Continue the previous article is selected from "Miaoman Picture Album". The ink-book picture books in the late Qing Dynasty 
The differences in Han and Miao cultures caused the disputes between Han and Miao complex and sharp, but this was not caused by the Han and Miao actively. Why do you say so? Because the conflict between Han culture and Miao culture was caused by the Qing Dynasty rulers. The Emperor of the Qing Dynasty was born in Manchu . The Manchus certainly have a unique Manchu culture, but the Manchus are highly sinic ethnic minority. Therefore, when the Qing Dynasty used various means to spread culturally to the Miao people, the main culture was actually Han culture, and this cultural communication feature was only available in China.
So, what is the biggest difference between Miao culture and Han culture? That is "blood relative revenge". In ancient times, the most important social relationship between people was family blood relationship, and family interests were above everything else. Personal injury to a certain person is considered to be an infringement to all members of a family; revenge on a personal injury is directed at the family members of the perpetrator. With the progress of society, blood relatives’ revenge is eventually replaced by state revenge. The harms of the people must be severely punished by state punishment to replace the blood relatives’ revenge of the people. As early as the Warring States Period, Chinese laws began to prohibit private revenge, emphasizing that all murders must be severely punished by state punishment.
Wu Zixu whip Chu Pingwang corpse can be regarded as blood revenge. In history, many people have accused Wu Zixu of his actions that are inconsistent with the law. Legalists emphasizes that revenge between private individuals is a serious crime that affects the ruling order and must be severely punished. Shang Yang's reform in Qin was to practice the Legalist theory, prohibiting private revenge, and the trend of revenge was therefore restrained. "The hero uses martial arts to ban people" and revenge for others is a disguised revenge of blood relatives, destroying the legal system, and is unwilling tolerate rulers throughout the ages.
The Miao people have formed a form of gathering clans in history, and there are more primitive traditions preserved than the Han people. The Miao people use male-synthetic organizations to gather family members and form social organizations such as "Gushe, 号 ". These organizations have a strong sense of family gathering and a strong sense of blood relatives. In the same organization, if there is something to do, everyone will help. When the overall interests of the clan are harmed by outsiders or personal injuries, other members will help seek justice and often adopt blood revenge and resolve the problem by force. For example, the murder of Shi Manyi, a young Miao man mentioned in the next chapter, was directly triggered the great uprising of the Miao people in Qianlong and Jiaqing, which is a manifestation of blood revenge.
The Miao people themselves also enhance national cohesion through the Guzang Festival. One of the important festivals of the Miao people, the Guzang Festival, is both a religious sacrificial activity and a grand gathering of blood ties between the Miao people. The Miao village is the whole of the clan. The invasion of the village members is regarded as an invasion of all members of the village, and the entire village will carry out joint resistance. Similarly, the deviant behavior of members within the village is also regarded as an infringement of the group and will be subject to collective punishment. This can explain two characteristics of the Miao people's uprising: First, individual Miao people are easily considered to be infringed on Miao people as an infringement on all Miao people, and it is easy to contact others to rebel; second, after the uprising, due to the influence of blood relations, a large number of clan members will quickly participate. These two points determine that the Miao people's uprising generally develops rapidly, is large in scale, and has a fierce resistance. The officers and soldiers suffer great losses when suppressed, and have a great impact on national strength.
The long-term implementation of ethnic estrangement and killing policies in the Ming and Qing dynasties led to deepening grievances among the Miao people. In the early 5th year of the Ming Dynasty, after Zhu Yuanzhang wiped out the remnants of Yuan Dynasty, he once adopted the collection policy of "short the clan and cut off the woodcutting road... taking the opportunity to suppress and arrest without any future troubles" against the various "Miao and barbarian" nations. He was serious about the recruitment policy when the national strength was not met in the early Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty also built a border wall of more than 360 miles long around the Lar Mountains, separating the "seedlings" living in this area from the Han people outside, and attempting to trap these Miao people through isolation. In the middle and late periods of Wanli , the Miao people's resistance increased, leaving Yuanling, forcing counties and counties. The Ming Dynasty still adopted military suppression and construction of border walls to deal with it, without any improvement.
After the peasant uprising in the late Ming Dynasty, the Miao people took the opportunity to razed the 300-mile wall to the ground.Kangxi In the 42nd year of the 1703 period, after the Qing Dynasty suppressed the Miao people's uprising in Hunan and Guizhou, 1,172 flood forts, watchtowers, watchtowers, forts, doors, and doors were built under the leadership of Fu Nai, and 110 miles of side walls were built. In the memorial, He Xiling, the Censor of Gyeonggi Province, said: "The border wall is drawn with strict boundaries, the fortress is used to provide for the consolidation of the guards, the sentry is used to look out, and the fort is used to block the guards." In the Qing Dynasty, it was not advisable to build walls between mountains and rivers, so they set up gates to defend themselves, open and close them day by day, and check the people who come and go, and to check the exchanges. It was still to eliminate the exchanges between the Han people and the Miao people, to alienate the relationship between the Miao and the Miao people, and to make the gap between the Miao and the Miao and the Han people deeper and deeper.
selected from "Miaoman Picture Album", ink and picture books in the late Qing Dynasty
The systemic corruption of the feudal dynasty was the most important and direct cause of the outbreak of the Miao uprising. Feudal autocracy determines that feudal officials have huge privileges and can control the life, death, wealth and poverty of the people under their rule, and are rarely supervised and restricted. Therefore, corruption in the administration of officials is a top-down institutional corruption.
Officials went to the countryside to patrol or deliver documents to pass through the country, and often asked for wine and meat from the Miao Village where they passed to provide food and accommodation. According to the "Chengbu County Chronicle" of Tongzhi , when officials of the Qing Dynasty collected rents and taxes, they had many fraudulent means, such as "skin-shot-kicking husks", "shoes, silver and rice", and they were clever and robbed. These evil deeds have caused the Miao people to be "embarrassed and tired, and the young and old are sighing."
The Qing Dynasty officials and officers and servants were not of noble quality, and they were constantly in need of exploring, tiring and harassing the Miao people. "The bad rules are purchased and banned by the court for a long time, but the cities and towns are surrounded by each other, and the bad rules have not been completed... The servants are located in the group, and the group is assigned to each household, and the people who are weak in studying, and the widows and old families are all suffering from shoulder luck. The Miao people make money and self-sufficiency, and the suffering is provoked by traitors and military health needs to be sought... If a person enters the cave, humiliates his wife, defrauds his property, and tries his life, and designs to swallow him, or lose his family, or defeats his family, which is better than words." There are countless acts of extorting money and bullying men and women.
In July of the fourth year of Qianlong (1739), Hunan governor Jue Luo Dunfu reported to the city Bujiangtou Department for "absent from work and missing work" for the crime of "hidden work and sending the Miao people to the city's Jiangtou Department to inspect Huang Shiyu. According to the report, Huang Shiyu "had been entrenched in the county town for many years and did not station in the flood land." He "had ordered the Miao people to buy rice every year, and only paid 800 yuan per stone, and ordered the transportation to go to the county town to pay." He also "issued Liu Zaixian, a Miao man, to go to Guangxi and other places to buy wooden beams, and sent the Miao people to carry the transportation and give the silver price short." The Nanshan under Jiangtou Department "located in the Miaodi land" and was "the Miaodi Mountain that has been banned for a long time". Huang Shiyu "also ordered the people to enter the mountains to cultivate" to "make profits from it."
So, Although the cause of the Miao people's uprising in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was due to the Han and Miao disputes, the more important factor was that the rulers strongly promoted the sinicization despite the differences in Han and Miao cultures and Miao living customs, and adopted a rough policy of ethnic barriers when solving the problem of ethnic relations. The officials who served in ethnic minority areas were corrupt and illegal, resulting in frequent uprisings by the Miao people.
After the Qing Dynasty changed its territory and returned to the current, the Miao people had three major uprisings in Laer Mountain and Leigong Mountain. Let us introduce the first major uprising, which took place during the alternation of Yongzheng and Qianlong, and is known in history as the "Yongqian Miao people's uprising".
Miaoling is the watershed between the Yangtze River water system and the Pearl River water system in Guizhou. It generally refers to the area from east Huishui to Leigong Mountain, about 180 kilometers long and about 50 kilometers wide, and spans Danzhai, Kaili, Leishan , Taijiang and other areas. It is named because it is a concentrated area of Miao people. Leigong Mountain is the main peak of Miaoling, located in , Leishan County, , with an altitude of 2178.8 meters. The Qing Dynasty's "Guizhou Tongzhi·Ancient Sites" says: "Leigong Mountain is deep in Miaojiang, and is the junction of Taigong (Taijiang), Qingjiang, Danjiang ( Danzhai ), Maha ( Majiang ), Kaili, Guzhou and Bazhai... The peaks and mountains are all mountain branches, with deep forests, haze and fog, cold water and soft soil, and few people come to visit, which was once called Niupiqing." The local Miao people call Leigong Mountain "Belle", which means the vast and endless slope. In 1934, the great man led the Red Army to cross the southern foot of its Long March and happily wrote the famous "House of the Sixteen-character Orders ". The first one said: "Half, the fast horse whipped it up and didn't get out of the saddle. He looked back in shock, three feet away from the sky.”
Miao Holy Mountain Leigong Mountain
In the fourth year of Yongzheng (1726), the Governor of Yunnan and Guizhou Ortai submitted a memorial to recommend the comprehensive transformation of land and return to the current. Yongzheng appointed Ortai as the governor of Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi, and acted with full authority. Ortai first used troops to Wumeng (now Ludian area in Zhaotong, Yunnan), Dongchuan (now Dongchuan District, Kunming, Yunnan, Huize , Qiaojia ), and Mangbu (now Zhenxiong, Yunnan, Yiliang , Weixin ), suppressed the resistance of the Yi chieftains, and moved the surrendered three chieftains, including Lu Dingkun, to set up Wumeng, and set up Wumeng, to move the surrendered three chieftains from Jiangxi and Henan to establish Wumeng. The prefecture, Dongchuan Prefecture, Zhenxiong Prefecture.
In the summer of the same year, Ortai attacked Qiannan Changzhai (now Changshun), Guizhou, suppressed the Miao and Buyi tribes and rebelled, and recruited 680 villages. Then the troops were powerful and recruited 1398 villages of Miao, Buyi and Gelao in Zhenning and Anshun.
In the Leigong Mountain area, the Qing soldiers focused on killing. In the sixth year of Yongzheng (1728), the summer of Ortai ordered the governor of Guizhou, Zhang Guangsi, raided the eight villages (Duyun Prefecture, Guizhou), burning dozens of Miao villages; then marched into Danjiang, burning and killing for half a year; and then marched into Qingjiang, burning and killing for 5 months.
In the eighth year of Yongzheng (1730), Zhang Guangsi, killed in Guzhou (now Rongjiang County, Guizhou), "all the villages scattered and gathered again to resist officers and soldiers. "The angry Zhang Guangsi burned 450 Miao and Dong villages, and it took one year and seven months to suppress the people of Guzhou. In the tenth year of Yongzheng (1732), Zhang Guangsi went to Taigong (now Taijiang County), and was strongly resisted. He increased 3,800 troops and suppressed it one year after a year.
The Qing Dynasty completed the rule of Guizhou Southeast for six years and established the "Six Xinjiang Halls": in the sixth year of Yongzheng (1 In 728, the Bazhai Hall (now Danzhai County ) and Danjiang Hall (now Leishan County), in the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), the Guzhou Hall (now Rongjiang County ) was established, the eighth year of Yongzheng (1730), the Qingjiang Hall (now Jianhe County), in the ninth year of Yongzheng (1731), the Dujiang Hall (now Sandu County), and the eleventh year of Yongzheng (1731) was established. 33 years) Taigong Hall (now Taijiang County).
Southeast Guizhou Leigong Mountain and the "Six Halls of Xinjiang"
Since then, The Qing Dynasty could collect grain and tax the local Miao people, and a large number of officials were extorted and acted as a threat in Miao. The dissatisfaction among the Miao people gradually grew and spread.
Yong In March of the 13th year of Zheng 1735, the government was extremely vicious and took the opportunity of raising grain to extort the Miao people. The Miao people in Guzhou Bamei, Gao Biao, Zhai Hao and other villages held a major uprising under the leadership of Baoli and Hongyin. They engraved signals on the wood to contact Miao people from all over the world, and told them that "Hong Kong Miao King was born." Guizhou Tongzhi said that the Miao people in the sixth hall "echoed each other" and "women and women rose up like crazy. "
On April 17, Bao Li and Hongyin led the uprising Miao people to attack Wanglingxun City, Guzhou Department, and were defeated by Han Xun, the general of . Then the rebel army moved to the area between Qingjiang and Taigong, and received support from hundreds of Miao villages such as Tibetan crossbow, with a team of 20,000. The rebel army immediately attacked Taigong, destroying all the pond houses that the Qing army conveyed messages in the Shuotou area, blocking the information transmission between Qingjiang and Taigong. The Qingjiang Guards Song Hou and Zeng Changzhi were frightened and hurriedly sought help from the provincial capital and the surrounding prefectures and counties. Guizhou Admiral Ha Yuansheng and Zhenyuan General Bu Wannian sent The reinforcements were intercepted by the rebels in Jiaowang, Lianhua and other places.
The rebels deliberately did not attack Qingjiang. Within 40 days, they captured Qiongshuisi, Liuluoying, Kaili, Chong'anjiang, Huangping, , Huangping, Yanmen Xinsi, Yanmen Old Si, Huangping Jiuzhou, Yuqing, Pailu and other places, almost sweeping across the entire southeastern Guizhou. According to Wei Yuan " Shengwu Ji " Volume 7 "Yongzheng Southwest Yi Yihua", Guizhou's troops were "exhausted", "running to rescue without delay, four roads were separated, and the provincial capital was martial law. "Yuqing magistrate Zhu Ruoqi abandoned the city and fled, Huangping magistrate Luo Mingxu committed suicide fearlessly, Qian Zongjin Jin Sheng fled in panic, Yanmen chieftain He Qiren, Zhang Chunquan, Feng Bingwen and others jumped into the water and died.
In the situation where the massive Miao people uprising swept southeastern Guizhou, the Qing Dynasty hurriedly formed a "Five Ministers' Meeting of Miao and Xinjiang Affairs" including 13 people including Prince Guo Yunli, Grand Secretary Ortai, Shangshu Qingfu, Zhang Zhao , and planned to suppress the Miao people's uprising.The Qing Dynasty mobilized tens of thousands of soldiers from seven provinces, including Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou, to suppress them. With Guizhou Admiral Ha Yuansheng as the commander, Hunan Admiral Dong Fang as the deputy general, he organized the encirclement and suppression of the rebel army; with Zhang Zhao, the Minister of Justice, as the "Miaojiang Minister", and De Xishou, the Deputy Chief Envoy, as the Deputy Minister, to coordinate the military affairs of Miaojiang.
Ha Yuansheng and Dong Fang's troops were divided into two groups, and they started killing and used suppression and surrender to dismantle the rebel army. Dong Fang killed more than 600 people from Miao villages including Yamen and Jiumen in Bazhai Hall that surrendered in Niaoka River, and abducted Miao wives and daughters. "Shengwu Ji" says that since then, many Miao uprising troops "killed their wives and daughters and then went out to fight against the official army, which was unstoppable." The uprising troops defeated the Qing army in Qingping, Huangping, Shibing, and Shibing, and other places.
The Qing army's front line was too long, with heavy casualties, and serious differences between the main battle and the main appeasement occurred. Zhang Zhao advocated giving up Miaojiang, Ha Yuansheng advocated increasing troops to fight, and Dong Fang advocated pacification. The three of them have their own ulterior motives and act independently. As a result, they "lose one and are tired of running around", "every time they cause setbacks", "the military spirit is timid."
In order to cover up the failure, Ha Yuansheng kept lying to win. Yongzheng issued an edict to rebuke: "The so-called recovery is nothing but an empty city; the so-called opening is still mostly blocking... There have been tens of thousands of soldiers, and it has been several months since the Miao and Xinjiang in the mainland. It was because Ha Yuansheng was incompetent in planning and dispatching it inappropriately." The Qing army's encirclement and suppression of the Miao people's uprising army suffered a large-scale failure.
Ortai was finally forced to write a letter to apologize, was removed from his post as a Grand Secretary and his title of Earl was removed from his title. Zhang Zhao asked to give up Miaojiang and retreat to the mainland. Zhang Guangsi wrote a letter to admit that he had made mistakes in the aftermath of the change of land and returned to the country, and requested that he be removed from his post as governor of Huguang and be punished in front of the army. In August of that year, Yongzheng died and Qianlong succeeded to the throne. In October, Qianlong removed Zhang Zhao, De Xishou, Dong Fang and others from the positions, and was transferred to Beijing for interrogation and imprisonment. Ha Yuansheng was reprimanded by a decree, and sent the governor of Huguang, Zhang Guangsi to replace Zhang Zhao, and appointed Zhang Guangsi as the governor of seven provinces and the governor of Guizhou, responsible for suppressing the uprising of the Miao people.
Zhang Guangsi immediately changed the methods of suppression and adopted various policies of defeat and bloody massacre against the Miao uprising army. Zhang Guangsi sent 4,000 elite troops to attack the Danjiang Uprising Army, 4,000 elite troops to attack Taigong and Kaili Miao Villages, and led 5,000 elite troops to attack the Miao Villages in the lower reaches of Qingjiang. The Qing army forced the rebels to retreat and protect themselves through key attacks and gradual advances, "no help."
At the same time, the leaders of the Miao rebels made major decision-making mistakes. The Miao uprising army abandoned the past maneuverable and flexible fighting model, and instead focused on areas with large and dangerous terrain as a stronghold, and cooperated with nearby small villages to fight together. In this way, the rebel army was divided into one stronghold after another, passive defense, weakening its power from a local perspective.
Zhang Guangsi seized the opportunity of the rebel army making a mistake and decided to concentrate his troops, first attack the main force of the rebel army, and then return to the army for a major purge. Zhang Guangsi rushed from Zhenyuan to Kaili, gave Ha Yuansheng face-to-face advice, and ordered Shouchang, Wang Yuandang and Jiao Yinglin to launch an attack on the main force of the rebel army from Kongbai in Kaili, Taigong in Taixiong, and Qingjiang in the swing tail respectively. The rebel army held the villages in Taixiong, Gudding, and Waking Tai. Men, women, young and old were fighting together. The Qing army paid a huge price before capturing these villages.
The rebel army also centered on Danjiang and gathered tens of thousands of people to fight to the death with the Qing army. Zhang Guangsi hurriedly rushed from Qingjiang to Kaili, and divided his troops into eight groups to attack Danjiang, Gaopo and the rebels. After three months of bloody battle, the Qing army captured more than 200 Miao villages including Wuyao, Nangong, Yangse, and Baizhang. The rebels suffered heavy losses. Baoli and Hongyin were forced to lead the remaining rebels and Miao people to retreat to Leigong Mountain, which is at an altitude of 2,000 meters, and insist on fighting.
Leigongping on Leigong Mountain
The rebel army condescends and guards the dangerous pass, practices day and night in Leigongping , builds a hut, opens up land and farms, and prepares for a long-term struggle. However, the cunning Zhang Guangsi deployed the troops of the seven provinces around the mountainous areas, blocked the intersections, cut off the foreign contact between the rebels, and adopted the method of taking turns to advance step by step, "forced gradually" to the center of the mountainous areas. The supply of food for the rebel army is becoming increasingly difficult, and the military and civilians are beginning to suffer the pain of hunger.
In the first year of Qianlong (1736), the rebel army killed a large number of Qing troops, but eventually because they were outnumbered, many rebel army failed to break through, most of them died in battle. In the end, more than 400 rebel leaders including Baoli were captured, and all were killed after being taken to Guiyang. Zhang Guangsi killed another to Huangping area and killed tens of thousands of Miao people's rebels. The Yongqian Miao people's uprising was eventually bloody suppressed.
According to Zhang Guangsi's "Memorial on the Retreatment of Miaojiang" and "Guizhou General Records", the number of Miao people in Leigong Mountain died in a huge number of times, "Seven or eight out of ten were killed, and none of them were killed in dozens of villages." There were 1,224 Miao villages destroyed, only 388 Miao villages were pardoned, and another 13,600 families of the rebel army were sent to slaves, and countless Miao people were displaced and fled everywhere.
The Great Uprising of the Miao people in Yongqian greatly hit the high-ranking ruling mentality of the Qing Dynasty rulers, disrupted their newly established ruling order in Miao Xinjiang, forcing the rulers to pay attention to the difficult living conditions and tenacious determination to resist, and re-examine their own ruling policies. After reflection, the Qing Dynasty rulers believed that blindly suppressing military force could not recover the hearts of the Miao people, so they made some concessions and had to take some measures to appease the hearts of the Miao people. If the Kangxi period was carefully maintained on the "pacifying" policy for the Miao people, then in the Yongzheng period, the high-pressure policy began to be adopted with confidence. It was not until the Yongqian and Miao people's uprising that it began to restrain itself and return to the management policy of paying equally with collection and retrieval. The main practices adopted in the early years of Qianlong to appease the hearts of the Miao people were:
stipulate that internal disputes between the Miao people will be resolved by themselves in accordance with the "Miao Regulations" and the government shall not interfere. " Qing Dynasty Laws and Regulations " stipulates: "The disputes between the Miao people and the Miao people are completed according to the Miao rules, and there is no need to be led to official laws to disturb violence." The "Records of Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty" records, "All matters of the (Miao people) litigation are completed according to the Miao rules... If the Miao people are willing to complete the disputes according to the Miao rules, they will be exempted from interrogation and trial." This is the legal concession of the Qing rulers who have won the blood donation of the Miao people. After all, the Miao example is not the chieftain's management system that is highly independent of the national legal system, but a system that restrains the people within the Miao people, which is more in line with the Miao people's productivity development level at that time. The Qing Dynasty allowed the Miao people to use the Miao example to resolve internal disputes and allowed the Miao people to have certain autonomy. This is an innovation in dealing with the internal ethnic relations of a multi-ethnic unified country. From the perspective of that time, the feudal dynasty surrendered to some issues; but in the long run, it was conducive to the Miao people's restoration of national self-confidence, and more conducive to the national identity of the Miao people.
The Qing Dynasty also announced that it would be exempted from the "new six halls" or the "Xinjiang Six Halls". This is naturally because there were too many people killed in Miaojiang, which affected the development of local society and economy. The Qing Dynasty gave local ethnic minority people the opportunity to recuperate. This shows that although the Qing Dynasty killed many Miao people when conquering Miao and Xinjiang, it was not the kind of genocide of Western colonialists. Because Han culture itself has the elegance of tolerating foreign cultures, the highly sinicized Qing Dynasty rulers were willing to show their inclusive side after the ethnic minorities surrendered and gave ethnic minorities a certain living space.
is selected from the "Miaoman Picture Album", ink and picture books in the late Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty also prohibited officers and soldiers from entering the Miao village to disturb them, and was not allowed to send civilians without permission; restricted exploitation of profiteers and "strictly prohibited trafficking of Miao children". These measures clearly reflect that the Qing Dynasty rulers wanted to ease the tense ethnic relations with the Miao people, and were afraid of arousing civil unrest again. However, feudal autocracy is institutionally corruption and cannot be prohibited by simple bans. Perhaps the Qing Dynasty officials were still somewhat restrained when the Miao people’s uprising ended, but as time went by, officials from all over the Qing Dynasty were still rampant, which would still intensify ethnic conflicts and incite new civil unrest. Therefore, in the later years of Qianlong, the Qianlong and Jiaqing Miaomin Uprising occurred in Miaojiang again, and that Miaomin Uprising had a more profound impact on the national destiny of the Qing Dynasty.
Let us now review that the Miao people have been severely exploited and exploited by the Qing Dynasty rulers for a long time. It is just that they rise up to fight and revolt when they are unbearable. However, any uprising in a unified country will inevitably be suppressed, which is also an inevitable trend in historical development.After the contradiction intensifies, serious confrontation will definitely bring temporary social and economic losses and regression. However, after the fierce confrontation is calmed, both sides of the contradiction are undergoing necessary adjustments and changes, and they begin to learn harmonious adaptation and coexistence between each other, which in turn promotes social progress and national unity.
I think it is biased to regard the Miao people uprising as the starting point of the Qing Dynasty from its revival to its decline. 's suppression of national uprisings was bloody and cruel, but the reorganization of Miao village life after the war objectively broke some clan traditions of the Miao people and gradually reduced the original concept of "blood relative revenge" of the Miao people , and will talk about later. This has led to the slow transformation of the Miao people from the means of adjusting internal disputes in accordance with the "Miao Regulations" to the development of the model of recognizing "national punishment and punishment". This also allowed the culture of the Miao people to gradually get rid of its primitive nature and gradually transition to modern national culture with the Han nationality and other cultures.
to be continued.
