"The name of Zhang Gong's cave is because it is new before his generation, and later generations are old. Who wouldn't talk about the new policy ten years ago call Zhang Gong's cave or Zhang Gong's cave? In recent years, who wouldn't say Zhang Gong's cave or Zhang Gong's cave? Getting the name of new and old is not considered a Chinese person. ... Zhang Gong, who is the new and old, is now a person of the past, and looking around the court and the grandfathers, who can go hand in hand with Zhang Gong's old and old?"
On October 4, 1909, one of the "Four Famous Ministers of the Late Qing Dynasty" Zhang Zhidong died of illness, and various words in the market were spread. The above is one of them. The wonder of Zhang Zhidong's actions have many contradictions in his life:
is known as the new school, but later became a conservative;
When Qingliu, he often criticized " Westernization ". After becoming the governor of the local government, he became the pioneer of the "Westernization Investigation";
claims to be "not competing with meaningless people", but in the last half of his life, he has been fighting with the Regent Zaifeng ;
must be loyal to the Qing court, but some scholars pointed out that he wanted to proclaim himself emperor;
In his later years, "The Encouragement of Learning" caused a sensation, but there were two versions, which were determined by the superior...
The movie "Zhang Zhidong" was released, with only 3 people watching the movie on the first day, and the box office was bleak, and it was removed in advance in just 6 days. Zhang Zhidong is a super complex character, and it is difficult to get involved in the "new eight-legged essay" of late Qing Dynasty theme of "personal awakening - active seeking change - corruption of the Qing court - unfulfilled ambitions". In many details, there is no unified opinion in the academic community, such as whether Zhang Zhidong colluded with the Japanese and tried to proclaim himself emperor? Is it corrupt? Why did the attitude repeatedly shake when dealing with self-reliance army ? Why do you fully oppose 新官网址全新方日本 ... If you don't understand these problems, it is difficult to present a credible image of Zhang Zhidong. It is barely film-making and television, and it is purely self-defeating.
Zhangzhidong Situation
A young man succeeded in his career and became a young man. Zhang's family is from Hongdong, Shanxi Province. In the Yongle year of the Ming Dynasty, he moved to Qianxian County (now Tongzhou District, Beijing), and later moved to Nanpi County (now Hebei).
Zhang Zhidong was born in September 1837. He passed the boy test at the age of 12, became a scholar at the age of 13, and passed Jieyuan (the first juren in the provincial examination) at the age of 15. He died at the age of 18, and was suspended at home because his father Zhang Bian . He failed the exam at the age of 25 and then took the exam again at the age of 26. Because he "did not follow the old trap, he pointed out the current affairs and said frankly that he had no hidden secrets", "all the ministers reviewed the paper were unhappy and placed the last three Jia", he was later called Tanhua by Empress Dowager Cixi (third place).
clear system, the third grade entered the Hanlin Academy, but Zhang Zhidong took the accompanying examination and won the first place. People at that time said: "Recently, the early names of the sciences were promoted, Zhang Xiangtao (Zhang Zhidong No. Xiangtao )".
After that, Zhang Zhidong served as deputy examiner of the Zhejiang Provincial Examination, deputy examiner of the Hubei Provincial Examination, and deputy examiner of the Sichuan Provincial Examination. In 1876, he returned to Hanlin Academy and became the backbone of the Qingliu.
Qingliu is a political school in the late Qing Dynasty. It originated from the fact that the Minister of Military Affairs Li Hongzao is dissatisfied with the leadership of the " Westernization Party ", and win over poor officials such as Kedao , Hanlin, and call for anti-corruption, promoting scholarship festivals, loyalty to the emperor and patriotic ministers to fight against the "Westernization Party".
1880 Mid-Autumn Festival, Cixi asked eunuch Li San to bring 8 boxes of food to her sister Wanzhen (i.e. Emperor Guangxu biological mother), but was stopped by the Meridian Guardian. Li Sanshun broke through and the food box was knocked over. Cixi was furious and ordered the severe punishment of the protective army. For a while, the military ministers were all reluctantly. Zhang Zhidong and Chen Baozhen joined forces to report. Zhang Zhidong said: "The eunuchs are arrogant and domineering, and the disaster is the most intense, and the sages in our dynasty are also the strictest."
Cixi woke up and dealt with them lightly. The case caused a sensation. People at that time said that Zhang Zhidong "returned the truth to the sky" and "dared to make big statements when encountering things."
At that time, the scholars in the capital called Li Hongzao the head of the green cow (same pronunciation as Qingliu), Zhang Peilun and Zhang Zhidong are the green cow horns, used to touch people; Chen Baochen is the green cow tail, Baoting is the green cow whip, Wang Yirong is the green cow tripe, and there are many cow skin and cow hairs."
Help Cixi in time for help
as a green horn, why did Zhang Zhidong contradict Empress Dowager Cixi several times, but why was he reused?
Because Tongzhi Emperor after the death of Emperor Cixi asked her sister's son to take over, namely Guangxu Emperor. The Qing ancestral system, "If there is a son to establish a legitimate position, if there is no son to establish a queen", the emperor has no descendants, so the wise man can be selected from the younger generation as his heirs, that is, the "if there is no descendants, the son of the quasi-common clan, and the inheritance of the emperor can be adopted as his heir", but the reign of the Tongzhi emperor has determined that Guangxu will succeed him.
Guangxu and Tongzhi peers were cousins, which caused huge controversy, but the ministers did not dare to say explicitly that "the will may have been tampered with." Unexpectedly, on the day of Emperor Tongzhi's funeral, the little official, committed suicide in a small temple in Jizhou, . Before his death, he "had a secret box of sealed and folded it, and the suicide note was transferred to the Ministry of Personnel for delivery", and gave it a "corpse advice", calling Guangxu a "one mistake and another mistake."
Wu Ke reads the book without a literati. He likes to go to the eight major hutongs and is ridiculed by his colleagues as "Wu Dabiao". Unexpectedly, he died heroically. For a moment, the people were full of trouble. Empress Dowager Cixi was helpless. At this moment, Zhang Zhidong put a break and said: "I respect Wu Ke reads the most loyal and strong, and he still says that he is too concerned about what he should not think about, but not what he should think about."
Zhang Zhidong believes that since Emperor Tongzhi left his will, everyone can only abide by it. The emperor takes the country as the body, and the throne should be discussed according to the public temple, regardless of private blood ties. Even if an ordinary official has no offspring, he can still designate his heirs. Why can't the emperor? Emperor Kangxi made the rules back then because he was afraid of disputes among his descendants, but there were two empress dowagers who had sent orders and witnessed them by important officials. Who dared to argue?
This passage of discussion is upright, saying that Emperor Guangxu's rise to power is "in accordance with the saint's will and in line with family law", and instead refers to the unrighteousness of the debater. Cixi was overjoyed and gave the fifth-rank official apology to "Wu Kedu for his death, and his loyalty is pity."
In the second year (1881), Zhang Zhidong became a second-rank senior official. At the end of the year, he was re-appointed as governor of Shanxi and became a chief official in the border area.
became the pioneer of the Westernization Movement overnight
Unexpectedly, after Zhang Zhidong arrived at the place, he immediately turned from "clear stream" to "Westernization Movement". Zhang Zhidong was studious all his life and could adjust himself quickly. In addition, Zhang Zhidong is flexible and has strong execution ability. After the "clear stream" arrives at the local area, it often only cares about the thunder and decisive behavior and does not consider the actual situation at the grassroots level. Zhang Peilun and Chen Baochen have successively failed, but Zhang Zhidong is like a fish in water.
In Shanxi, Zhang Zhidong had a very strong relationship with the British missionary Timothy Li.
Timothy Li has contacts with Li Hongzhang and Zeng Guoquan and has never been trusted. When Zeng Guoquan was the governor of Shanxi, he was in hindrance everywhere. Zhang Zhidong gathered with Timothy Li every month to listen to him talk about "Taixi New Learning". It was soon ordered to establish the Western Affairs Bureau, "to extend the visit and understand the Western affairs, understand the physical and practical people, including astronomy, mathematics, water law, geography, investigation of things, making tools, public law, treaties, language, writing, weapons, ships, guns, minerals, and electrical aspects, but if it involves the Western Affairs Bureau, it will recruit or be both beautiful or a famous artist, and will be willing to hear the news, and all materials will be used in quantity."
At that time, some areas of Shanxi were monopolized by Manchu and Mongolian aristocrats. Zhang Zhidong wanted to manage it uniformly, which aroused dissatisfaction. In order to ease the conflict, the Qing court sent Zhang Zhidong to be the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi. Zhang Zhidong performed well in the Sino-French War.
Zhang Zhizhi's fast turn is also related to his generous personality.
Previously, in the Zeng Guofan, foreigners were never allowed to gain a foothold in the shogunate, believing that: "Since ancient times, foreign foreigners helped China, they have always made many unexpected requests. At that time, the manipulation was inappropriate, and they might have caused a different rift."
Zhang Zhidong trusted the "foreign craftsman". He once said: "That is, the foreign monks and Taixi outside the border are smart and skillful, and they can be used for my help." "In fact, we must not not hire foreign craftsmen temporarily." Foreign employees' salary is five times that of domestic staff, and they are willing to do so.
Zhang Zhidong likes to use geeks, and Gu Hongming, Zhang Taiyan, Yishunding , Hua Hengfang , etc. have all been used by him.
has always been difficult to get rid of the nerd
Zhang Zhidong disdains trivial matters. Li Hongzhang once sarcastically said: "Du Zhang has been away for many years and has a little experience. He is still a scholar in Beijing twenty years ago."
Zhang Zhidong likes to use Japanese people because of the cheap price and cultural recognition. Zhang Zhidong said: "Oriental generals give a volume of official books and wear them on their bodies. Those who come to Hubei should take the lead and all the Chinese characters of loyalty and righteousness from ancient times, such as " Memorial to the Master " and "Song of Righteousness", so all the soldiers can know loyalty and love, and be honest and shameful."
In fact, Japanese soldiers coming to China are uniformly selected and managed by the Army Province, and most of them are responsible for spy tasks. According to scholar Tao Qichen, during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, these spies recorded many unbearable actions by Zhang Zhidong.For example, when Li Hongzhang transferred the four ships of the Nanyang Fleet to fight, Zhang Zhidong first delayed, and then said that "all were wooden shells. pipes were not outstanding, and the gunner was also very unfamiliar."
To prevent the Japanese army from attacking the Yangtze River Estuary, Zhang Zhidong trained troops in Wusong . The Japanese spy discovered that the shore cannon "tested shooting, but failed to hit a single shot." When inspecting the Jiangkou, "I set up a target in the middle of the river and ordered the Taiwanese ship to fire artillery at the same time, and the hits are also small. I should not rely on the defense of the river." The Japanese spy discovered that Zhang Zhidong "looked very afraid of (Japanese army) landing in Shanghai", and the local Qing army "fled every day."
To celebrate the birthday of Empress Dowager Cixi, Zhang Zhidong paid tribute to 108 field cannons. After sending it, Zhang Zhidong regretted it again, fearing that it would fall into Li Hongzhang's hands, and hoped that it would be accepted by Wu Dacheng , who is Zhang's in-laws. It can be seen how the location of home and country is in Zhang Zhidong's heart.
During the Reform Movement of 1898, Kang and Liang's strong rival seemed to be conservative, but in fact it was Zhang Zhidong. Zhang Zhidong has set up a huge spy network in Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai. The backbones include Yang Rui , Zhang Quan, Zhang Jian, Zhang Bin, Huang Shaoji , Qian Xun , Zhao Fengchang , Sheng Xuanhuai , Liang Dingfen , Wu Yong , Wang Zhichun , Wang Kangnian , etc.
Zhang Zhidong wants to "usurp the throne"?
According to Mr. Mao Haijian " The Other Side of the Reform Movement of 1898", Zhang Zhidong's members of the spy network used code names, and were not allowed to sign the telegram, and burned it immediately after receiving the report.
Yang Rui in the "Six Gentlemen of the Reform and Reform and Reform" is Zhang Zhidong's secret spy. Zhang specifically reminded: " Kang Changsu (i.e., Kang Youwei ) has a gap with me, and his intentions are very sinister. Whenever I discuss and act in my hometown, I must be secretly convinced, and I should not tell Kang." Yang Rui pretended to be too similar, but unexpectedly, he was executed as a member of the Kang Party after the failure of the Reform and Reform and Reform.
When the Eight-Nation Alliance attacked Beijing, Zhang Zhidong's behavior was incomprehensible, and he sent his eldest son Zhang Quan to visit Japan. According to the Japanese man Utsumiya Taro's "Dangyong Diary": "That night, he met Qian Xun in Nakano Town, which was translated by Heiyan to discuss current affairs. It was said that Zhang and others once said that if the emperor was covered with dust, the Qing Dynasty would fall into anarchy. At that time, the second and third governors of the southern part united each other and established a government in Nanjing."
A few days later, Utsumiya Taro recorded in "Dangyong Diary": "Qian Xun arrived at the office": "Dangyong Diary": "Qian Xun arrived at the office." When visiting, it was said that Zhang Zhidong might establish a new government. The most urgent task at present is to place troops. In addition to the 2,000 Wu Yuankai's troops and 2,500 Zhang Biao's troops, another 3,000 were planned to recruit 3,000. Therefore, the Japanese side was asked to assist two captains and five,000 rifles (30-year-old or Komurata's continuous fire). "
Qian Xun was the brother of Qian Xuantong and , and was the Minister of the Qing court to Japan at that time. Whether these two records are "chat" or, as scholar Kong Xiangji inferred, it is still controversial that Zhang Zhidong wants to usurp the throne by borrowing the Japanese.
The famous historian Fan Wenlan once speculated: "Zhang Zhidong and Li Hongzhang have their own plans. They wait and see the situation. If the emperor and empress die together or the emperor dies, they can accept support and organize a puppet government."
He is a super multifaceted man
Zhang Zhidong is honest and speaks openly, and seems to be a traitor, but Kong Xiangji pointed out that Zhang Zhidong is not loyal to Empress Dowager Cixi.
Tang Caichang established the self-reliance army and was preparing to launch an uprising in Wuhan. Tang Caichang looked for Zhang Zhidong several times and expressed his willingness to support his separatist rule, but Zhang Zhidong was "no expression". His aide Liang Dingfen said: "The deacon is concerned about wandering, kind-hearted and ruthless, but he is worried about his private room and cannot discuss it in the public court. He wanders for a month and talks a lot, but the plan is not yet determined." After 7 months of trouble, Zhang Zhidong did not interfere. When the British consul said that he did not support the uprising, Zhang Zhidong arrested, interrogated and massacred people overnight, and more than 20 backbone members of the independent army including Tang Caichang were killed. It is hard not to feel that Zhang Zhidong has been waiting and watching before.
Secondly, Zhang Zhidong sent a letter to Japan for those who participated in the independent army, such as Wu Luzhen , Wu Zuyin, Shen Xiangyun, and Ji Yuancheng, who wrote to Japan and requested strict investigation, but Zhang Zhidong protected these people after returning to China.The main force of the Xinhai Revolution came from Zhang Zhidong's new army. When Zhang Zhidong was selected to study in Japan by Zhang Zhidong, he once said: "Even like Zhang Zhidong, I know that the Chinese revolution is inevitable sooner or later. When he attempted to resist the current government, it is time for us to carry out the revolution."
Zhang Zhidong is a wise man. If he had known that the Qing government had finished its energy, he would have wanted to step on the revolutionary ship with one foot, but he was extra cautious.
Whether Zhang Zhidong wants to be an emperor needs more evidence, but it is certain that Zhang Zhidong was not loyal to the Qing court, but he played Geng Gengguzhong so well, and made great contributions to ending the imperial examination system, establishing a modern academic system, translating and printing Western books, and establishing a modern industrial system.
To be honest, it is really difficult to play such a super multifaceted person well, and it is difficult to find actors.
(Original title: Why is it difficult for Zhang Zhidong to "act"?)
Source: Beijing Evening News Author: Huang Yi
Process Editor: u005
Copyright Statement: The copyright of the text belongs to the Beijing News Group. Reprinting or adaptation may not be done without permission.
Guangxu and Tongzhi peers were cousins, which caused huge controversy, but the ministers did not dare to say explicitly that "the will may have been tampered with." Unexpectedly, on the day of Emperor Tongzhi's funeral, the little official, committed suicide in a small temple in Jizhou, . Before his death, he "had a secret box of sealed and folded it, and the suicide note was transferred to the Ministry of Personnel for delivery", and gave it a "corpse advice", calling Guangxu a "one mistake and another mistake."
Wu Ke reads the book without a literati. He likes to go to the eight major hutongs and is ridiculed by his colleagues as "Wu Dabiao". Unexpectedly, he died heroically. For a moment, the people were full of trouble. Empress Dowager Cixi was helpless. At this moment, Zhang Zhidong put a break and said: "I respect Wu Ke reads the most loyal and strong, and he still says that he is too concerned about what he should not think about, but not what he should think about."
Zhang Zhidong believes that since Emperor Tongzhi left his will, everyone can only abide by it. The emperor takes the country as the body, and the throne should be discussed according to the public temple, regardless of private blood ties. Even if an ordinary official has no offspring, he can still designate his heirs. Why can't the emperor? Emperor Kangxi made the rules back then because he was afraid of disputes among his descendants, but there were two empress dowagers who had sent orders and witnessed them by important officials. Who dared to argue?
This passage of discussion is upright, saying that Emperor Guangxu's rise to power is "in accordance with the saint's will and in line with family law", and instead refers to the unrighteousness of the debater. Cixi was overjoyed and gave the fifth-rank official apology to "Wu Kedu for his death, and his loyalty is pity."
In the second year (1881), Zhang Zhidong became a second-rank senior official. At the end of the year, he was re-appointed as governor of Shanxi and became a chief official in the border area.
became the pioneer of the Westernization Movement overnight
Unexpectedly, after Zhang Zhidong arrived at the place, he immediately turned from "clear stream" to "Westernization Movement". Zhang Zhidong was studious all his life and could adjust himself quickly. In addition, Zhang Zhidong is flexible and has strong execution ability. After the "clear stream" arrives at the local area, it often only cares about the thunder and decisive behavior and does not consider the actual situation at the grassroots level. Zhang Peilun and Chen Baochen have successively failed, but Zhang Zhidong is like a fish in water.
In Shanxi, Zhang Zhidong had a very strong relationship with the British missionary Timothy Li.
Timothy Li has contacts with Li Hongzhang and Zeng Guoquan and has never been trusted. When Zeng Guoquan was the governor of Shanxi, he was in hindrance everywhere. Zhang Zhidong gathered with Timothy Li every month to listen to him talk about "Taixi New Learning". It was soon ordered to establish the Western Affairs Bureau, "to extend the visit and understand the Western affairs, understand the physical and practical people, including astronomy, mathematics, water law, geography, investigation of things, making tools, public law, treaties, language, writing, weapons, ships, guns, minerals, and electrical aspects, but if it involves the Western Affairs Bureau, it will recruit or be both beautiful or a famous artist, and will be willing to hear the news, and all materials will be used in quantity."
At that time, some areas of Shanxi were monopolized by Manchu and Mongolian aristocrats. Zhang Zhidong wanted to manage it uniformly, which aroused dissatisfaction. In order to ease the conflict, the Qing court sent Zhang Zhidong to be the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi. Zhang Zhidong performed well in the Sino-French War.
Zhang Zhizhi's fast turn is also related to his generous personality.
Previously, in the Zeng Guofan, foreigners were never allowed to gain a foothold in the shogunate, believing that: "Since ancient times, foreign foreigners helped China, they have always made many unexpected requests. At that time, the manipulation was inappropriate, and they might have caused a different rift."
Zhang Zhidong trusted the "foreign craftsman". He once said: "That is, the foreign monks and Taixi outside the border are smart and skillful, and they can be used for my help." "In fact, we must not not hire foreign craftsmen temporarily." Foreign employees' salary is five times that of domestic staff, and they are willing to do so.
Zhang Zhidong likes to use geeks, and Gu Hongming, Zhang Taiyan, Yishunding , Hua Hengfang , etc. have all been used by him.
has always been difficult to get rid of the nerd
Zhang Zhidong disdains trivial matters. Li Hongzhang once sarcastically said: "Du Zhang has been away for many years and has a little experience. He is still a scholar in Beijing twenty years ago."
Zhang Zhidong likes to use Japanese people because of the cheap price and cultural recognition. Zhang Zhidong said: "Oriental generals give a volume of official books and wear them on their bodies. Those who come to Hubei should take the lead and all the Chinese characters of loyalty and righteousness from ancient times, such as " Memorial to the Master " and "Song of Righteousness", so all the soldiers can know loyalty and love, and be honest and shameful."
In fact, Japanese soldiers coming to China are uniformly selected and managed by the Army Province, and most of them are responsible for spy tasks. According to scholar Tao Qichen, during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, these spies recorded many unbearable actions by Zhang Zhidong.For example, when Li Hongzhang transferred the four ships of the Nanyang Fleet to fight, Zhang Zhidong first delayed, and then said that "all were wooden shells. pipes were not outstanding, and the gunner was also very unfamiliar."
To prevent the Japanese army from attacking the Yangtze River Estuary, Zhang Zhidong trained troops in Wusong . The Japanese spy discovered that the shore cannon "tested shooting, but failed to hit a single shot." When inspecting the Jiangkou, "I set up a target in the middle of the river and ordered the Taiwanese ship to fire artillery at the same time, and the hits are also small. I should not rely on the defense of the river." The Japanese spy discovered that Zhang Zhidong "looked very afraid of (Japanese army) landing in Shanghai", and the local Qing army "fled every day."
To celebrate the birthday of Empress Dowager Cixi, Zhang Zhidong paid tribute to 108 field cannons. After sending it, Zhang Zhidong regretted it again, fearing that it would fall into Li Hongzhang's hands, and hoped that it would be accepted by Wu Dacheng , who is Zhang's in-laws. It can be seen how the location of home and country is in Zhang Zhidong's heart.
During the Reform Movement of 1898, Kang and Liang's strong rival seemed to be conservative, but in fact it was Zhang Zhidong. Zhang Zhidong has set up a huge spy network in Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai. The backbones include Yang Rui , Zhang Quan, Zhang Jian, Zhang Bin, Huang Shaoji , Qian Xun , Zhao Fengchang , Sheng Xuanhuai , Liang Dingfen , Wu Yong , Wang Zhichun , Wang Kangnian , etc.
Zhang Zhidong wants to "usurp the throne"?
According to Mr. Mao Haijian " The Other Side of the Reform Movement of 1898", Zhang Zhidong's members of the spy network used code names, and were not allowed to sign the telegram, and burned it immediately after receiving the report.
Yang Rui in the "Six Gentlemen of the Reform and Reform and Reform" is Zhang Zhidong's secret spy. Zhang specifically reminded: " Kang Changsu (i.e., Kang Youwei ) has a gap with me, and his intentions are very sinister. Whenever I discuss and act in my hometown, I must be secretly convinced, and I should not tell Kang." Yang Rui pretended to be too similar, but unexpectedly, he was executed as a member of the Kang Party after the failure of the Reform and Reform and Reform.
When the Eight-Nation Alliance attacked Beijing, Zhang Zhidong's behavior was incomprehensible, and he sent his eldest son Zhang Quan to visit Japan. According to the Japanese man Utsumiya Taro's "Dangyong Diary": "That night, he met Qian Xun in Nakano Town, which was translated by Heiyan to discuss current affairs. It was said that Zhang and others once said that if the emperor was covered with dust, the Qing Dynasty would fall into anarchy. At that time, the second and third governors of the southern part united each other and established a government in Nanjing."
A few days later, Utsumiya Taro recorded in "Dangyong Diary": "Qian Xun arrived at the office": "Dangyong Diary": "Qian Xun arrived at the office." When visiting, it was said that Zhang Zhidong might establish a new government. The most urgent task at present is to place troops. In addition to the 2,000 Wu Yuankai's troops and 2,500 Zhang Biao's troops, another 3,000 were planned to recruit 3,000. Therefore, the Japanese side was asked to assist two captains and five,000 rifles (30-year-old or Komurata's continuous fire). "
Qian Xun was the brother of Qian Xuantong and , and was the Minister of the Qing court to Japan at that time. Whether these two records are "chat" or, as scholar Kong Xiangji inferred, it is still controversial that Zhang Zhidong wants to usurp the throne by borrowing the Japanese.
The famous historian Fan Wenlan once speculated: "Zhang Zhidong and Li Hongzhang have their own plans. They wait and see the situation. If the emperor and empress die together or the emperor dies, they can accept support and organize a puppet government."
He is a super multifaceted man
Zhang Zhidong is honest and speaks openly, and seems to be a traitor, but Kong Xiangji pointed out that Zhang Zhidong is not loyal to Empress Dowager Cixi.
Tang Caichang established the self-reliance army and was preparing to launch an uprising in Wuhan. Tang Caichang looked for Zhang Zhidong several times and expressed his willingness to support his separatist rule, but Zhang Zhidong was "no expression". His aide Liang Dingfen said: "The deacon is concerned about wandering, kind-hearted and ruthless, but he is worried about his private room and cannot discuss it in the public court. He wanders for a month and talks a lot, but the plan is not yet determined." After 7 months of trouble, Zhang Zhidong did not interfere. When the British consul said that he did not support the uprising, Zhang Zhidong arrested, interrogated and massacred people overnight, and more than 20 backbone members of the independent army including Tang Caichang were killed. It is hard not to feel that Zhang Zhidong has been waiting and watching before.
Secondly, Zhang Zhidong sent a letter to Japan for those who participated in the independent army, such as Wu Luzhen , Wu Zuyin, Shen Xiangyun, and Ji Yuancheng, who wrote to Japan and requested strict investigation, but Zhang Zhidong protected these people after returning to China.The main force of the Xinhai Revolution came from Zhang Zhidong's new army. When Zhang Zhidong was selected to study in Japan by Zhang Zhidong, he once said: "Even like Zhang Zhidong, I know that the Chinese revolution is inevitable sooner or later. When he attempted to resist the current government, it is time for us to carry out the revolution."
Zhang Zhidong is a wise man. If he had known that the Qing government had finished its energy, he would have wanted to step on the revolutionary ship with one foot, but he was extra cautious.
Whether Zhang Zhidong wants to be an emperor needs more evidence, but it is certain that Zhang Zhidong was not loyal to the Qing court, but he played Geng Gengguzhong so well, and made great contributions to ending the imperial examination system, establishing a modern academic system, translating and printing Western books, and establishing a modern industrial system.
To be honest, it is really difficult to play such a super multifaceted person well, and it is difficult to find actors.
(Original title: Why is it difficult for Zhang Zhidong to "act"?)
Source: Beijing Evening News Author: Huang Yi
Process Editor: u005
Copyright Statement: The copyright of the text belongs to the Beijing News Group. Reprinting or adaptation may not be done without permission.
