Gossip Psychology (III)
Author: Huang Yuanhui, a reader, focuses on humanities history, quality standards, intellectual property rights
Recommended reading list: "Gossip Psychology", "A Brief History of Psychology 100 Years", "Heavy Taste Psychology", "Abnormal Psychology", "Criminal Psychology", "Invitation to Existential Psychology"
Special Note: The following content comes from the recommended book
The famous German psychologist Ebbinghaus (main achievements: study of memory experimental psychology, Ebbinghaus forgetting curve ) once described the development history of psychology in a general way: " psychology has a long past, but only a short history." Next, let's gossip about the development history of psychology.
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6, 17th century Modern psychology
After nearly three hundred years of Renaissance and Reformation in the 14th and 16th centuries, by the 17th century, the religious iron curtain shrouded on the land of Europe was finally broken, and the ice of thought slowly melted under the warm sun of humanities and science.
Psychology has finally ushered in Another true master after the era of ancient Greece, and is called " the first great psychologist in modern times " by American psychology historian Robert Watson .
Descartes is called " father of modern philosophy " by Hegel . He is an encyclopedia character. He invented analytical geometry and discovered conservation of momentum , but in fact he also enjoys a lofty position in the history of psychology. First, he discovered the existence of neural reflex and reflex arc . Pavlov on this basis, which became the basis of behaviorist psychology . In addition, Descartes also studied the concept of " instinct ", which became one of the guides for psychoanalytic school in the future.
Descartes is a " dualistic ". He believes that matter and consciousness are two completely different entities. The essence of consciousness lies in thought, and the essence of matter lies in "broadness"; matter cannot think, and consciousness will not be "broadness"; the two are completely independent of each other and cannot be determined by one or derived from the other. Unlike the psychological view of "unity of body and mind" in Aristotle , Descartes believes that there is a perfect "I" in the world that is no different from other animals, and a spiritual "I" that exists completely in the spiritual world. Living in this world, it can be completely separated from the "I" of the flesh.
▲The legendary magical pineal gland is actually just a useless trace remaining in evolution
Descartes said in his book: " The slightest movement of pineal gland will also greatly affect the flow of vitality. Conversely, the slightest changes in the flow of vitality will also greatly affect the movement of glands."
Descartes' greatest contribution to psychology is also the understanding of the natural phenomenon of "reflection" . The so-called reflex, Descartes is used to refer to the body reaction that occurs when the human body is stimulated by external stimuli. " knee reflex " is the most typical reflex.
About a hundred years after Descartes' death, Italian physiologist Galvani discovered through frog experiments that was transmitted through nerves in animals, and this bioelectricity can also cause contraction and movement of human muscles. More than 100 years later, conditioned reflexes were found independently of each other by Pavlov and Thorndike .
7. The 18th century psychology erupted
With the advancement of physiology , the role of the brain and nerves has gradually been recognized by the scientific community. The new psychology theory in the 18th century showed a volcanic eruption.
▲The function diagram of each area of the brain mentioned in phrenology
In this era, some absurd theoretical theories even appeared, such as phrenology .Phraology believes that a person's intelligence, personality and thinking are related to the shape of his head. On the one hand, phrenology borrowed the latest achievements of the scientific community in brain science and and neuromedicine at that time. On the other hand, it was inspired by the ancient " phrenology " that has been passed down for thousands of years in human history.
In ancient China, physiognomy was once a prominent science and developed a rigorous theoretical system. There is a saying in "Xunzi" : "Although the appearance is evil, the mind is good, and it is harmless to be a gentleman. " In the Han Dynasty, the art of physiognomy became a popular culture. "Han Shu·Yiwenzhi " has 24 volumes of "Xiangren" . This tradition has been passed down for thousands of years.
In the West, the art of physiognomy can be traced back to the ancient Greek era. It is said that Aristotle once had a theory of inferring his personality by looking at his appearance. However, the one who really developed facial techniques into a distinctive study was John Caspal Lavatel . His theory of facial art is based on the shape of a person's head and body structure, and he can even study human gestures and facial expressions.
Lavatel's theory became popular throughout Europe in the 18th century. It is said that Darwin was almost driven off the ship by the captain because the shape of his nose did not meet the requirements of diagnostic art. Fortunately, he had a very wide forehead...
Under the influence of Lavatel's diagnostic art, in 1796, German Anatomy Franz Joseph Gal officially founded diagnostic art (called " head cover " at the time).
Gal found that people with bright eyes generally have better memory; people with bulging skulls may symbolize greedy brain functions and are the characteristics of pickpockets in prison.
What really made phrenology popular all over the world was Gal's student, Austrian physiologist Schputzheim . He went further in Gal's research results, dividing the human brain into 35 parts, claiming that each part has special functions. It was in 1815 that he combined the popular "-person physiognomy " and Gal's "head theory" into one, called phrenology (phrenology, meaning "the science of the mind").
Soon, a carnival of skullology became a trend in the European cultural and artistic circles. Even the great German philosopher Hegel has specially opened a chapter in his book " Phenomenology of Spirituality " to explain the importance of phraology to spiritual research.
From today's scientific point of view, phrenology is an absolute "pseudoscience", and its conclusions are basically of no practical value and cannot be used to guide practice.
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