjiang and saved Altai (now Altay region).

In the fourteenth year of the Republic of China (1928), Yang Zengxin energized the Nanjing National Government and announced that he was resigned and became the chairman of the Xinjiang Provincial Government on July 1. On July 7 of the same year, the Director of Military Affairs and Director of Foreign Affairs Fan Yaonan assassinated Yang Zengxin at the banquet. After the incident, the Minister of State Affairs Jin Shuren ordered his subordinates to guard the main pass and defend the city; he gathered troops to surround the scene. In the end, Fan Yaonan was arrested after being exhausted. Afterwards, Jin Shuren convened a meeting of Xinjiang military and political officials, and all walks of life unanimously elected Jin Shuren as the chairman of the province.After taking power, Jin Shuren vigorously expanded his arms and adopted policies of oppression, exploitation and enslavement against all ethnic groups in Xinjiang.

Jin Shuren tried to maintain his rule by force. However, contrary to expectations, this behavior aroused the resentment of the people of all ethnic groups, and various riots against Jin Shuren broke out in various parts of Xinjiang. In the process of suppressing the riots, a general named Sheng Shicai gradually emerged. By March 1934, Sheng Shicai had already integrated Xinjiang's military and political power. On September 11, 1944, Xinjiang Wang Sheng Shicai left Xinjiang to take office in Chongqing. So far, Xinjiang's local warlord forces have actually been completely annexed by the Kuomintang Central Government.