Modern society is constantly developing, and unhealthy eating habits and irregular daily routines have become the daily routine of more and more young people, making the people who join the "Three High Army" gradually younger. Diabetes is one of the "three highs". Due to various

Modern society is constantly developing, and unhealthy eating habits and irregular daily routines have become the daily routine of more and more young people, making the people who join the "Three High Army" gradually younger. Diabetes is one of the "three highs".

Due to various factors, the content of glucose (referred to as blood sugar) in the human blood has been too high for a long time, which has caused harm to the health of the body, which is diabetes. In recent years, the incidence of diabetes has shown a continuous upward trend, and the incidence of patients is becoming increasingly younger. How much do you know about the health killer of diabetes? How do diabetics face and manage this sweet burden?

1. How is diabetes classified?

Diabetes is a metabolic disease characterized by elevated blood sugar. It can be divided into four types according to the cause:

Diabetes:

mainly genetic or autoimmune factors, causing the destruction of pancreatic islet β cells and lack of insulin secretion. Simply put, there is a problem with pancreatic , so patients with have an early age and generally show obvious symptoms in children or adolescents .

diabetes :

The main causes of the disease are environmental factors, such as obesity, high-calorie diet, etc. This type of diabetes patients mainly increase blood sugar due to the decrease in the ability of insulin and poor effect of regulating blood sugar. In other words, the patient's body is relatively lacking insulin. is more common due to the younger disease and is even more common after the age of 35, and is mainly more common in middle-aged and elderly people .

Gestational diabetes : is obvious, which refers to an increase in blood sugar due to changes in dietary structure and hormone levels. Most patients with this type of patients can return to normal after delivery as hormone levels recover.

Other special types of diabetes:

This type of diabetes is rare, accounting for 1% of the total number of diabetes [1]. It is caused by various special reasons, such as secondary diabetes, single-gene diabetes, etc. Although the proportion of this type of diabetes is not high, for a country with a large population base, this is also a group that cannot be ignored. Among the above types of

, type 2 diabetes is the most common, accounting for more than 90% of the total number of diabetes [2].

Diabetes cannot be cured at present. It can only relieve symptoms by controlling blood sugar and delay the occurrence of complications. The treatment method is also different for different types of patients.

2. Treatment methods for diabetes

In addition to cooperating with doctors to treat diabetes, daily living habits also play a very important role in the condition.

was proposed by diabetes experts. The content that plays a crucial role in the prevention and treatment of diabetes is summarized into five items, namely diet, exercise, monitoring, education and medicine .

Diet control:

First, we must control the total intake of diabetic patients with total heat card . According to the knowledge of nutritional , scientific calculations are carried out on the types and amounts of food patients consumed and the meals are reasonable. Diabetic patients are suitable for eating small and multiple meals, which can balance the diet energy and avoid excessive fluctuations in blood sugar .

Eat more high-fiber foods . High-fiber foods are digested slowly and are prone to fullness, which can reduce excessive food intake. Smoking will cause surrounding tissues to antagonize insulin and may even aggravate peripheral nervous system lesions. Therefore, smoking diabetics are imperative to quit smoking.Excessive alcohol can inhibit liver glycogen breakdown and may increase the risk of hypoglycemia, so it is best to drink as little as possible, or even not.

Reasonable exercise:

What are the benefits of exercise for diabetes? exercise can effectively utilize glucose and reduce blood sugar concentration; it can also improve the effect of insulin on blood sugar, thereby better controlling blood sugar .

So how to exercise? If improper exercise will not only aggravate the sugar metabolism disorder , but also induce complications of diabetes. Therefore, you should choose the appropriate exercise method according to the patient's own physical condition.

exercise methods vary, and the effects of different exercise times and intensity on blood sugar are also different. The patient needs to be evaluated in detail based on the professional and choose the appropriate exercise time and intensity. Of course, it is still necessary to integrate sports into daily life and be close to personal lifestyle and interests, so as to give full play to the benefits of sports more effectively.

condition monitoring:

Self-blood glucose monitoring is very important for diabetic patients. I believe that every diabetic has tested his blood sugar by itself, and of course, it is absolutely necessary to master this skill. monitors by self- blood sugar, which not only detects the blood sugar level in time, but also provides important information for the treatment plan for diabetes .

self-blood sugar monitoring time mainly includes pre-meal blood sugar, blood sugar 2 hours after meals, before bedtime. For patients with severe conditions or poor blood sugar control, try to ensure full-day blood sugar monitoring; while for patients with proper blood sugar control, blood sugar can be monitored 2 to 4 times a day. According to the patient's condition and his/her own condition, flexibly choose the time and frequency of self-blood sugar monitoring.

Health education:

In layman's terms it is a popular science of knowledge. Most diabetic patients know little or have a half-understanding about this disease, so it is essential to increase their knowledge of diabetes. First of all, diabetic patients should pay attention to their mentality. There are two undesirable extreme mentality: indifferent or extremely nervous. Popularize knowledge education on diabetes so that everyone should not underestimate this disease and treat diabetes correctly.

Many diabetic patients like to believe in folk remedies and secret recipes during the treatment process, and do not accept scientific diabetes treatment, which worsens the condition. In order to better control the condition, you must receive scientific diabetes knowledge education to avoid excessive or low blood sugar and irreversible damage to body functions.

Medical treatment:

HD treatment at present is drug treatment. Reasonable and standardized treatment methods can eliminate the symptoms of diabetes, control the progress of the disease, and maintain the basic daily treatment of patients.

Select appropriate medications according to different diabetes types. Common drugs for treating diabetes include insulin, metformin, sulfonamide, glinide, α-glycosidase inhibitors, etc. . Depending on the patient's condition, it can be monotherapy or combined with medication, and long-term regular treatment.

For diabetes, most drug treatments are achieved by lowering blood sugar, improving insulin resistance or stimulating insulin secretion, thereby achieving control of the disease. Therefore, controlling blood sugar is crucial for every diabetic. Many diabetic patients must know insulin, but do you know what are the cases of insulin injection?

3. How high is the blood sugar level? Do you need to take insulin?

When the blood sugar control of diabetes is not ideal, insulin can be supplemented reasonably to reduce blood sugar, so as to achieve therapeutic effect.Generally speaking, the higher the blood sugar and poor control, the greater the possibility that doctors recommend using insulin. However, whether insulin injection is required should be considered in combination with various factors, such as the type of diabetes, the course of the disease, and whether there are complications.

(1) Type 1 diabetes is known as insulin-dependent diabetes. This type of patients has basically lost their insulin secretion ability, so insulin injection must be used to control blood sugar [3].

diabetes patients generally have a sharp attack. When the insulin deficiency in the body is excessive, it is easy to cause ketoacidosis , which is serious and even life-threatening. So once this type of patient is diagnosed, insulin must be injected to prevent the condition from getting out of control .

(2) Patients with type 2 diabetes gradually decline as the function of pancreatic β cells gradually declines, resulting in the insulin inability to secrete sufficient insulin. When oral antidiabetic drugs can no longer control blood sugar, they need to be treated with insulin injection.

Because of the toxicity of hyperglycemia , it will aggravate the body's resistance to insulin. Therefore, for newly confirmed patients, when there is obvious hyperglycemia, such as fasting blood sugar >11.1mmol/L, or glycated hemoglobin >9.0%, short-term insulin intensive treatment is required to reduce blood sugar as soon as possible [4].

Some patients with type 2 diabetes attach great importance to diabetes, live a scientific life, eat a healthy diet, exercise actively, and use drugs to treat it together. However, blood sugar control is still not satisfactory, with glycated hemoglobin greater than 7%, which cannot reach the passing line. At this time, insulin treatment should also be combined with drugs.

(3) Most patients with gestational diabetes can control their blood sugar to meet the standards through diet control and appropriate amount of exercise. Since oral antidiabetic drugs will have a certain impact on the fetus, safety cannot be guaranteed, and insulin is a must for the human body and will not have adverse effects on the fetus, this type of patients with poor blood sugar control will choose insulin as the best treatment drug. Patients with gestational diabetes who have poor life intervention effects during gestational diabetes have poor blood sugar levels, such as fasting blood sugar ≥5.3mmol/L, or post-meal blood sugar ≥6.7mmol/L, or when blood sugar meets the standard, but the weight of pregnant women and fetus decreases, they need to use insulin treatment. In addition, patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes need to use insulin before pregnancy. After blood sugar meets the standards, they should also use insulin during pregnancy.

The use of insulin needs to be considered based on a variety of factors. The above three situations of need to be treated with insulin injection. , so it is very important to correctly understand insulin, but in reality, the wrong use of insulin is very common. Let’s talk about precautions for insulin injection.

4. Precautions for insulin injection

First of all, diabetic patients must use insulin as precepts and cannot change the type of insulin at will .

When injecting insulin, be sure to carefully check the name and dosage of insulin. Do not easily adjust the insulin dose or stop using it. When the condition changes, seek medical treatment in a timely manner and use insulin correctly.

Secondly, when using insulin, you must use a special syringe, only for use by yourself.

Different types of insulin have dedicated supporting refills and syringes, and cannot be mixed with. The syringe needle cannot touch anything other than the skin and insulin bottles.

Finally, when injecting insulin, insert the needle quickly and relax the muscles at the injection site.

Injection, you must change the injection site. You can inject it on the abdomen, the outer side of the thigh, the quarter of the upper arm, and the buttocks. Insulin must be injected subcutaneously. When thinner diabetics are injected, they should lift subcutaneous fat to avoid injecting into the muscles.

Once a diabetic patient needs insulin injection, it means that the condition has advanced to a relatively serious stage and requires long-term injection. Many patients have misunderstandings about insulin and are very evasive about insulin injection. Therefore, they must correctly understand and popularize the use of insulin to avoid worsening the condition.

Diabetes is not scary. Choosing a reasonable and effective method to control blood sugar can prevent diabetes from causing trouble. So diabetics don’t have to feel frustrated, they can’t give up, they must be treated regularly. You must scientifically understand the treatment drugs for diabetes, do not resist the use of insulin, follow the doctor's advice, and insist on treatment. During the treatment process, if abnormalities occur or the control effect is poor, seek medical attention in time .

References:

[1] Diabetes Branch of Chinese Medical Association . Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes in China (2020 Edition). 2021,13(4):315-409.

[2] Chi Jiamin . Practical Diabetes. 4th Edition. Beijing: People's Health Publishing House .2015.

[3] Chinese Journal of General Practitioners, 2021,20(7):726-736.

[4] Chinese Journal of Diabetes , 2022,14(1):21-31.