美藤果 accompanies the footprints of mankind, brought it all over the world, and brings health and beauty to people. Researchers from all over the world were surprised to find that this star fruit from the tropical rain forest is like a huge treasure. Its leaves, shells, oil, and protein powder can bring huge benefits to people's lives and health.
(1) Research and application of the leaves and husks of vine fruit
1. Sources of new drugs
For a long time, people have been studying the potential benefits of natural products. At the beginning of the 20th century, most medicines were obtained by cooking, dipping or dipping the roots, barks, leaves or flowers of plants. Today, natural products are still of great importance as a source of new drugs and clues. Approximately 60% of anticancer compounds and 75% of infectious disease drugs are derived from natural products or their derivatives. In order to develop new drugs, researchers are randomly selecting or selecting different plants based on knowledge of artificial planting botany and pharmacology, and then using a variety of methods to evaluate the effects of these plant extracts on normal and tumor cells in vitro. Finally, the potentially valuable extract will be purified, and its potential for developing new drugs will be tested and analyzed again.
In 2015, Christhian Manuel Ca beza Luján et al. [27] applied the extract from the leaves of May Teng fruit to 28 diabetes rats induced by tetraoxane. In the final test, it was found that the extract of M. vine fruit leaves contained anti-lipid peroxides.
In 2018, DU Bing et al. [28] conducted a mouse test with the extract of the vine fruit leaf, and the results showed that the vine fruit leaf extract of the 50mg/kg .BW dose group was It has the effect of significantly lowering the blood sugar level of the human body. It is speculated that the leaves of Mei Teng fruit contain functional components for lowering blood sugar. The leaf extract of Mei Teng fruit belongs to the plant extract, the effect is stable and peaceful, and no obvious side effects have been found for the time being. While exerting the effect of lowering blood sugar, it avoids the disadvantages of traditional western medicine aggravating the sequelae of diabetes.
Brazilian scientist Ana Karina Lima Nascimento et al. [30] conducted thin-layer chromatographic analysis on the extracts of M. Teng fruit leaves and showed that there are terpenoids, saponins and phenolic compounds (flavonoids) in the extract of M. Teng fruit leaves. These compounds have antioxidant, anti-proliferative and other activities. In addition, the antioxidant activity is determined by analyzing in vitro and their effects on the cell lineage. The total antioxidant capacity (TCA) is expressed in ascorbic acid equivalent (EEA/g), and the value of the total antioxidant capacity of the extracts of C. chinensis leaves is observed to be between 59.31 and 97.76 EAA/g.
In addition, the measured value of DPPH ranges from 62.8% to 88.3%. Cell viability analysis showed that the extract of M. Teng fruit leaf can reduce the viability of cancer cells such as HeLa and A549 cells . MEL (methanol) and HEL (hexane) (250 µg/mL) extracts can reduce the proliferation of HeLa cells to 54.3% and 48.5%, respectively. The results of flow cytometer showed that these extracts of Mei Teng fruit leaves induce cell death through the apoptotic pathway. On the other hand, HEL (hexane) and AEL (aqueous solution) extracts from the leaves of C. candidum can induce the proliferation of normal fibroblasts 3T3 cells. These studies and explorations also provide new clues and references for the development of new drugs.
In December 2019, Cai Xin et al. [29] from the School of Food Science and Technology, South China University [29] showed that the inhibitory rate of SISE on Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) activity was 74.18%. Significantly higher than other natural angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor ACEI (chrysanthemum, ginkgo extract). Animal experiments have shown that high-dose (400 mg/kg·BW) Meiteng husk extract significantly reduced blood pressure levels in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) rats.One hour after medication, the systolic blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats decreased from 166 mm Hg to 135 mm Hg. The results of in vivo and in vitro experiments preliminarily confirmed that husk extract has the effect of lowering blood pressure . The acute oral toxicity test showed that the husk extract of Mei Teng was food-grade non-toxic, and had no adverse effects on the body weight and organ function of the experimental group of mice during the observation period. This research has laid the foundation for the further development of Mei Teng husk as a natural blood pressure lowering drug.
2. A new alternative source of antioxidants
In addition to the leaves of the quince, phenols are also present in the husk of the quince. Rosana Chirinos et al. [31] of the Agricultural University of Molina in Limara found that the main phenols present in the husk of the cane fruit were evaluated for the extraction of phenolic compounds (PC) and antioxidant capacity (AOXC). The best extraction solvent. The content of PC corresponds to 74.5±5.1 mg g -1, of which 93.1% are condensed tannins, and the rest are free bound phenolic acids, hydrolyzed tannins, flavonoids and flavonoids . In addition, protocatecholic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid , hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives of o-coumaric acid and lignin derivatives were also found. This study highlights the potential use of the husk of the vine fruit as a new source of phenolic compound antioxidants in the nutraceutical and/or functional food industries.
3. Extraction of trace components
Hydroxytyrosol is a natural polyphenol compound with strong antioxidant properties, a variety of biological and pharmacological activities, anti-tumor and protection Skin, anti-inflammatory, weight loss and other functions, can be widely used in food, health care products, medicine and other fields. In nature, it is mainly distributed in the fruits and branches of olives. The content of olive branches and leaves is 0.3-0.8%. The content of hydroxytyrosol in the leaves of Meiteng fruit oil is 0.7%-0.9%. The content is significantly higher than olive leaves.
In 2014, Hu Sining et al. [6] invented a method for water extraction of hydroxytyrosol in the leaves of vine fruit. The method adopts water as the extracting liquid, which reduces the production cost and is extremely safe. The operation is simple and the extract has less impurities. The yield of the extract in this method is 2.5%-3.1%, and the content of hydroxytyrosol is 25%-30%. The extraction rate is high, and the extraction rate of the effective ingredients is 82%-85%.
In addition to hydroxytyrosol, the flavonoids in the husk of Miteng fruit have also received attention. Flavonoids are a major cholesterol esterase inhibitor. High blood lipids, , high cholesterol is currently a risk factor affecting people’s health. The current cholesterol-lowering drugs are mainly western medicines, such as lovastatin, but western medicines have large side effects, are expensive, and are prone to drug dependence. The search for active factors of natural products to lower cholesterol is the current research hotspot. Cholesterol esterase can hydrolyze cholesterol ester into free cholesterol in food in the small intestine, increase its solubility in cholesterol micelles, and promote the absorption of cholesterol in the small intestine. Therefore, inhibiting the activity of cholesterol esterase can reduce the absorption of cholesterol in the small intestine. Currently, cholesterol esterase inhibitors are mainly flavonoids or flavonoid derivatives.
Yancheng Institute of Technology Tang Zhe et al. [32] dried and crushed the vine husk, then mixed the crushed vine husk with water, and added the complex enzyme for hydrolysis, and then the enzyme Ethanol is added to the solution, sonicated, filtered and then distilled under reduced pressure. The crude extract is passed through macroporous resin chromatography. The eluent is collected, concentrated and dried in vacuo to obtain a flavonoid extract. The extraction rate of flavonoids from the husk of M. vine obtained by this method was 10.4%, and the purity of the flavonoids was 91.2%. The flavonoids extracted and purified by this method have a strong inhibitory effect on cholesterol esterase.
4. Chemical industry applications
Kumar et al. [33] explored the feasibility of Miteng husk as a biosorbent to remove Pb2+ and Cu2+ in the aqueous solution. The main parameters affecting the adsorption effect are p H value, contact time, amount of adsorbent, temperature, solution concentration and stirring speed, etc.,The results show that the most suitable isotherm model is Langmuir. At 50°C, the maximum adsorption capacity of Pb2+ and Cu2+ by Mei Teng husk biosorbent is 17.066 mg/g and 9.699 mg/g, respectively.
AgNps synthesized using Miteng husk under ultraviolet light[33]
Kumar et al. [34] also studied a new method of using Miteng husk to synthesize silver nanostructured particles (AgNps), and It is pointed out that the husk of Meiteng is an important source of phytochemicals for the synthesis and stabilization of silver nanoparticles. The research results show that the AgNps synthesized by the husk extract of Meiteng (SISB) are mainly spherical, with an average size of 7.2 nm, standard deviation = 1.7 nm. This method proved to be a simple, low-cost and environmentally friendly method. There is no need for any laborious pre-pretreatment. When the pH is 2.0 under light, it can be used as a catalyst to decompose the methyl orange dye in the aqueous solution by at least 60%. The AgNps synthesis mediated by the husk extract of Meiteng is a very promising nanomaterial for removing methyl orange dye. It should be noted that the application of AgNps is also very extensive and has been used in textile, printing, paper, food and pharmaceutical industries and research laboratories.
5. Agricultural applications
From the perspective of ingredients, the high cellulose (77.8%) and large elements (potassium, calcium, magnesium) contained in the husk can be considered as a feed additive for ruminants . At the same time, after the husk is burned, macronutrient elements (K, Ca and Mg) account for almost 98% of all elements, while other elements are essential trace elements for plants (B, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn , Se, Zn ), non-essential elements (Al, Ga , Li) and heavy metals (Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, Sr, Tl) account for 2.58%, which can be used as soil fertilizer to neutralize the soil The acidity and supply of soil nutrients [76].
In the Miteng fruit industry,The leaves and shells of the vine fruit are a large number of by-products. The development and utilization of them can not only increase the economic benefits of the vine fruit growers, but also bring more benefits to the society. With the deepening of research, the value of these by-products is gradually emerging and developed. It is believed that in the near future, they will be able to shine in the fields of food, health care products, medicines, etc.
References
【6】Hu Sining, Wang Yong, Xiao Qianying, et al. Method for extracting base tyrosol from leaves of vine fruit:, CN103804148A[P]. 2014.
【27】CMC Luján, JEC Muñoz, EMP Reyes, et al. Efecto antilipoperoxidante de Plukenetia volubilis L. (Sacha inchi) en ratas con diabetes inducida por aloxano.[J]. 2015.
[28] Du Bing, Chen Jun, Xie Lanhua, et al. Mei Teng Application of fruit leaf extract in the preparation of hypoglycemic drugs:, CN106074671A[P].
【29】Cai Xin, Ma Xiaowei, Li Pan, et al. Study on the blood pressure lowering effect of the extract from the husk of the American vine[J]. Food Research and Development, 2019, 040(023):87-92.
【30】 Nascimento A, Melo-Silveira RF, Dantas-Santos N, et al. Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities of Leaf Extracts from Plukenetia volubilis Linneo (Euphorbiaceae) [J]. Evidence-Based Complementray and Alternative Medicine,2013,(2013-9-18), 2013, 2013:950272.
【31】Chirinos R, Necochea O, Pedreschi R, et al. Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) shell: An alternative source of phenolic compounds and antioxidants[J]. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 2016, 51(4).
【32】Tang Zhe, Su Jianhui, Dong Jihong, etc. A kind of from the United States Method for extracting flavonoids from vine husk:, CN109364110A[P]. 2019.
【33】Kumar B, Smita K, E Sánchez, et al. Andean Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) shell biomass as new biosorbents for Pb2+ and Cu2+ ions[J]. Ecological Engineering, 2016, 93:152-158.
【34】Brajesh, Kumar, Kumari, et al. Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) shell biomass for synthesis of silver nanocatalyst[J]. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 2017.
[76] Ricardo BB, Carolina CT, ZAH Ordoñez, et al. Composición química de la cáscara de sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) y alternativas para su aprovechamiento como subproducto agroindustrial. 2015.
strong 35Please download the e-book "Exploring the beautiful vine fruit"Exploring the beautiful vine fruit丨Meto fruit encyclopedia
Exploring the beautiful vine fruit丨Is it safe? Non-toxic vine fruit oil
Exploring the composition of the vine fruit 丨The composition of the vine fruit shell
Exploring the beautiful vine fruit 丨 The biological morphology of the beautiful vine fruit
Exploring the mysterious vine fruit 丨 beauty The growth habit of vine fruit
Exploring the main components of the beautiful vine fruit seed-lipids
Exploring the active ingredient in the beautiful vine fruit
The beautiful vine fruit in history (2)
The beautiful vine fruit in history (3)
Exploring the beautiful vine fruit丨This is a treasure house
The beautiful vine fruit in history (1)
The saponification value of Miteng fruit oil and the recent third-party test report
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