Beijing Daily Client | Reporter Zhang Qunchen Chang Ming
On the surface of the canal, thousands of sails of canals were connected to each other, and the boatman on the river bank was called "100,000 Howling Sky Ghosts". The neatly arranged canal horns guide the canal ships to anchor, mast, row, break into the beach or leave the cargo. The canal boatman's horn has no fixed lyrics and tunes. Their appearance to extinction is in line with the rise and fall of the canal transportation.
In 2006, the Tongzhou Canal Boatman's Roller was selected into the Beijing Intangible Cultural Heritage List. Since then, the Canal Boller has started its second life. Now on the stage of Grand Canal culture, the canal horn always opens, just like the "Anchor" shouted by the boatman before the canal ship sailed. In school, children not only learn to call, but also keep the boatman spirit of striving for progress, helping each other, respecting the elderly and filial piety in mind. Hundred years later, the canal boatman's horn "sings" by the canal in another form.
Canal folk songs produced by the canal transport
0 Chang Fuyao, who retired from Tongzhou District Cultural Center , is already 79 years old. Since 1987, Chang Fuyao has collected and sorted out the history and culture of the Grand Canal. What satisfied him the most was that he collected 10 types and 22 Tongzhou Canal Boatman's Title.
Chang Fuyao explained that the canal boatman's roster is a working folk song sung by boatmen on both sides of the canal during their work. "The mechanization of ships in ancient times was not as strong as it is now. From anchoring the canal boat to walking to the middle of the river, every step was a laborious step. The canal boatman's roster is like a few people carrying heavy objects now, and everyone shouted a unified slogan." Gradually, these canal boatman's roster became a variety of canal boatman's roster according to the location and the canal roster where the boatman was located. Chang Fuyao said that no matter what kind of shipworker's phone, it can play a role in unifying the pace of labor, improving work efficiency, and enhancing work interest.
After years of sorting, Chang Fuyao found that there are 10 local canal boatman numbers in Tongzhou , covering the entire process of ship departure, sailing, beach breaking, and cargo moving during the canal transportation. "There are 10 types and 22 canal boatmen's boatmen that fit all the work on the canal boats at that time. We can get a glimpse of the history of canal transportation and the hard work of the working people in ancient times from the boatmen's boatmen." Chang Fuyao said.
"Fei, fuck..." Chang Fuyao sang the anchor. As the first step for the canal ship to sail, ship workers need to pull out the iron anchor weighing dozens or even hundreds of kilograms from the water. "The first 'feeding' must be shouted hard, because everyone should pull the anchor together; the second 'feeding' is lighter, and the boatmen should slow down after using force. The anchor number is simpler. Although there is no melody, the shouting is compact and powerful, and the tension is moderate." Chang Fuyao said.
The iron anchor was pulled up from the water. The next step was to support the canal boat to the center of the water with a pole. At this time, the boatmen sang the robe-headed boat. This number was as compact and powerful as the robe-headed anchor, without a melody. When the boat reaches the center of the water, it will sing the rowing roster. This roster is simple and bright, and can also reflect the boat workers' resolute character. There is also a slogan when the canal ship arrives at its destination. This is the slogan that the shippers shouted when unloading the ship. Unlike the previous types, the slogan is relatively free and can even improvise lyrics based on the work they do, which is very interesting.
When sailing, the boatmen also have different horns to deal with various emergencies on the river. When sailing against the current, the boatman raises the mast and sings the standing mast. When the boatman is stranded, he shouts the Burning Beach when he is launched and pushed the boat. This roster uses the standing mast melody, but the speed is slower, more solid and tense. When the slimmer is pulling the boat, he shouts the Lap Mast. The Lap Mast can improvise lyrics or use songs and folk songs.
In addition, when the boat is off every winter, the boat must be pulled ashore with a sash gate. When pushing the sash gate, the boatmen shouted the sash gate. When resting at the dock, the boatmen will sing the idle sash gate. This sash is relatively free and has a strong melody. It is composed of lyrics and sang for improvisation, and there is even a duet between the boatmen and the boatmen and the people on the shore.
Chang Fuyao said that calling a trumpet requires a trumpeter, and at that time there was a trumpeter on each ship."The number-leaders are old boatmen with extremely rich experience in sailing. They not only know every step of the boat and master every piece of the horn, but also judge whether there are rapids and dangerous shoals on the river ahead through experience, and guide the boatmen to make corresponding preparations through the horns they shouted. This function is the same as the current radar."
The number-leaders must also have strong organizational capabilities. Chang Fuyao said: "For example, boatmen pulling fibers on the shore, and some large canal boats have hundreds of boatmen. This is the most tiring physical work in the canal transportation process, and all boatmen must work hard together. It depends on the kung fu fuyao."
Chang Fuyao introduced that when all boatmen pulling fibers on the shore, the number leader will comb a braid on his hair, apply colorful oil paint on his face, wear exaggerated clothes, hold two bell-hanging cow fan bones in his hands, stand next to the boatmen shouting fibers, and dance steps under his feet. "The Fiber pulling and the dance steps are in line with each other, and the dance steps are not blindly danced. Every step of the digitizer is in line with the rhythm of the boatmen's pulling. This is the more lively and most distinctive of the 10 types of canal boatmen's digitizers. I think the reason for this is that the number picking wants the boatmen to create some fun while working hard ."
Tongzhou Shipman Special Some Xianhao
Chang Fuyao discovered that although the main cities where the canal flows through all canals, as the head of the canal, the local boatman's roster has four distinct characteristics, namely, "The water is stable and the word is Tongzhou, the word is Tongzhou, the north dial and the south accent, and the Xianhao is unique." From the simple canal, you can not only understand the life of the boatman, but also reflect the characteristics of the canal and some of the city flowing through.
The tune of the Tongzhou Canal Boatman's Hostel is smooth, graceful, and lyrical. It does not have a tense and intense rhythm, which fits the characteristics of the stable and gentle water level of the canal. "I have compared the Yellow River No. . Since the Yellow River No. flows through a large drop, it creates the characteristics of intense, high and tragic Yellow River No. 1, as masculine as the Yellow River itself. The canal is a man-made river, and most of the places where it flows through are plains, so whether it is the lyrics or tunes, the canal boatman's No. 1 is relatively gentle and interesting." Chang Fuyao said.
There are boatmen in every city on the canal, and they also incorporate dialects from all over the place into the titles, and Tongzhou is no exception. Chang Fuyao introduced that Tongzhou Canal Boatman's Hat has a strong Beijing flavor and Tongzhou flavor. The most obvious manifestation is that many lyrics use Erhuayin . For example: Saner, Rener, Shoes, etc., as well as some characters and words with local characteristics of Tongzhou, such as Sier paired with Sier, one-piece, etc. "These local lyrics make the Tongzhou Canal Boatman's Hot Song exude the Beijing flavor and rural atmosphere in Beijing folk songs." Chang Fuyao said.
In addition, Tongzhou Canal Boatman's Horn No. also contains the tone of southern folk songs . Chang Fuyao explained that this is most obvious in slower horns and gentler tunes. He believes that the occurrence of this phenomenon is related to the canal transport itself. The canal brought communication and exchange between the north and the south culture, and the canal number was also formed under such historical opportunities.
"Twenty years ago, an old canal boatman told me that the Tongzhou canal boatman was originally learned from the southern canal boatman. Later, I also analyzed the melody of the canal trolley and found that the canal trolley in Tongzhou is closely related to some southern folk songs." Chang Fuyao introduced that, for example, the pulling fiber number and the out-of-cabin number are similar to the many melodies of Jiangsu folk songs " Wuxi Jing ", " Zizhu Tune ", " Jasmine ", "Rugao Detective Girl" and other more melodies are similar. In addition, in an article titled "The Origin of Shandong Music in the Tongzhou Canal Canal in Beijing", Zhou Qingqing, professor at the Central Conservatory of Music, compared the melody of Tongzhou Canal and Shandong folk songs, and believed that Tongzhou Canal Canal and Shandong folk songs also have certain similarities.
professor at the Beijing Institute of Science and Technology of Beijing United University believes that Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal , as a north-south water conservancy project, not only connects the transportation between China and the south, but also promotes the dissemination and accumulation of music culture in China, north-south. "The Shandong Canal came to Beijing with the canal, which not only met the needs of shipping labor in Tongzhou wharf, but also left the mark of Shandong music in Tongzhou, Beijing."
It is said that the most different thing about the Tongzhou Canal Boatman's Rover and other canals is the Xianhao. "As the saying goes, the only one is a trumpet. It is a trumpet that is not produced for labor, and is very rare among other trumpets." Chang Fuyao introduced that the "tired" of trumpets refers to "tired body" and "tired heart". It is usually a trumpet that the trumpeter sings to attract the response of people on the shore after the canal ship is about to arrive at the dock or finish the work. The content is also very relaxed and pleasant, such as the young boatman expressing his admiration to the girls on the shore, which is an important leisure method for boatmen after their labor is completed.
One by one, the first ones inherit the spirit of the shipworker
Now, the canal transportation has long withdrawn from the stage of history, and there is no more shocking sound of "100,000 Howling Sky Ghosts" on the shore. Chang Fuyao said regretfully that the boatman's roster was not recorded in history like a drama, but disappeared with the decline of the canal transportation. Fortunately, the relevant sorting work has already begun. In 1987, Chang Fuyao, who was still working in the Tongzhou District Cultural Center, learned that the "Chinese Folk Songs Collection" that was being compiled was intended to include the Tongzhou Canal Boatman's Roller. He was very excited, but he only had three months to organize it.
Time waits for no one. Chang Fuyao first contacted the staff of the cultural stations of various streets and townships in Tongzhou District . Unfortunately, there were no records in each cultural station. In order to retain this special memory, in early 1987, Chang Fuyao installed a recorder and notebook, rode a bicycle, hung a thermos on the back of the car, and visited the village one by one along the Tongzhou section of the Grand Canal from southeast to northwest.
"There are not many results, they are all blows, and I want to give up." Chang Fuyao recalled that at that time, some old boatmen who had experienced the canal transportation either passed away or could not remember it. After a month and a half, they collected a few fragments of the canal horn.
However, after embarking on this path, Chang Fuyao did not want to give up. One month before the deadline for "Chinese Folk Songs Collection", Chang Fuyao came to Yantan Village, Beishou, where he met the old boatman Zhao Qingfu. "Old Zhao's grandfather is an old boatman. Not only that, his uncle and uncle are also engaged in the operation of the grain. After learning about my purpose, Old Zhao sang 10 canal horns in one go. On the second visit, Old Zhao sang a few more paragraphs, which is where I have the 22 canal horns I have now." said Chang Fuyao.
Now, 79-year-old Chang Fuyao and Zhao Qingfu's son Zhao Yiqiang have become the inheritors of carrying forward the canal boatman's phone. Beijing (International) Canal Cultural Festival, Grand Canal Cruise Beijing-Hebei Navigation Ceremony... Canal Title is the first program of these large-scale events. Zhao Yiqiang, the fourth generation inheritor of the canal canal, also brought the canal canal to the campus in Tongzhou, allowing children to feel the ancient canal culture.
The children not only learned how to sing the canal horns, but also passed on the boatman spirit contained behind the horns. Zhao Yiqiang said: "The canal ships traveled from south to north when they were in danger. If any ship encountered danger, the ship workers of the adjacent canal would jump into the water like dumplings to help the ships in distress escape. 's spirit of helping others and helping each other is worth learning. In addition, the spirit of not being afraid of difficulties and fighting is also very valuable in the Chuangtan No. ."
Chang Fuyao believes that with the changes in the living environment, the connotation of intangible cultural heritage projects has far exceeded that of now. Protecting intangible cultural heritage is not only its skills themselves, but also includes the Chinese traditional culture behind intangible cultural heritage, and the cultural value behind inheriting intangible cultural heritage projects. "What we inherit through the Canal Boatman's Rover is actually the shipman's spirit behind it. Leaving history and passing on the spirit is what our generation should do."
