Source: Qujing Daily - Qujing on the Palm
Opening sentence:
Time passed by like a flash. Ten years ago, I was fortunate to participate in the compilation of the "Cultural Qujing" series due to work needs, and carefully sorted out the highlights in Qujing's history and culture. Now, we are invited by the publicity, culture and tourism department to participate in the manuscript work of "Traveling Yunnan with a Mobile Phone" to systematically introduce Qujing's historical and cultural achievements, so that tourists can have an in-depth understanding of Qujing.
From a high altitude, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau , in eastern Yunnan, peaks stand tall and canyons are deep. The Wumeng Mountains and Liangwangshan system are distributed vertically, occupying a prominent position. The most conspicuous ones are the basin dams scattered between the mountain systems. The dam is full of green and rich, and in the vast mountains and forests, most of the dark blue stone cliffs appear or appear in the clouds and mists. You can also see lakes that are shaped by the land and scattered among them, and rivers like jade belts winding and stretching among the mountains and rivers.
In terms of natural geographical characteristics, Qujing, the "East Yunnan" in the eastern part of Yunnan, has given us too much spiritual enlightenment and imagination: China's third largest river Pearl River , originated at the foot of Zhanyi Maxiong Mountain; in the beautiful landform of Luoping, thousands of acres of flowers are shining; the largest Luliang Bazi in the province is a land of fish and rice; the winding Wumeng Mountains test the patience of generations of mountain people; the green mountains with lush trees and beautiful mountains lie quietly in the west of Qujing City, which once made Xu Xiake stop and linger. Compared with the prosperity and prosperity of the lower reaches of the Pearl River, Qujing, which lies at the source of the Pearl River, can be regarded as a virgin land that needs to be reclaimed.
Qujing terrain, high in the north and low in the south, with an average altitude of 2,000 meters. The highest peak in eastern Yunnan is in Guniuzhai, Wumeng Mountain in Huize County, , with an altitude of 4,017 meters, and about half of the time it takes to get ice and snow. This is a real mountain in the territory of Qujing. More than 100,000 acres of seaweed mountain under the snow peak are covered with clouds and fog, mysterious. The mountainside is green grass and cattle and sheep are wild, making it a natural pasture. The air here is clean and vast, making people feel as if they are in the holy land of " Shangri-La " on the Diqing Plateau. That year, the Red Army 25,000-mile Long March had passed Qujing twice, which scared Chiang Kai-shek (Chiang Kai-shek) to "abandon his armor and throw away his smoke guns" and quickly mobilized troops to protect Kunming. Mao Zedong wrote the eternal masterpiece "Wu Meng's majestic walks through the mud balls".
and Wumeng Mountain feet small river valley fell to an altitude of only 695 meters. From the peak to the bottom of the valley, the drop was more than 3,000 meters, so it became even more steep. Guniuzhai is still covered with snow, but the valley is as warm as summer. It is a subtropical scenery with scorching red suns and abundant resources, forming the three-dimensional gas distribution characteristic of "one mountain divides four seasons, ten miles and different sky".
Wumeng Mountain area has high mountains and deep valleys, with huge drops, and it feels like going to heaven and earth. will rain rain on the ground , like a magical axe, slashing towards the depths of the earth, only one person can pass through the narrow part, reaching dozens of meters deep, and the naturally formed "gate of life" at the entrance evokes people's endless imagination. The "big thinker" in front of the cave and the "sleeping beauty" lying up to the sky, are intriguing. In Daqiao Township, the hinterland of Huize, the black-necked crane lives in the sacred bird from Siberia . Beside Changhaizi Reservoir, a black-necked crane with tall legs, black feathers, and red crowns on its head is light and elegant for food.
The mountain people living in the towering Wumeng Mountains have been integrated with nature for many years and have cultivated the same firm character as the mountains. At their feet, the ridges contain rich treasures. Copper mines, lead-zinc mines and a large amount of coal resources have brought endless wealth to the mountain people and have attracted endless battles and deaths.
The Wumeng Mountain in history was originally named Tanglang Mountain, and the Niulan River under the mountain was called Tanglang River in ancient times. Drinking the Tanglang River water, the indigenous people who hunt, farm and mine on Tanglang Mountain "traveled the road and gradually became settlements", and created their own civilization in the vast mountains very early.
Time starts from six or seven thousand years ago. The ancient Qiang people living in the Hehuang region of northwest of my country began to develop in all directions, one of which migrated to the southwest of the motherland. When the ancient Qiang people moved to the southwest, there were two ancient ethnic groups in the southwest.The ancient Qiang people lived and merged with Baipu and Baiyue for a long time, forming multiple ethnic groups such as Yi and , and the rich and colorful ethnic history was also written from this.
The Yi people have experienced an era of flooding in history. A big tree needs to be split, and a lot of people need to be split. After defeating the flood, the ancestor Abu Dumu presided over it and divided his people into six branches: Wu, Zha, Nuo, Heng, Bu and Mo. Each two branches were an alliance and migrated in one direction. The Wu and Zha tribes led by the eldest and second brother migrated to the western and southern Yunnan; the Nuo and Heng tribes led by the third and fourth brother migrated to the Zhaotong and Liangshan areas in northeastern Yunnan; the Bu and Mo tribes led by the fifth and sixth brothers remained in their original place, and some migrated to Bijie, Guizhou, Hezhang , Weining and Guangxi Longlin. They expanded their territory and formed the Yi people who are now distributed in Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou and Guangxi during the process of conquest and integration with other tribes and tribes. Later Yi people called this major historical activity the "Sixth Patriarch Branch".
"Wumeng" has the meaning of "foggy and vastness" on the surface, which seems to describe the height of the mountain and the color of the mountain. In fact, it has evolved from the Yi people's name "Ameng" ("Ameng") to a tribal name and place name, and then used as a mountain name. Some scholars also say that "Wumeng" is the combined sound of the two Yi tribes, "Bu" and "Mo". In the Yi people's "Guide Road" record the Yelang ancient country , which is a record in the Wumeng Mountains, generally includes today's Qiaojia, Huize, and Dongchuan areas. The Sixth Patriarch's branch is located in "Lonebai" (now Leye Town, Huize).
The Bumo Yi tribe, stranded among the mountains and ridges in northeastern Yunnan, mined and smelted silver, lead and copper mainly composed of Tanglangshan copper mine, leaving hundreds of refining sites, making the Tanglangshan ancient site a rare ancient non-ferrous metal refining site in the country. The "Tanglang Culture" created by this tribe shines with dazzling bronze light and is one of the important sources of China's bronze history. According to scientific determination of isotope , the bronzes in Fuhao's tomb in Yinxu 3,200 years ago and the bronzes of the Shang Dynasty bronzes in Sanxingdui , the Sichuan Sanxingdui bronzes originated from here!
Copper was a precious luxury in ancient times. Only nobles own daily necessities such as bronze mirrors, copper cauldrons, and copper hairpins. Those who can play music with bronze chimes and chimes and are also those emperors and generals. Another important purpose is to make war weapons, spears, arrows, and sacrificial supplies, tripods, juts and bottles.
Naturally, places where copper can be produced are often regarded as the richest man. No wonder Yelang is arrogant and richer than a great man, and is full of confidence. Since ancient times, Huize in Wumeng Mountains has become famous for its copper production, and it is also because of its copper that it has written its glorious and tragic history of Yunnan copper and Beijing.
Historical records show that the mining, smelting, and minting of Huize copper mines have been more than 3,200 years. It can be said that Huize's history is a history of development that has always been throughout the copper commerce culture. After the Shang Dynasty, the copper smelting industry in Wumeng Mountains created another glory during the Emperor Wu of Han period. Judging from the dozens of "Tanglang Copper Washing" unearthed in Huize, its casting and forging technology are both at the leading level in the Han Dynasty.
Huize entered the period of large-scale coin minting in Ming Dynasty, and copper production accounted for most of the country. The "Jiajing Tongbao" big copper coins currently in Huize Jiangxi Guild Hall are examples. "Yunnan Administrative Documentary" records: "Jiajing Tongbao" is a commemorative coin opened when Dongchuan Prefecture, Yunnan Province began to mint coins in the 34th year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1555 AD). The coin was 57.8 cm in diameter, 3.8 cm in thickness, and weighed 41.5 kg, making it the "money king". Therefore, Huize is also known as the "Hometown of the King of Money". The giant copper coin sculpture with a diameter of dozens of meters in the central square of Huize County was built based on this copper coin. Such a large copper coin looks surprising, but don’t fall into the eyes of money and can’t get out of it.
By the Qing Dynasty, Huize Copper Industry had its third prosperity, and a large number of merchants and gold diggers from outside the province flocked.
In Huize, the guild halls that can be seen everywhere are the destinations for those outsiders to stop here to purchase copper mines, and at the same time, they also brought the profound Confucianism and Central Plains culture in the mainland into this remote small town. Where the profit lies, you will flock to it.For a time, wealthy businessmen came in Huize County, and miners gathered here, with the sound of people boiling and extremely lively. Some guild halls simply set up stages, and there are often opera troupes performing loudly and with a steady and down-to-earth performance. The opera troupes come from all over the country and perform various operas, including Peking Opera , Henan Bangzi , Hunan Flower Drum Opera, Yunnan Yunnan Opera , etc., with different styles. Most of the more than 100,000 foreign provincial people who flocked to Huize City were mine owners, copper merchants and miners. The Huize Association, represented by the Eight Great Halls, is an office for provinces to purchase copper mines in Huize during various periods of the Qing Dynasty. It is also an important place for gatherings among fellow villagers and the organizational structure of chambers of commerce in each province. In order to ensure safety and economic interests, foreign guests have established party-to-party associations, held peer-to-peer temple fairs with peer-to-peer associations, and established various temples with religion and religion, forming Huize's unique "club culture". Carved beams and painted buildings, and layered peer-to-peer halls have made Huize County a concentrated display area for Chinese architectural art. The architectural groups are in large numbers, with high-quality products, both echoing each other and having their own characteristics, forming a magnificent ancient building complex. In 2006, it was listed as the national key cultural relics protection unit .
By the Qian and Jia dynasties, the annual maximum copper output of Huize reached more than 16 million jin. The Qing government is rated to transport more than 6 million kilograms to the capital every year, accounting for more than 80% of the total copper demand in the country, forming a spectacular scene of the transportation of Yunnan copper for thousands of miles. The route for transportation between the south and the north starts from Huize and Dongchuan mining areas, and needs to pass through eight provinces along the way to Beijing. The transportation tool is a group of horse gangs carrying piles and walking out of the deep mountains and valleys. It takes as fast as 19 months for a round trip, and it takes more than two years to complete all the procedures. In order to shorten the copper transportation time, the imperial court spent 100,000 taels of silver during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. It took 6 years to open the copper transportation waterway of the Jinsha River from the Xiaojiangkou of Dongchuan to Xuzhou, Sichuan, and directly connect to Kyoto. As a result, the rivers along the way have improved, but the mountain paths in northeast Yunnan are still difficult to walk.
in Huize uses Lihe to return the source, flow through Nagu, cross Qiaojia County in Zhaotong City, merge into the Jinsha River, and then into the Yangtze River. It goes eastward, crosses the land of China, and flows into the sea. Baiwu Village, Nagu Town, by the river, has become the first stop for the transportation of South and North Copper.
Today, Huize, which has a profound cultural heritage, is still in ancient style, with many guild halls, and the long bronze road is worthy of being alongside Lijiang's Tea Horse Road . Some scholars say that "there is Lijiang in the east and the Huize in the west" is veritable. In the ancient city of Huize, the copper smith with superb skills also inherits the ancient copper-spotted craftsmanship, which is enough to shock and sigh to the world. The stones that accidentally rolled into the river on the mine were washed and polished by water, forming the well-known iron gallstone and quartz stone . Nowadays, strange stones can be picked up at any time by the Niulan River, attracting countless stone-playing players to appreciate and play with. Those iron gallstones with silver light and full shape are sought after by players, winning endless admiration. Some look like cosmic stars, some look like flying saucers outside the sky, some look like football, and some look like jars, with strange shapes, which are confusing.
Qujing is known as the "lock key into Yunnan" and the "key road" in history. Due to the different times and uses of construction, the ancient roads left in its territory are generally divided into three categories: "five-foot road", "ancient post road" and "ancient passage". "Five-foot Road" is the first ancient road leading to Yunnan in the mainland. This transportation "umbilical cord" allowed the ruling power of the central government of the Qin Dynasty to reach eastern Yunnan.
At the end of the Warring States period, Qin destroyed Bashu and established Shu County . Li Bing is the governor of Shu County. Li Bing uses fire to water the rocks in the junction of today's Sichuan and Yunnan Province, making the rocks crack and loose, and the mountains are dug and cliffs are dug, and the road to northeastern Yunnan is built, but the construction is stopped before it is built in Yunnan. In 221 BC, after Qin Shihuang unified the six kingdoms, he sent his minister Chang to continue to build this road to Dian, until today's near Qujing. The width of this road to Dian is five feet from the Qin Dynasty (about 1.155 meters today), so it is known in history as the "Five Foot Road".Qin's "Five-foot Road" made Qujing an important channel for the introduction of Central Plains culture into Yunnan and an important hub on the Southern Silk Road connecting the Eurasian continent. The five-foot ancient road winds through the mountains and ridges. The horse team carrying goods passes by, leaving behind a string of tiny horse ringtones and deep horse kicks. It is said that during the Qin and Han dynasties, the people of 号 lived next to , and the economic and cultural development of this tide developed rapidly. The Taoist dynasty is also a channel for national integration. Yue people travels through it and integrates into the Barbarians. The road runs along the Minjiang River, crosses Jinsha, crosses Wumeng Mountain, and extends to Burmese India. The five-foot road runs across Yunnan and Guizhou, carries history, conveys civilization, spreads information, and touches every vein and every nerve of Wumeng Mountain.
In ancient times, there was another type of ancient "post road" or "official road" that was built and built by the government at that time and built facilities such as inns, post stations and beacon towers. On the ancient post road, there are at a certain distance at the inn for government officials to rest when passing by, and at the post station for messengers to transfer letters to transfer horses, as well as beacon for alarm calls, etc. There are two ancient post roads in Qujing. One is the Shengjing Pass in Fuyuan County that preserves the "Ancient Post Road" built in the Yuan Dynasty; the other is the Kedu Village, Yangliu Township, Xuanwei City that preserves the "Ancient Post Road" built in the Ming Dynasty. It was opened in the Qin and Han Dynasties and was rebuilt in the 15th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty.
Before the official post road appeared, Yunnan had a path that was spontaneously built by the people for trade, which was generally called "ancient road" and "ancient folk road". Ancient folk passages are usually named after the starting point and the end point. For example, the ancient road leading to ancient India from Sichuan is called the "Shu 文化 (now India) Road" and is also called the "Southern Silk Road"; the ancient road leading to ancient Myanmar from Yunnan is called the " Piao Kingdom (now Burma) Road", the ancient road leading to Vietnam from Yunnan is called the "Dianyue Road", and the Pu'er, which is rich in tea in Yunnan, crosses Xishuangbanna , enter Dali, pass through Lijiang, and pass Zhongdian, and transports tea to Tibet is called the "Dianxi Road" and also called the "Tea Horse Ancient Road". The ancient road used to transport copper products from the mountains west of Huizenagu can naturally be called the "Ancient Copper Transport Road".
With the development and changes of history, some important "ancient folk channels" have been included in the official management scope, and facilities such as inns, stations and beacon towers have been built to become "official roads". For example, the "Five-foot Road" later became the Shimenguan Road in the Han Dynasty and the Tongnanzhong Road in the Tang Dynasty (now Yunnan, Guizhou and southwestern Sichuan), and some of the "Ancient Tea-Horse Roads" became official post roads to Tibet or tribute roads to Beijing.
The ancient road winds, with the vicissitudes of time. Although the sound of horse gangs on the ancient road has passed away, the footprints of the ancestors are deeply engraved in people's hearts.
is often located at the exits of ancient roads. Keep it under the danger, one man should be the pass, and ten thousand men cannot open it, forming a unique "pass culture".
The passes along the ancient road are the barometer of the times. During peace and tranquility, caravans were endless and became the economic lifeline of connecting rivers and seas. Once the war breaks out, the passes become places for garrisons and troops. Passes are also geographical indications of administrative divisions. Passage nodes have used the help of the vast Wumeng as natural barriers to form a relatively stable Qujing area. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, it has experienced many wars and easy defense, and even bloody storms of massacres, and the "base" has always been preserved.
In the era without planes and trains, to conquer Yunnan and enter Qujing, we must seize the pass.
Kedu is the southern gate of Yunnan. In history, except for Kublai Khan who came in from western Yunnan, Shu Han Zhuge Liang, Ming Fu Youde , and Ortai in the Qing Dynasty all crossed the pass and entered Yunnan for war. Shengjing Pass on the Five-Foot Road is the only way to enter Yunnan from Guizhou and a place that must be fought for by military strategists. What’s even more peculiar is that there are vivid imprints of the climate of the two places on the archway pillars. The stone pillar is like a boundary marker, with dry and yellow on the side facing Fuyuan , while the side facing japanese has moss. Due to the humid climate.
In history, people who entered Yunnan, stayed in Qujing and left a story behind, are really diverse: there are the exiled talented man Yang Sheng'an , Sun Shiyin, the honest official sent by the cadres' exchanges, Xu Xiake, the explorer who voluntarily traveled thousands of miles, and countless prisoners who were exiled. Nowadays, in rural areas, you can often hear the elderly calling their son "military prisoners" or "beheaded". Entering the pass, it feels like entering a plateau paradise.
Yang Sheng'an (named Shen, whose courtesy name was Yongxiu) was exiled to the frontier because of his "Opinion of the Great Etiquette". When he passed by Xuanweike's ancient post road, he engraved the words "High mountains and flowing water, water flowing clouds" on the cliff, praising the wonders of Yunnan's mountains and rivers. During his time in Qujing, he often expressed his feelings through wine and wrote many poems, recording the customs and customs of Qujing.
During the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, Sun Shiyin, a native of Qiantang County, Hangzhou Prefecture, Zhejiang Province, carried his beloved guqin with him and became the magistrate of Pingyi County (now Fuyuan County ). He worked hard to govern, be kind and kind, and disturbed the people's sentiment. He used his salary to help the poor. When he stepped down, he was empty and did not have the travel expenses for the return home. The people spontaneously donated the gifts, but he did not take any money, so he had to sell his beloved Guqin as a travel expenses for his return home. In order to praise his virtues and show his future duties, the people donated silver and published stone steles to make a monument named "The Monument of Religious Love" and erected next to the Shengjing Pass post road. Later generations were moved by Sun Shiyin's deeds of being honest and being like a son, so they published stone steles and named them "Yuqin Stele".
The past has gone through thousands of years. In terms of geographical location, Qujing is connected to Guizhou and Guangxi in the east, Sichuan and Sichuan in the north, Kunming in the west, Wenshan and Honghe in the south, and has been a must-fight place for military strategists since ancient times. On this land, after Zhuang Zhuang opened Yunnan and "the army was defeated, and his kings were all gone", Zhuge Liang "captured Meng Huo seven times" here; Yu Ling inherited and destroyed the rule of the Jin Dynasty in Nanzhong; Fu Youde led an army of 300,000 to march south to carry out the "Baishijiang Battle" to unify the country, etc., all of them are here. In addition, in 9 AD, the anti-Mang uprising led by Ruodou and Meng Qian, the leaders of Dongdong Dian people, contained a large number of military forces of Wang Mang and , and strongly supported the uprising troops of the mainland "Green Forest" and "Red Eyebrows" in the mainland, making immortal achievements in the final elimination of the Wang Mang regime and establishing the Eastern Han Dynasty.
After the Sui and Tang , the difference between "Wu Man" and "Bai Man" appeared among the ancestors of the Yi people. "Wuman" was developed from the Kunming tribe, and "Baiman" was dominated by Sou and Pu, and integrated with other ethnic groups to grow stronger. There was constant friction between the barbarians, but once foreign enemies invaded, they would unite and fight against foreign troubles, but their strength was limited after all.
1253, the Mongolian cavalry attacked Yunnan in three directions from Sichuan. Through the Yi area, they prompted the Yi tribes in a split state to rise up against Mongolia. Driven by the war, the Yi tribes quickly unified under the Luoluo tribes. Due to the strict hierarchy, the Yuan Dynasty divided the people under its rule into four categories: Mongolians, Seme people, , Han people, and southern people. And the southerners who surrendered to the iron hoof lived a slave-like life.
Until the reign of Kangxi and Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty promoted the "change of land and return to flow" in the Yi area. With the development of social productivity, some Yi areas quickly transitioned from slavery to feudalism. Interestingly, obstructed by the mountains, a relatively closed living state has formed in Qujing, and it is very strongly repelled from foreign "real officials". The court sent officials many times, but was assassinated halfway through the process of not taking office, which made the officialdom frightened.
This situation where the emperor is far away and the central government has been out of reach. There was ironclad evidence as early as the Wei and Jin Dynasties. The "Tycoon Four Years" in the signature of the Eastern Jin Dynasty "The Tycoon Four Years" at the end of the "Cuan Baozi Stele" is really a joke. Because the "tycoon" in the Eastern Jin Dynasty was used when Huan Xuan usurped the Jin Dynasty. The year number of "Tycoon" has only been used for one year, and the following year, Huan Xuan will stop using it if he fails. In the third year of Emperor An reusing "Yuanxing", he changed the reign to "Yixi". The Central Plains changed its ruling power but the Cuan family did not know that this was the result and physical evidence of the Cuan family dominating the southern middle, occupying the southern border, and seclusion. The so-called "fourth year of the tycoon" should be the "first year of Yixi", that is, 405 AD, which has a history of more than 1,500 years.
This article comes from [Qujing Daily - Qujing on the Palm] and only represents the author's views. The national party media information public platform provides information release and dissemination services.
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