Introduction
The "Fangshi System" emerged in the Western Zhou Dynasty. By the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period had begun to take shape and formed a system, which was consolidated and developed during the Northern Wei Dynasty.
"market system" simply means that the government uses the form of laws and systems to define where is a residential area and where is a transaction area, strictly controls the time and location of transactions, and business is strictly prohibited in residential areas. The result of this system limits the development of commerce to a certain extent. In addition, some dynasties impose "curfews", which is even more fatal to commerce.
pictures are from the Internet
In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the "market system" gradually began to loosen, and it was completely broken in the Northern Song Dynasty. Residential and commercial began to mix, streets were all opened, and there were no ones were connected, forming a new urban pattern, which was later called the "urban revolution".
pictures are from the Internet
Regarding this "market system", a plot in the second episode of the popular drama "Qing Ping Le" talks about this. At that time, the young Han Qi stood up and quarreled with a group of scoundrels. The reason was that the owner, Grandma Liang, used her residence to do business. She was caught by the scoundrel and wanted to threaten the official and extorted money. In the early days of , this system still existed, and it was later that it was completely broken.
pictures from the Internet
The model of the integration of the Northern Song Dynasty provides prerequisites for the development of urban commerce and the improvement of the national economy. One of the direct consequences of the "urban revolution" is the prosperity of urban commerce and the enhancement of economic functions. At that time, the capital was bustling and lively, and the people lived and worked in peace and contentment. As the saying goes, "think lust with fullness and warmth". When people's material life is satisfied, their spiritual life needs have reached a certain level.
We all know that the national strength of the Northern Song Dynasty was quite strong, the imperial court was quite rich, and the salaries of state public officials were naturally very generous, and there were many holidays. With the continuous expansion of the city's scale, entertainment activities in urban life have become an indispensable part of citizens' lives. Like us modern people, many people go to entertainment venues to spend their leisure time every day. In our modern times, there are many ways of entertainment, whether outside or at home. So what entertainment activities were there for people during the Northern Song Dynasty?
During the Northern Song Dynasty, the place that mainly engaged in entertainment activities was called " Washe Lun". This word was said to come from Buddhist scriptures at the earliest time. We will not pursue allusions. Washe is also called "Wasi" and "Wazi", which mainly refers to entertainment venues, which are a bit of our nightclubs today. "Hook" here refers to the performance shed in Washeli. "Hook" has a special performance stage and a door for actors to go and exit, and an audience seat is located below, which is similar to our small theater today. The larger scale in Tokyo are mainly Saibei Wazi and Saixi Wazi. In the "Washa Lu" at that time, there were many performance forms. Let me introduce them in detail:
Pictures from the Internet
1. Saying ( storytelling , novel)
Storytelling in the Northern Song Dynasty is almost the same as the storytelling in the current storytelling. It is mainly based on traditional storytelling. One is storytelling that focuses on historical figures or events, called "telling history". At that time, the storytelling about the Three Kingdoms and Five Dynasties was more popular. The storytelling about the Three Kingdoms and Five Dynasties was mainly famous. Huo Sijue said the Three Kingdoms and Yin Changmai said the Five Dynasties. The most famous ones were Huo Sijue said the Three Kingdoms and Yin Changmai said the Five Dynasties. , The Song Dynasty scholar Naideweng recorded in "Kyoto Jisheng·Washezhongji": "Telling about historical books, telling about the historical and literary works of the previous dynasties, the rise and fall of wars."
Another storytelling book that mainly talks about secular legends at that time is called "novel", which is almost the same as the novels played on radio stations today. Ming Dynasty scholar Lang Ying recorded in Volume 22 of his book "Seven Revisions": "The novel starts with Song Renzong , and was peaceful and prosperous. The country was leisurely, and he wanted to entertain strange things every day to entertain him. Therefore, the novel was victorious, and after the first time, he said that it was a certain year of Zhao and Song." more famous ones include Wang Yanxi, Gai Zhongbao, Liu Mingguang, etc.
pictures are from the Internet
The biggest difference between novels and history telling is that novels are more important in speaking legends and fictional plots, while history telling mainly speaks real stories in history, and fictional components are generally very few.
also has a kind of "talking jokes" in the art form that is mainly based on speech. In layman's terms, it means telling jokes. The performer uses his own language to tell jokes to the audience, and then cooperates with vivid actions to make the audience laugh. I think it is a bit like the prototype of stand-up comedy. It seems simple, but in fact it depends on the performer's language skills, especially the application of "brokenness".
2. Singing (small singing, purine singing)
Singing is also called singing songs. This art form is relatively simple. It usually performs for guests before the banquet begins, mainly singing a cappella, or one person accompanies it with musical instruments. The two Jin Cuilian and his daughter in "Water Margin" are a combination of this art form. Naideweng's "Kyoto Kishen·Washeziji" records: "Singing is called a small singing, which means singing slowly and songs. It is a big hit and heavy hit, so it is called a light hit and low singing." Although this form of music is difficult to enter the elegant hall, it was very popular at that time. The Northern Song Dynasty figure we are all familiar with Li Shishi is also a leader in this field.
pictures are from the Internet
There is also a singing method called "pure singing". The singer's voice is relatively rapid and the high and lows changes are more frequent. From a professional perspective, it may be that the jump between the scales is relatively large, sometimes high and sometimes gentle. Compared with the previous tradition, it seems a bit lewd and is called "popular singing method". I think, just like when we listened to Hong Kong and Taiwan songs in the 1980s, it is called "misque sound". Representatives include Zhang Qiqi, Wang Jingnu, Zuo Xiaosi, etc.
Nadeweng's "Kyoto Kisato Vashezhongji" records: "Pur singing means singing small lyrics on the drum, driving the booing sound, playing palace tunes, and singing music. This is only a street market, so it is in the house."
also has an art form called "Koji", which is a bit like an oral performance. It mainly imitates the hawking sounds of market vendors, sings with music accompaniment, so it is also called "Ying". The representative figure of this art form is called Wen Baniang. Her performance is famous for her loud voice, real imitation, and beautiful singing style.
Song Dynasty Gao Cheng wrote Volume 9 of "Shiwu Jiyuan" and recorded: "There was a play called fruit in the market. Its original origin was called Zisu Jiubo Music Worker Du Renjing Ten was called Zishi. Anyone who sells something in the capital must have sound and rhyme, and their chants are different. Therefore, the people of the city picked up their tone and used lyrics to make them play music. Now it is popular in the world, and it is also called chanting."
3, Miscellaneous operas and Sanmu
The miscellaneous operas in the Northern Song Dynasty were very mature, and the more famous ones in the miscellaneous operas are the three categories: " Puppet Opera ", "Jiuwei Opera", and "Acrobatics".
1, puppet show
The so-called "puppet show" is very easy to understand. It is what we often call "puppet show", also called "carrying pole show". During the Northern Song Dynasty, according to the different production and performance methods of its puppet characters, there were many types of plays, including "stick-headed puppet", " hanging silk puppet ", "medicine-haired puppet", "water puppet", "meat puppet", "meat puppet", etc.
pictures from the Internet
"Standhead Puppet" is a small stage with a vertical pole, and people use their hands to perform; "Hanging Silk Puppet" is a performer who uses his hand to control the puppet to perform on the back of the scenes, using a hand-pulled wire to control the puppet for performance. This form of performance is the most ornamental, so it has been used until now; "Medicinal Puppet" uses gunpowder as a performance auxiliary, and ignites gunpowder during the performance to set off the atmosphere. This performance is still dangerous; "Water Puppet" mainly controls the puppet in the water for performance, for the needs of a certain plot; "Meat Puppet" is a performance with children pretending to be puppets, and performers must imitate the artificiality and expression of the puppet to make the body mechanized as much as possible. I think it is more like a children's drama with makeup. The more famous people in this "puppet show" field are Li Waining and Zhang Jinxian.
2, 全新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新新�
pictures are from the Internet
Volume 20 of Wu Zimu's "Dream Lianglu" Diagonal abutment records: "Jing is a different name for sumo wrestling, also called fighting and friendship."
3. Acrobatics
Acrobatics are also called "miscellaneous" or "miscellaneous music". It is a general term, and is a general term for all extraordinary skills. It reached its peak during the Tang Dynasty. Since the Northern Song Dynasty, acrobatic art began to gradually decline due to the rise of folk songs and dances. However, some projects have relatively superb skills and belong to the category of "unique skills" and are still very popular among the people.
In the Northern Song Dynasty, an institution called "Keban" was also appeared to cultivate new acrobatics, which was somewhat similar to "Taichang Temple" or "Jiaofang" in the Tang Dynasty. I think the word "Keban" we often say now may be used in the Song Dynasty, meaning "Keban".
pictures are from the Internet
In the Tang Dynasty, artists in the palace could have secretly performed among the people. After the Northern Song Dynasty, acrobatic art began to move from the palace to the people, and the people began to truly see the palace art. These artists also created a variety of new programs. With the rise of "walls and mattresses", they also provided a new stage for these artists. Among these artists, the more famous ones are Dong Shiwu, Zhao Qi, Cao Baoyi, Zhu Po'er, Feng Sengge, Wu Kuangtuo, etc.
"Sanmu" also became a popular art form among the people during the Northern Song Dynasty. "Sanmu" originally referred to the ancient dance names, including the singing and dancing of actors, etc. Later, these palace music and dances came to the folk, and "Sanmu" generally refers to folk songs and dances. Zhang Zhennu, a more famous artist in the Northern Song Dynasty.
4. Film performance
movie is a form of performance performed by the ancients using lights to develop objects. The Tangshan " shadow puppet " refers to this. In fact, it already existed in the Northern Song Dynasty. It is a very ancient form of performance. We now use electric lights. In the past, there were no electric lights, so we could only use oil lamps or pineapple. The whole scene is smoky and ignorant, which has a certain degree of pollution. The performer also needs to have a certain tolerance.
movies are divided into hand movies, shadow puppets or paper movies. The performance division of movies is very clear, and the general system is relatively large. Some people specialize in shadow puppets, some specialize in singing styles, and some specialize in music. Only by perfect cooperation can a perfect movie be performed.
hand-movie is a simple drama form that performers use their own hands to evolve various figures or animals. Through the lights, they are projected onto the front curtain to form various vivid images. With scripts and music, they form a simple dramatic form, which is very ornamental and is especially popular among children.
pictures from the Internet
Shadow puppets are made of animal skins to carve into various characters or animal images. They are generally made of donkey skins, scraping off the grease and drying the donkey skins, and then carving and coloring them. At first, they were usually carved with cardboard, but they were not durable and easily damaged. Later, animal skins were gradually made, which greatly reduced the cost of use. The more famous performer in this field is called Ding Yi.
Nadeweng's "Kyoto Kishen·Washeji" records: "All movies are carved on plain paper by people in the capital, and later they are made with colorful skins. Their words are quite the same as those who tell history books, and they are mostly mixed with real and falsehood. The loyal ones carved with their appearance, and the evil ones are ugly. This is also a play that praises and criticizes the world."
summary
The "walls and trunks" in the Northern Song Dynasty were crowded, whether it was spring, summer, autumn and winter, or windy and rainy, and every performance venue was crowded, almost every day. In addition, the Jiaofangsi and the military band went to the streets to sing and play music every day when they encountered a holiday, and allowed the people to watch it. The entertainment life of Tokyo citizens was maximized.As the promoter of cultural and entertainment activities, Jiaofangsi also regularly holds various skill training classes, which has provided a large number of performance talents to the palace and the people, and has made outstanding contributions to the development of cultural and entertainment in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Therefore, we have reason to believe that folk cultural and entertainment activities in the Northern Song Dynasty can become the "model" of various dynasties. The vigorous development of cultural and entertainment activities also reflects from one aspect that the ruling class in power is open-minded, the national policies are relaxed and the people live and work in peace and contentment.
