chapter title is a hallmark feature of ancient Chinese chapter novels.
It was born inside narrative literature. It is not only an external artistic expression form of chapter novels, but also exists as the content of chapter novels, and plays an important role in novel narratives. There are many events described in the novel
, and which ones can be favored by the author and what role they play after entering the book, all reflect the author's artistic conception of the entire work .
This article starts from the novel system with Chinese characteristics, such as chapter titles, and examines the complex relationship between chapter title settings and event narrative in "Jin Ping Mei Cihua", so as to have a deeper understanding of the author's narrative skills and creative intentions, and also provides a new perspective for the research of ancient Chinese chapter novels.
. Traceability and related research
1. Collection of words is a landmark feature of ancient Chinese chapter novels.
"Return": "Return. The mouth is like a revolving shape." [1]
implies the meaning of completion. In the chapter novel, "未" is a quantifier, which refers to a relatively complete plot unit.
"Eye": "The human eye is also. It is extended to the title of the item." [2]
From the existing historical materials, the term "Episode" is used to refer to the title of each chapter novel that appeared in modern times.
The original novels were divided into "Ze" or "Section". Although "Red" also appeared, they were not common, so that some scholars did not call "Red" but "Program" or "Section" when discussing them.
html At the beginning of the 120th century, as " Chapter 1 Blossom " was accepted by people as a genre, and chapter titles, as one of the most iconic genre characteristics of chapter novels, also became the focus of people's attention.
Many scholars have proposed that the formation of the vernacular system has an earlier origin with the Buddhist scriptures. In fact, this stems from the growth environment of the novel.
"Since Buddhism spread to Middle Earth, Indian mythology has also been imported. Looking at the Dunhuang Clips discovered in recent years, such as the Vimalakirti Sutra, Manjushri's Questions and Romance of the Romance of the Chronicles of the Song Dynasty, it is better to know that the preaching of the Song Dynasty is from the same source, and the genre of Buddhist scriptures is directly related to the later novel literature." [3]
Buddhist scriptures have a positive impact on the formation of chapter novels, and chapter titles, as the most prominent institutional feature of chapter novels, will inevitably find an earlier source in the Buddhist scriptures.
First of all, in the translated Buddhist scriptures, we can see the beginning of the chapter novel segments and sections, such as: The Lotus Sutra of the Samantabhadrava translated by Master Sanzang Kumarajiva is divided into 7 volumes and 28 pieces. Volume 1 contains "Sample First" and "Convenience Second", Volume 2 contains "Metaphorical Third", "Faith Interpretation Fourth", etc.
Although each piece has a parallel relationship, the content is independent, and the order can be reversed, this form of using "Profile" to divide the chapters into paragraphs has some similarities with the "Reply" in the chapter novels later.
Secondly, we can also find the original form of the purpose in the change text. For example, although the "Double Grace" has been lost, we can still see the titles with ordered numbers such as "Double Grace Records Three", "Buddha's Sutra Repayment Seven", and "Repayment Simplified Sutra Repayment Simplified Sutra Repayment Simplified Sutra Repayment Simplified Sutra Repayment Simplified Sutra Repayment Simplified Sutra Repayment Simplified Sutra Repayment Simplified Sutra Repayment Simplified Sutra Repayment Simplified Sutra Repayment Simplified Sutra" from it.
Of course, these similar titles are very different from those of chapter novels, but their sectional role undoubtedly sets a precedent for chapter-by-sectional replies.
. The Song and Yuan dynasties are more directly related to the purpose of the work, especially the long-length chapter of the history episode .
"Talking history cannot be done once or twice, but it must be said several times in a row. Each time it is said, it is equivalent to a later chapter. Before each lecture, the main content must be revealed to the audience with the title. This is the origin of the chapter novel."[4]
At this time, although the form of historical storytelling is not a common example, the traces are relatively obvious, and it is mainly expressed through three ways: negative text, picture title and catalog.
negative text black background and white characters, some of which have the function of prompting the following story plot. "This type of negative text is actually the title of the section" [5]. There are many negative text titles such as " Guan Gong Thousand Miles to Walk Alone" in "". The title of the picture, as the name suggests, is the title of the picture.
historical storytelling book, there are many illustrations in the picture, and there is a title next to the picture. The title of each page is basically consistent with the main content of the page, and is considered to be There are functions of subdivisions and summary content.
Of course, there are also some historical storytelling texts without negative texts or graphic titles, but we can see many wonderful subtitles that summarize plots from the catalog of the first edition of the volume. For example, there are 293 titles in the catalog of "Xuanhe Yishi" and 107 titles in the catalog of "Tang Shi Pinghua".
From a functional perspective, most of them have the function of plot summary, similar to the purpose of the chapter novels in the chapter novels, but there are few words that represent the ordinal number of chapter novels that are common in chapter novels.
In fact, as we have seen at present, they are the closest to the chapter system. It is necessary to say the scriptures "The Talk of the Three Treasures of the Tang Dynasty to obtain the scriptures". The volume of "The Talk of the Three Treasures of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of Before each episode, there is quite a difference in the relatively neat and unified form, but its potential impact on the purpose of the chapter novel is self-evident.
In addition, the purpose of the chapter novel novel is also closely related to the correcting of the title of the Yuan Zaju .
The title of the title of the Yuan Zaju script is one of the external expression forms of the Yuan Zaju script. Although the end of the play is different, it is unquestionable that it bears the literary function of "stating the plot summary and determining the name of the script" [7].
Early chapter novels also directly use the title of the Yuan Zaju as a chapter.
Urh Andy believes that the chapter of the first relatively mature chapter novel in my country, "The seven-character sentence used seems to imitate the Yuan Zaju using a seven-character sentence in the ending couplet as the play" [8].
At the same time, judging from the existing Yuan Zaju scripts, although some only have "titles", some only have "correct names", and some have both, they are basically presented in the form of two or four sentences. It has to be said that this also provides reference for the transition from single sentences to even sentences in the chapter novel's chapter.
Of course, poetry, parallel prose, couplets, etc. have more or less impact on the development of the form of chapter title. Some scholars believe that the form of chapter title seven-character has a lot to do with "Qingshuo Gao Annotation", "Green Window News", " Zizhi Tongjian Gangmu ", etc. For example, in "Novels" Study, Jiang Ruizao believes that the form of chapter novels in chapter title novels is to imitate the characteristics of the "seven-character Objective" of books such as "Qingshuo Gao Annotation" and "Xuanhe Literary" [9];
Zhou Lanka pointed out in the foreword to the proofreading of "Green Window Newspaper" that the book "Green Window Newspaper" first used the "seven-character chapter and two-character chapter into a pair" [10], which became a precedent for the dual form of the classical novels later;
Hu Haiyi proposed in "The Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode of the Episode
can be seen that the purpose of the work has a long and complex process, which is the result of the joint action of multiple factors. It is far-fetched and one-sided explanation just from a certain style or a certain work.
But it is undeniable that whether it is explained from Buddhist scriptures and poetry, or from the correct name of the Song and Yuan sermons and Yuan zaju, the birth of the purpose is closely related to traditional narrative literature. It itself has narrative nature. Sections and segments are the initial reason for its setting, and summarizing the plot is its most primitive narrative function.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, as the chapter novels developed and matured, the chapters also received more and more attention from the authors. Taking my country's first relatively mature long-line novel "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" as an example, the chapter form of
Jiajing is neat, not only accurately summarizes the plot of the chapter, but also has a very particular wording; Li Zhuowu's commentary combines the two sections into one chapter, and the chapter sentences change from a single sentence to a double sentence, and the content changes from one event to two events, and the narrative function is greatly enhanced;
, in order to pursue the expression effect of "making great efforts and using the purpose of those who are happy (reading)" [12], he also made drastic changes to the chapter with the standards of "coordination" and "dualism" and changed the chapter that was originally absent into a parallelism.
It can be seen that in the purpose of the chapter novel, people have begun to deliberately pursue the beauty of form, so that it transcends the function of simply summarizing the plot, and considers the corresponding events in the chapter more precisely. But it should be noted that judging from the existing chapter novel texts, chapter titles do not strictly develop according to the logic of going from single sentences to even sentences, from asymmetry to symmetry, and from rough to exquisite.
Take "Jin Ping Mei Cihua" as an example. It was born after "Water Margin". It was originally a tree to grow flowers. However, compared with the harmonious tone and neat parallelism of the chapter "Water Margin", there are 11 chapters in the 100 chapters of "Jin Ping Mei Cihua" and two sentences have uneven words.
This is the difference in the pros and cons of the pros and cons of the pros and cons of the pros and cons of the pros and cons, but the narrative effect on the pros and cons is not greatly affected.
As Yu Pingbo said: "In terms of the chapter, the pen is very small and every meaning is expressed in detail, which implies that the readers are just like the finishing touch of the painting and flying away. It is not just about the facts!" [13]
As the chapter novel creation matures and finalizes, the author gradually hides his identity in the narrative, no longer acts as an omniscient narrative role, directly appears in the narrative world of the work, and the chapter also begins to internalize it into an important part of the novel narrative world.
When setting up the chapter, the author not only noticed its most primitive role in segmenting and summarizing the plot, but also used the chapter to lyrics, satirize, describe scenes, shape characters, convey ideas, etc. Of course, in the creation of literary works, there is no fixed pattern to date, but no matter which chapter or chapter is first or chapter, it does not affect our discussion of chapter narrative nature.The events contained in the chapter
are not only the embodiment of the author's overall artistic conception, but also the embodiment of the author's emotions and intentions. Therefore, the chapter also participates in the narrative world of the novel, carrying functions that other elements of the novel cannot be replaced.
It is, but not just an external artistic expression form of chapter novels. It was born and grew up in narrative literature, undertakes certain narrative functions, and has an implicit or obvious connection with the narrative world of the main text.
"Anyone who writes novels should not be hasty when writing a novel. The meticulousness of the novel is most related to the value of the whole book and the readers' feelings." [14]
Chapter 1 The novel describes complex events, and the specific events to be selected are within the scope of the artistic conception of the novel. It requires careful design by the author, which is the embodiment of the author's narrative skills and creative intentions.
年13
年1月彩官网文文
However, the issue of chapters in ancient Chinese chapters has not yet attracted widespread attention from the academic community. Articles that study chapters from the perspective of narrative are mostly concentrated in " Dream of Red Mansions ". Although it also gives useful inspiration to the academic community and the writing of this article, it can be seen that the poverty and urgent need to be strengthened in this academic issue.
"Jin Ping Mei" is the first long-chapter novel independently created by a literati in the history of Chinese literature. There are two important version systems, namely, lyrics and embroidered images, and the chapters and contents of the two are also different.
There are different theories in the academic community to address the sequence and relationship issues of the two versions. By reading relevant materials and comparing the episodes and plots of the two versions, we tend to think that the lyrics and verbal version is in front of the embroidered image book, and the two are "father-son relationship".
embroidered image was revised based on the vocabulary book. During the revision process, the chapters, poems before the chapters and some chapters were changed, and some chapters were even deleted and modified significantly, which caused the narrative content and ideological tendencies of the novel to undergo corresponding changes.
Therefore, this article selects the chapter of the word and speech book that is closer to the original appearance of the work as the research object. Of course, sometimes, for the need for argumentation, it is inevitable to involve embroidered images.
There are few results on the study of "Jin Ping Mei" [15], and they mainly focus on the comparison of the purpose of the chapter between different versions, especially the discussion on the key issues of the chapter and narrative content, the narrative strategy and creative intention reflected in the chapter settings are still blank.
Therefore, this article takes the chapter of "Jin Ping Mei Cihua" as the object of investigation. Starting from the relationship between the chapter and the event, it conducts an in-depth analysis of the narrative strategies and narrative functions contained in the chapter, finds out the connection between the chapter and the narrative skills of the work, understands the author's creative intentions, and further appreciates the unique artistic charm of Chinese classical novels.
. The relationship between the episode event and the main event
As far as novel works are concerned, the plot is an important part, and the event is the basis for the plot. An event is a narrative unit, which is often composed of "the narrative character behavior and its consequences" [16].
In "Jin Ping Mei Ci", such as " Pan Jinlian Speak of love for men", " Wang Pozi greedy for bribery and saying the charm of a person", etc., a sentence is a matter of expression.
"Jin Ping Mei" Illustrations This book movie
These events are often composed of several levels, such as "Xue Sao'er says to marry Meng Yulou ", which can also be further divided into Xue Sao'er looking for Ximen Qing saying marriage, Ximen Qing bought gifts to go to the house of Yang's girl, Ximen Qing and Meng Yulou met and booked a ceremony and a date of marriage, etc.
chapter novel has a long length and rich plot. Each episode consists of several events, and even events are confusing, which is dazzling.But generally, only two events can be embedded in the chapter in the form of a couplet. In this way, the relationship between the chapter event and the chapter event will vary greatly and be colorful due to the different choices of the author.
Zhang Zhupo talked about the relationship between the chapter events and the main text in "The Reading of the First Strange Book of Jin Ping Mei" and said:
" "The 100 chapters of " Jin Ping " are all two pairs of compositions, and the combination of the title is two hundred things. However, there are two things in the first chapter, and one word is used to celebrate the festival; there are two things in the first chapter, and a bamboo shoot is secretly passing by. For example, the tiger in the Xuantan is used. There are two things and two paragraphs, and those who write the previous part, that is, write the next part, and then finish the first part, and then finish the second part. There are two things that are involved in the intricate writing, and some people who write other things. In short, take the two things in the picture as the main points, and you will know it by playing it carefully. "[17]
Of course, what Zhang Zhupo refers to here is an embroidered image book. In fact, in the lyrics and words book, the episode book is not just the "one episode and two events" of the traditional chapter system, and the episode book is not all the main points of the plot.
Zhang Zhupo criticized the first strange book "Jin Ping Mei·Zhu Po Gossip"
discusses the relationship between the chapters of "Jin Ping Mei Ci" and events, which can mainly start from the two levels of explicitness and implicitness.
explicit level refers to the relationship between the chapter events and the main text events in the literal and text, such as whether the chapter events are events described in detail in the text, whether the chapter events refer to the same event in the text, whether the chapter events are consistent with the chapter events described in the text, etc.;
implicit level refers to the deep meaning implicit in the chapter events, how the author unravels the many events in the text, and selects two events from them to embed them into the chapter, which is related to the creative intention and narrative effect of the work.
Since the birth of the novel of the chapter, the chapter has been placed before the main text, and it plays an important role in prompting or summarizing the main story of the chapter.
From the perspective of the original function of the recall, the review event should be the key event that should be recalled. But in fact, as the writing skills of chapter novels become more mature, the review event is not limited to the key event that should be recalled. In this way, the review event and the main event will show a variety of relationships.
1, the text of the article corresponds to each other
In the process of gradually maturity and stereotype, the most obvious thing is that "each chapter must be based on the dual duality of each other" [18], using pairs of opposite sentences.
Although the purpose form of the "Jin Ping Mei Cihua" is relatively rough, and the number of words for each episode can vary from "six words", "seven words", "eight words" or even "nine words", they also use pairs of sentences, that is, the main text of the chapter is summarized in the form of an odd sentence.
Correspondingly, most episodes are events that are more ink in the main text, and should occupy a large amount of space. According to rough statistics, in the 100 chapters of "Jin Ping Mei Cihua", nearly 80 chapters of the episodes are repeatedly described in detail in the main text.
However, there are many events in the text of the novel, and each episode has several events that are described in detail. The episode events are therefore different from the many events in the text.
Some chapters are relatively compact in content and can be divided into two parts, the two parts after segmentation contain one central event, and the other secondary events only exist as interludes or auxiliary to these two central events.
When setting the chapter, the author selects these two central events as the previous and next sentences of the chapter purpose. At this time, the chapter event and the center event of the text show a complete correspondence relationship.
For example, the first chapter "Jingyanggang Wu Song beat tigers, Pan Jinlian complained about her husband selling romantic love" [19],
Chapter 15 "The beauty smiles and enjoys the lantern building, and the friend helps prostitute Li Chunyuan",
Chapter 22 "Ximen Qing privately comes to be a prosperous wife, Chunmei scolds Li Ming seriously",
Chapter 30 "Come to protect and send a birthday bonfire, Ximen Qing's son is happy to be the official",
Chapter 89 "With the new grave on Qingming Festival, Wu Yueniang mistakenly enters Yongfu Temple", etc.
The two events involved in the previous and next sentences of the chapter respectively occupy nearly half of the chapter. The two events in the chapter together are the complete story content of the chapter.
, and some chapters are mixed, and multiple events are described in one chapter, and the description length of these events is relatively balanced, and there is no big difference. However, it is determined by the form of the special sentence of the chapter, and only two events can be selected from them. At this time, the chapter events and the many events in the main text appear as partially corresponding relationship.
For example, in Chapter 25, "Xue'e revealed the love of a butterfly bee, and came to Wang drunk and slander Ximen Qing", in addition to the incident of the incident, it also describes the incident of Yue Niang and others playing swings in the garden;
Chapter 31, "The boy with a zither hidden a pot and looked at the jade flute, and Ximen Qing held a banquet and had a wedding banquet", the main text also describes the incident of Wu Dianen borrowing money in detail before the incident;
Chapter 35, "Ximen Qing held a hatred and blamed peace, and the book boy made up and persuaded guests to have sex", the main text also describes the incident of the incident of the incident, and there is also a detailed description of the incident of the incident of the incident.
Another example is the 44th chapter "Wu Yueniang stays at Sister Li Gui, and Ximen Qing is drunk and picks up Xia Huaer". In addition to the incident of the episode, the incident also included Li Guijie instigating Xia Huaer, Li Ping'er and Wu Yin'er playing chess with her.
In this type of chapter, in addition to the chapter events, the novel also contains several events that are equivalent to the chapter events description. For these events that appear in the same chapter, which two events can be favored by the author to enter the chapter are required to be repeatedly considered by the author. At the same time, what kind of events are selected also reflects the author's artistic conception. This is also the reason why the embroidered image book modify some chapters of the vocabulary book during the revision process. The details will be discussed later and will not be discussed in detail here.
2. Episode emphasis The main text is
Generally speaking, the event displayed in each chapter novel in the chapter novel should be an important or exciting event of the episode, and should be described in detail in the text.
However, in "Jin Ping Mei Cihua", some chapter events occupy very little space in the text, and are only mentioned in one or two hundred or even twenty words in one stroke. This situation that is deliberately emphasized in the chapter but is understateed in the text is as many as eleven chapters in the 100 chapters of "Jin Ping Mei Cihua".
For example, "Ximen Qing fights against the second one", in terms of length, it is not the event that should be described in the main text. The novel uses only 71 words to summarize the process and result of Ximen Qing fighting against the second one in the criminal court;
From the perspective of the content of the incident, it is not a wonderful event that should be recalled. But looking at the overall layout of the novel, it plays an important role. Since then, Han Er has never appeared in the process of Ximen Qing and Wang Liuer's lust, clearing the obstacles for the two of them indulging in desire in the future, and laying the groundwork for Ximen Qing's greed death.
also triggered readers' thinking, will Han Er's affair with Wang Liuer come to an end after being beaten? This leaves suspense for the novel and promotes the further development of the plot. At the end of the novel, Han Er appears. He meets Han Aixiao on the way and then goes to Huzhou . Later, he becomes a couple with Wang Liuer, and their affair ends.
As Zhang Zhupo commented before the reply:
The person who beats the thug is trying to leave it aside so that he can communicate with Ximen. Of course, it must be written that there are traitors who are ahead of others, one is a painting of Taoism, one is a painting of six children, one is a constellation of bamboo shoots that meet in a hundred rounds. Huzhou raises six children to achieve the ambition of loving my sister.However, if Han Er suddenly abandoned his old love and looked at him? Therefore, Wang Liu'er was used to make a fuss and Ximen Qing fought, so that he could put it away and make trouble. When the money is fleeing far away, you can use it to let it come again. [20]
In addition, in the sixth chapter, "Ximen Qing buys instructions He Jiu , Wang Po encounters heavy rain when he drinks wine", the next sentence of the chapter is the incident of Wang Po singing songs for Ximen Qing and Pan Jinlian, hiding from rain, and getting wet clothes on the way to buy vegetables.
But if you look closely at the second half of the chapter, Wang Po only used more than 200 words to simply describe it when he encounters rain. In fact, it is the incident of Pan Jinlian singing songs and the matter with Ximen Qing.
"Jin Ping Mei" comic strip
However, Wang Po's reply here is not an idle stroke, but it is actually the following Wen Wu Song's return due to the continuous delay of the rain. Wu Song Gui Chi left enough time for Ximen Qing to marry Yulou and Jinlian. As Zhang Zhupo said: "Wu's second brother came late and Jinlian married, but Wu's second brother came late, and he married before he married Jinlian. Yulou is also more than generous. Otherwise, if you can't marry Jinlian, let alone Yulou!" [21]
Furthermore, like the 28th chapter "Ximen Qing angrily beats the iron stick", the novel only summarizes this matter in 56 words, but emphasizes it in the chapter, because "written by slapping the iron stick, seeing that Ximen is fascinated by color, and the golden lotus has been curled up by evil roots and cannot be shaken, so he acts boldly, resulting in economic affairs" [22].
Similar to this, there are also chapter 9 " Wudutou Error beating Li Waichuan", chapter 18 "Chen Jingyuan Purchasing Worker", chapter 18 "Meng Yulou Yi persuaded Wu Yueniang", chapter 2
Chapter 20 "Wu Yueniang sweeping snow and cooking tea", chapter 12
Chapter 23 "Yu Xiao Watching the Wind and Moon Room", chapter 12
Chapter 45 "Gui Jieyang Stays in the Summer Flowers, chapter 12 "Yu Niang Shou Huan, Yueniang scolds Dai'an in anger", chapter 12
Chapter 52 "Pan Jinlian Garden Watching Mushrooms", chapter 12.
"Jin Ping Mei" comic strip
above lists the chapters. At least one of the two events in each chapter is underestimated by the author in the text, which is intentional by the author. Because these episode events that are abbreviated in the text are not the main events that should be recalled, or the subject of the event is not the main characters of the novel, there is no need to write down the entire process of the event in the novel.
But at the same time, they are all key events that determine the fate of the main characters or the entire narrative process, which is related to the overall plot design and character portrayal of the novel.
In order to avoid readers ignoring these unfocused events when reading novel texts, the author deliberately highlighted them in his chapter to emphasize its importance.
This certainly creates a pattern of highlighting and lightly scribing the text, but from the perspective of artistic conception and artistic effect, it reflects to a certain extent Lanling Xiaoxiaosheng's breakthrough in the traditional reading system.
3, two sentences of dividing the mind, the same thing as the text
In the 62nd chapter of "Jin Ping Mei Cihua", Li Ping'er always dreamed of Hua Zixu coming to seek his life after being seriously ill. Ximen Qing invited Taoist Pan to relieve the robber, but still failed to save Ping'er's life. Li Ping'er died and Ximen Qing cried.
"Jin Ping Mei" comic strip
This episode is very concentrated and closely revolves around Li Ping'er's death. Although the chapter title is "Master Pan explained the sacrifice of the Lantern Festival, Ximen Qing cried Li Ping'er", it seems to describe two events, but in fact, the events contained in the previous and next sentences are a close whole, that is, the same event.
Zhang Zhupo keenly discovered this. Before replying, he commented: "This chapter is the most difficult to write. Although the title is two sentences, it is a series of things.”[23]
. There are many similar situations in "Jin Ping Mei Cihua", the list is as follows:
Order | Return to | Return to title | Text event | Concerning character clue | |
Chapter 13 | Li Ping'er partition wall secret Welcome to the spring girl peeks at the gap and steals light | Ximen Qing and Li Ping'er You Will | group, one | ||
|
|
| Chen Jin Because of the shoe drama of Jinlian Ximen Qing angrily beats the iron stick | Pan Jinlian throws shoes under the grape rack | A group, one |
| Chapter 42 | Haojia blocks the door and plays fireworks Guikes and high-rise buildings drunk Lights | First month Fourteen night sets fireworks watch lanterns | group, one | |
| | Wang Liuer talks about things and wealth Ximen Qing is stolen and abused | Miao Qing kills the main case | a group, one |
| Chapter 59 | Ximen Qing fell to death Snow Lion Li Ping'er cried bitterly, the boss | Guan Ge'er's death | group, one |
|
| Chapter 62 | htt ml1 Taoist Pan explained the sacrifice of the Lantern Hall Ximen Qing cried Li Pinger | Li Pinger's death | A group, one |
htt ml17 | Chapter 63 | Family and friends celebrate the banquet Ximen Qing's viewing of the play Li Ping | Li Pinger's first seven | a group, one | |
|
| Chapter 73 | Pan Jinlian is not angry and blows the flute Sister Yu sings for five nights | Meng Yulou birthday party | A group, one |
| |||||
| |||||
| Chapter 95 | Peaceful theft fake She Sao Qiao Ji talks about human feelings | Peaceful theft case | group, one |
The characters involved in the previous and next sentences listed in the above table are basically the same group, and the events described basically extend downwards along a clue. From the chapter, the previous and next sentences seem to describe two events. In fact, they are inseparable in the main text, that is, the chapter is divided into two sentences and the content is real.
Japanese "Jin Ping Mei" illustration book The Japanese "Jin Ping Mei" illustration book
The reason is that when setting up the chapter, the author must consider the compactness of the main plot and the form of the chapter and the synopsis.
In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the creation of chapter novels developed to a mature stage. The author also paid more attention to the purpose of novel chapters. It must not only accurately and concisely cover the chapter content, but also adopt the form of a couplet, and even require the first and second sentences to be consistent and stable, but also take into account the balance of length between chapters, etc.
For "Jin Ping Mei Cihua", some chapters have very concentrated plots, and a large amount of space in one chapter expresses the same central event. When setting up the chapter, the author has to split the central event in order to pursue the beauty of the couplet form, and extract two small events as the chapter titles. This shows that the two events shown in the chapter titles are the same clues and express the same content.
Of course, there are also some sentences in the chapter that splits a key event in the chapter based on the consideration of narrative purpose.
No matter what, these split episodes seem to be their own, but in fact they point to the same center, which plays a role in strengthening the main content of the chapter.
Like Chapter 63 "Friends and Friends Memorial Ceremony and Feasting, Ximen Qing feels Li Ping when watching the play", it is described that Ximen Qing is the first seventh for Li Ping'er. On the evening, all relatives and friends come to accompany him. Ximen Qing called a group of Haiyan children to act in opera. During the listening process, he felt it in his heart and cried.
"Jin Ping Mei" illustration·Wife and concubine play with lights
"Holding a banquet" and "watching the play" are both activities for Ping'er at the first seventh hour. Split these two small events and look at them separately, which can further highlight the grand and livelyness of Ping'er at the first seventh hour.
This type of episode is also found in "Dream of Red Mansions". For example, in the fourth chapter, "The girl who is not destined to meet the pity of the gourd, and the monk who is not destined to be judged by the gourd case", the episode should be split from the gourd case that Jia Yucun cuts into and becomes the previous and next sentences of the episode, which can further highlight the pitiful life experience of Zhen Yinglian.
4, other
Relatively speaking, the chapters of "Jin Ping Mei Cihua" are rough and not refined enough. In addition to the above three situations, the relationship between the chapter and the plot in the novel has the following two manifestations.
First, the order of the previous and next sentences of the chapter is reversed with the order of plot development. For example, in Chapter 51, "Yue Niang listens to the acting of Vajra, Sister Gui hides in the Ximen House". The plot is first about Li Guijieyang and Ximen Qing talking about the story and hiding in the Ximen House. The next day, Wu Yueniang listens to the Dharma with everyone. This situation is only one example, and it is obvious that the author’s inadequate consideration when setting up the chapter.
Second, the plot is inaccurate. For example, in Chapter 16 "Ximen Qing seeks money to marry a wife", it is only the marriage date but has not married Ping'er;
Chapter 55 "Miao Yuanwai Yangzhou Send a song boy", Miao Yuanwai is from Yangzhou, but sending a song boy is in Tokyo;
Chapter 85 "Sister Xue sells spring plums on the moonlit night", "Sister Xue just took Chunmei away at night, and only a few days later took Chunmei dressed up and sold it to the garrison palace.
Similar to the 33rd chapter "The Korean Taoist country is fighting for the battle", the 93rd chapter "The Taoist priest Ren caused trouble for money", etc.
"Jin Ping Mei" Illustration·Ximen Qing holds a birthday party
However, some of the above chapters that seem to be inaccurate in outlines have an important supplementary effect on the main plot, revealing the author's implication.
For example, in Chapter 16, "Ximen Qing seeks money to marry a wife", it can be clearly seen from the chapter that Ximen Qing first married Li Ping'er, and to a greater extent, he was greedy for her "bringing a good money";
Chapter 93, "Ren Taoist Maestro caused trouble for money" can also be seen as Ren Taoist , taking economics as a disciple, was a gift given by Wang Xing'an, and the more direct reason why he died "stirred" was that he saw the softness in the bag being stolen.
So from this point of view alone, we cannot deny its value because of its rough purpose.
. Functions of the entry event
In the two major versions of the "Jin Ping Mei" vocabulary book and the embroidered image book, there are only 10 chapters of the entry of the entry that is exactly the same. During the revision process, the embroidered image book not only changes to the entry of the entry of the entry that is not accurate in the summary of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of the entry of
Of course, some of these changes are based on the content of the novel, but more changes are attributed to the differences in the ideological tendencies of the two.
, as in Chapter 18, the lyrics are "come to protect the Tokyo Officer, Chen Jinyuan Mansion Mansion Mansion Mansion to "Bully the West Gate to Get Rid of Disaster, and see the beautiful girl and be respectful and fascinated";
, the lyrics are "The lyrics are "Wu Daoguan welcomes the funeral and presents his true face, and the Censor Song makes a fortune to invite Liu Huang", the embroidered statue is "I wish to have funerals in the same cave at the same time, and keep the lonely spirit in the middle of the night to smell the fat fragrance", etc.
It can be seen that when revising the chapter, the embroidered image book focuses more on the focus on events such as indulgence and lust. As Tian Xiaofei said in "Qiu Shuitang On Jin Ping Mei": "Although the chapters of the embroidered image book are often neater than the words and words, they are often more erotic." [24] "Any event plays a certain role in the work. But the relationship and role of each event in the story are not exactly the same." [25],
The function of the so-called event refers to the important role played by this event in the narrative of the entire novel, and the events included in the purpose of the episode can often highlight the narrative content of the novel, deepen the creative theme of the work, and strengthen the narrative effect of the work.
1. Deepen the main theme of admonition
Liang Zhangju of the Qing Dynasty said in "Wine, Sex and Finance":
"Now people are taking wine, sex, wealth and energy as the four precepts, no one knows the beginning. According to the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Yang Bing once said calmly: 'I have three things to do, wine and wealth, wine and money, and I am not sure what it is. According to the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Yang Bing once said calmly: 'I have three things to do, wine and money, , color. ’Wang Yi’s "Huachuan Ju Ci" says: ‘Money is the well where the body is trapped; color is the axe that harms the body; wine is the medicine that poisons the intestines. If a person can make a warning from these three things, it may be less disasters.’ In ancient times, there were three precepts. I don’t know when to add a word of Qi, which probably started with the Ming people. ”[26]
Wealth, color, alcohol is the source of disasters and loss of life for the merchants. There are many examples of them chanting in popular literature of the Ming Dynasty.
"Jin Ping Mei" comic strip
"Jin Ping Mei Ci" "is inspiring the customs of the times". Almost all of the book is arranged around "wealth, sex, alcohol and alcohol", depicting the countless beings who are indulged in it, and using the tragic endings of several of the main characters to advise people to stay away from wealth, sex, alcohol and alcohol.
is the eyes of the chapter novel. The episode events are generally important events in the novel. The author always intends to select a large number of events about wealth, sex, alcohol and alcohol to highlight the narrative content of the novel, convey the creative theme of wealth, sex, alcohol and alcohol causing disasters, and advise people not to be greedy for money, sex, alcohol and alcohol.
Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the development of the commodity economy, people's pursuit of material desires and worship of money have reached a level of fanaticism, and there are also corresponding manifestations in literary works of this period.
Almost all the stories in "Jin Ping Mei Cihua" are related to money, and the behaviors and even fates of many characters in the novel are closely linked to money.
Wang Po died of his head cut by Wu Song, which is a typical example of causing trouble because of money. The author has repeatedly highlighted this point through the review incident. For example, in the second chapter, "Wang Pozi greedy for bribes and saying "the charm of her", she proposed to Ximen Qing for money to hook up with Pan Jinlian;
Chapter 86 "Wang Po married Jinlian for selling profits", Yue Niang asked Wang Po to take Jinlian out to marry her, Wang Po raised the price and held Pan Jinlian in his hand and refused to marry her for a while;
Chapter 87 "Wang Pozi greedy for money and received retribution", she finally agreed to marry Jinlian to Wu Song because she was greedy for Wu Song's 100 taels of silver and five taels of silver, and agreed to marry Jinlian to Wu Song, but she never thought that she would also take her life and get retribution.
"Jin Ping Mei" comic strip
Furthermore, like Li Jiaoer, in the 80th chapter "Li Jiaoer steals money and returns to the courtyard", Ximen Qing's body was not cold, and the coffin was not yet prepared. As Ximen Qing's second concubine, Li Jiaoer began to steal money while taking advantage of the chaos and steals things through Li Ming. After everything was ready, she found a reason to make a big fuss. In the end, she was sent back to the brothel by Yue Niang, and came and stole money and left. The love between the couple was so weak in front of money.
In addition, there is also the sixth chapter "Ximen Qing buys advice He Jiu", the 47th chapter "Wang Liuer talks about things and seeks wealth", the 93th chapter "Ren Taoist priest causes trouble for money", etc.
"Friends and friends have lost their morality because of money, and father and son have lost their feelings for profit and loss." Lanling Xiaoxiaosheng realized the sin of money and included these events in the eyes to highlight them to achieve the purpose of warning the world.
Erotic description is a major feature of "Jin Ping Mei Cihua", and the episode events naturally include many erotic events.
Like Chapter 27 "Li Ping'er whispers about Jade Pavilion, Pan Jinlian drunk and stirred up the grape trellis", Chapter 29 "Pan Jinlian Lan Tang Wu Fight",
Chapter 50 "The piano boy listens to the joy of swallows and orioles, Dai'an plays on the butterfly alley",
Chapter 52 "Yingbin's Cave Plays with Spring Gorgeous, Pan Jinlian Garden looks at mushrooms",
Chapter 77 "Ximen Qing walks through the snow to visit the love moon, Ben Sisan leans on the wall and looks forward to the good time",
Chapter 78 "Ximen Qing fights with Mrs. Lin",
Chapter 82 "Pan Jinlian steals the moonlit night, Chen Jinlian paints the house with both beauty", etc.
"Jin Ping Mei" illustration·Ximen Qing's death
Especially in Chapter 79 "Ximen Qing's greed gets sick", it directly points out through the chapter that the fundamental cause of Ximen Qing's death lies in "color". Looking at the greedy people in the novel, they basically die from bad luck, and most of them are in their prime. As the saying goes, "It is easy for families to disperse when they commit adultery, but it is difficult to cure the medicine for sexual intercourse." In the novel, the author links greed and sexual intercourse with prodigality and death, so as to warn the world to see how powerful "sex" is.
"Wine" is almost always available in "Jin Ping Mei Cihua".
According to statistics, there are as many as 31 types of wine in the novel, and the word "wine" appears about 2,100 times. There are many incidents about drinking or getting into trouble because of drunkenness. There are seven in the chapters alone, namely
Chapter 6 "Wang Po encounters heavy rain when he drinks,"
Chapter 25 "Lai Wang Zhui Slander Ximen Qing",
Chapter 27 "Pan Jinlian is drunk and plays with the grape trellis",
Chapter 31 "Ximen Qing holds a banquet and eats wedding wine",
Chapter 42 "Gui Guests are drunk and enjoying the lanterns in the high-rise buildings",
Chapter 94 "Liu Er is drunk and beats Chen Jin",
Chapter 99 "Liu Er is drunk and scolds Wang Liuer", etc. "Wine damages the spirit and ruins the family." These wine-related incidents are either linked to erotic scenes or connected with fighting and death, which are filled with sin and terror, so as to advise people not to be greedy for alcohol.
"Jin Ping Mei" porcelain board drawing
"Don't let strong beams show off their skills, swing their fists and roll up their sleeves to make their spirits. When they get angry, they will be angry and frightened, and then they will be worried about the disaster." This is the chant of "qi" in the "Four Corrupt Ci" published at the beginning of the volume of "Jin Ping Mei Ci". It can be seen that the "qi" referred to by the author is the anger and competitive spirit in the heart.
Read the text carefully and you will find that the "qi" in the novel is almost closely related to wealth, sex and wine. The author also pays great attention to this when selecting events.
For example, in the seventh chapter, "Miss Yang scolds Zhang Si's uncle" is for wealth,
Chapter 58 "Have jealousy of the golden lotus and beats autumn chrysanthemums" is for color,
Chapter 34 "Peace and hatred pokes the tongue" is for wine, etc.
Someone killed others by venting their anger. For example, in the fourth chapter, "Yun Ge is not angry in the tea shop", Yun Ge got a basket of pears and went to the teahouse to find Ximen Qing to buy it. Wang Po was afraid that he would disturb Ximen Qing's engagement and block it. The two of them became more and more angry and started fighting each other. After being beaten, Yun Ge had nowhere to vent his anger, so he went to Wu Da to reveal that Jinlian and Ximen Qing had an affair. Wu Da captured the adultery, and Jinlian and Ximen's personal relationship was exposed, so he continued to do it and ended up Wu Da. In this sense, Yun Ge vented his anger and Wu Da also had a lot to do and Wu Da's death.
"Jin Ping Mei" comic strip
Some people also get angry for some reason and lose their own lives, such as Chapter 14 "Hua Zixu is lost due to his energy", Chapter 60 "Li Ping'er gets sick due to his secret energy", etc.
Some people also suffer from bad consequences because of venting their anger. For example, in Chapter 99, "Zhang Sheng killed Chen Jin" when Zhang Sheng was angry when he heard the economic pokes, and he killed Chen Jin Jin, but he was eventually killed by Ang Lee.
In short, there are many people in "Jin Ping Mei Cihua" who fight, cause trouble or even die due to anger, and there are as many as 15 places that are presented through the chapters.
The author highlighted this in his selection of the episode, intending to strengthen his intention to show off his strength and be competitive, not only harm others, but also end up suffering from bad consequences.
2, strengthening narrative effect
narrative effect, as the name suggests, is to achieve a certain narrative purpose or play a certain role in novel narrative narrative through narrative strategies such as language, perspective, and time and space conversion.
As a rhetorical technique, it has also become an important narrative strategy commonly used by the authors to pursue the narrative effect of their works in "Jin Ping Mei Cihua".
Read the chapter of "Jin Ping Mei Cihua", you will find that Lanling Xiaoxiaosheng pays great attention to parallelism in the selection of chapter events. He selects events with positive, opposition, and flowing relationships from the many events in the text to enhance the narrative effect of the work.
(1) Enhance the irony of narrative
Direct event means that the events selected in the previous and next sentences of the chapter correspond to each other in content and complement each other, and are similar in meaning.
As in Chapter 32, "Li Guijie worships her mother and recognizes her daughter, and she responds to the time when the count is making jokes." Sister Gui recognizes her mother and the count jokes respectively show the prostitutes and gangsters' tendency to be attracted by each other. The two events contrast with each other in the same chapter, and the ironic effect is greatly enhanced.
Chapter 50 "The Qin Tong listens to the joy of the swallows and orioles, and Dai'an plays in the Butterfly Alley". Qin Tong and Dai'an are Ximen Qing's personal servants. The first sentence of the chapter is to eavesdrop on the incident of Ximen Qing and Wang Liu'er taking medicine under the window. The next sentence is to choose Dai'an and Qin Tong go to Butterfly Alley to hang out with prostitutes. The previous sentence is to choose erotic incidents. From eavesdropping to imitation, it highlights that the Ximen family's inappropriate family traditions lead to the upward and downward effects.
Another example is the 39th chapter "Ximen Qing Yuhuang Temple held a ceremony, Wu Yueniang listened to nuns' lectures" and the 57th chapter "The Taoist elder recruited to practice Yongfu Temple, and Xue Guzi persuaded the Sharatura Sutra". Both chapters are written in the first half of the chapter, and the second half of the chapter is written in Buddhism. The former is the Taoist rituals in the previous sentence, and the next sentence is the Buddhist preaching; the latter is the Taoist rituals in the previous sentence, and the next sentence is the Taoist rituals in the next sentence, and the next sentence is the Buddhist preaching; the latter is the Taoist rituals in the previous sentence, and the next sentence is the Buddhist sutra, and the two are reflected in the chapter.
Dai Dunbang painted "Jin Ping Mei Character·Li Gui Jie"
There is also like Chapter 81 "Han Daoguo rebels money and rely on power, Tang Laibao bullies the master and betrays the kindness". Han Daoguo and Tang Laibao are the most trusted friends of Ximen Qing. On the way back from Yangzhou, they heard that Ximen Qing was dead, so Han Daoguo rebels and sells goods and flees to Tokyo. Tang Laibao also deceives Yue Niang to embezzle goods and money. It is important to return to the two incidents, revealing the true face of Ximen Qing's usual trust in the mirror.
In short, these in-depth events appear to be independent on the surface and have no internal connections, but from the perspective of the overall content of the chapter, they complement each other in narratively, enhancing the ironic effect of the work.
Opposition event refers to the fact that the events selected in the previous and next sentences of the chapter are opposite and opposite and unified in content.
For example, in the ninth chapter "Ximen Qing planned to marry Pan Jinlian, and Wudu head accidentally beat Li Waichuan", the first sentence of the chapter refers to the incident of Ximen Qing marrying Pan Jinlian to his home, and the next sentence refers to the incident of Wu Song beating Li Waichuan to death;
Chapter 10 "Wu Er Chong is a match for Mengzhou Road, and his wife and concubines are feasting for Furong Pavilion", the first sentence of the chapter refers to the incident of Wu Song being exiled for killing Li Waichuan to death, and the next sentence refers to the incident of Ximen Qing being exiled after removing Wu Song, and the family was happy and sang and feasting in the Furong Pavilion in the back garden;
Chapter 14 "Hua Zixu was lost because of his anger, and Li Ping'er sent an illegitimate to the meeting", the first sentence of the chapter is to take Hua Zixu's lawsuit and was frightened and scolded by Ping'er and died. The next sentence is to take Li Ping'er to go to the Ximen family to celebrate Pan Jinlian's birthday;
Chapter 65 "Wu Daoguan celebrates his true face when he welcomes the funeral, and the censor Song makes a fortune to invite Liu Huang", the first sentence of the chapter is to take Wu Daoguan to do the July 1st for Li Ping'er, and the next sentence is to take Li Ping'er to hold a banquet at the Ximen family.
Similar to the seventy-nine chapters: "Ximen Qing gets sick with greed, Wu Yueniang gives birth to a child", and the forty-one chapters: "Ximen Qing gets married with Dahu Qiao, Pan Jinlian and Li Ping'er fight" and so on.
"Jin Ping Mei" comic strip
In terms of content, such events are manifested as mutually opposite relationships such as wedding and death, funeral and banquet, death and life, marriage and fighting spirit. The comparison is used to strengthen the satirical effect, forming an aesthetic style from sadness to joy, from joy to sorrow, and interweaving sorrow and joy, conveying the philosophy of life that is impermanent and unpredictable, and is unpredictable.
Of course, there are some events that look at the subject, showing the opposite of one elegant and one vulgar, which is more ironic than one vulgar.
, such as "Li Ping'er whispers about Jade Pagoda, Pan Jinlian is drunk and plays with the grape trellis", bringing love and desire at the same time; "The beauty smiles and enjoys the lantern building, and the friend helps the prostitute to the spring courtyard", bringing the Lantern Festival to the Lantern Festival at the same time, etc.
(2) reflects the compactness of the narrative
flow refers to the event that the events selected in the previous and next sentences of the chapter have causality, assumptions, conditions, and conformity.
For example, Chapter 26 "Lai Wang'er sent Xuzhou, Song Huilian hangs herself in shame", Lai Wang'er was designed by Ximen Qing and beaten to death, Huilian pleaded for her husband without success, but later learned that Ximen Qing was the real executioner, and was instigated by Pan Jinlian and hanged herself;
Chapter 44 "Wu Yueniang stayed at Sister Li Gui, Ximen Qing drunk and sucked Xia Hua'er", after the Ximen family banquet ended Li Gui'er and others were about to return to the yard, but were kept by Wu Yueniang. Then Ximen Qing showed up to Xia Huaer. Li Gui'er instigated Xia Huaer and left Xia Huaer to Ximen Qingyang;
Chapter 68 "Zheng Yue'er was very charming, Dai'an was diligent in search of Wen's wife." Zheng Aiyue told Ximen Qing about Li Gui's relationship with Wang Sanguan, and revealed that Mrs. Lin was fond of love, which made Ximen Qing feel evil and insane. When she returned home, she sent Dai'an to find Wen's wife to help him.
In the selection of the episode events, the flowing water accounts for a large proportion of the episodes as the previous and next sentences. For example, the third chapter "Wang Po Ding Ten Things, Ximen Qing's Tea Room Plays with Jinlian", the seventeenth chapter "Yu Jiaju impeached Admiral Yang, Li Ping'er recruited Jiang Zhushan" and other chapters belong to this type.
"Jin Ping Mei" comic strip
and choose this kind of event with causality, assumption, conditions, and conformity as the previous and next sentences of the purpose, so that readers can see the cause and consequences of the plot and the development process from the episode alone. This not only highlights the importance of the event, but also makes the novel narrative appear more compact.
In short, when the author of "Jin Ping Mei Cihua" sets up the chapter, his choice of chapter events is mostly based on the narrative purpose.
selects a large number of events related to wealth, sex, alcohol and alcohol to the eye, which greatly deepens the theme of the work's exhortation; and the focus of the parallel events makes its narrative effect clear.
Note:
[1] Written by Xu Shen, Duan Yucai's Notes: "Shuowen Jiezi Notes", Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1981, page 277.
[2] Same as above, page 129.
[3] Chen Yinke: "The Evolution of the Story of Xuanzang's Disciples in Journey to the West", "Selected Works of Chen Yinke's Historical Papers", Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1992, page 31.
[4] You Guoen et al.: "History of Chinese Literature" (IV), Beijing: People's Literature Press, 2004, page 13.
[5] Lu Shihua: "Research on Yuan Dynasty Pingdians: Popular Novels of Original Ecology", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2009, page 139.
[6]Lu Xun: "A Brief History of Chinese Novels", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2010, page 71.
[7] Xu Fuming: "Yuan Opera Art", Shanghai: Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House, 1981, page 307.
[8] by Pu Andi, translated by Shen Hengshou: "Four Strange Books of Novels in the Ming Dynasty", Beijing: Life, Reading, and New Knowledge Sanlian Bookstore, 2006, page 377.
[9] Jiang Ruizao: "Novel Certification", Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1935, page 1.
[10]Editor of the Emperor Fengyue Master, Zhou Lengka’s note: "Green Window News", Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1991, page 3.
[11] Hu Haiyi: "A Review of the Epilogue of the Romance of History of the Early Ming Dynasty", "Literature, History and Philosophy" No. 3, 2014.
[12] Zhu Yixuan and Liu Yuchen edited: "Compilation of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Tianjin: Nankai University Press, 2012, page 215.
[13] Yu Pingbo: "Yu Pingbo on Dream of Red Mansions", Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1988, page 727.
[14] Manshu: "Novel Collection", edited by Huang Lin: "Jin Ping Mei Information Compilation", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1987, page 304.
[15] Related articles currently seen include: Masao Teramura, "The Transformation of Jin Ping Mei from Ci Whispers to Revised Versions" ("Japan Research on Jin Ping Mei's Papers", Qilu Bookstore, 1989), Suga Nagame's "Comparative Study on Jin Ping Mei's Words and Embroidered Images" (Shandong Normal University Master's Thesis, 2006), Xiong Yan, "Comparative Study on Jin Ping Mei's Words and Chongzhen Versions" and "Comparative Study on Jin Ping Mei's Words and Chongzhen Versions" (Shandong Normal University, Master's Thesis of Ancient Chinese Literature, 2006), and Xiong Yan, "Comparative Study on Jin Ping Mei's Words and Chongzhen Versions" Articles such as "Study" (Master thesis of Ancient Chinese Literature of Central China Normal University, 2007) all involve the chapters when comparing different versions of "Jin Ping Mei", and compare and analyze the form or the plots involved in the chapter itself; Wang Yongli's "Study on the Aesthetics of Dual-Aesthetics of Jin Ping Mei" (Master thesis of Ancient Chinese Literature of Henan University, 2015) also discusses the dual issues of the form and plot of the chapter through a chapter. Although the above papers all involve the chapters of "Jin Ping Mei Cihua", they do not use it as the main research object, so the discussion is naturally difficult to go deeper. In addition, Dong Dingyi's "Comparative Discussion on the Name of the Embroidered Image Book and the Cihuan Prince Jinping Mei" (Journal of Taiyuan Normal University, Issue 4, 2012) analyzed the chapters of the embroidered Image Book and Cihuan Prince Jinping Mei, the narrative perspectives, and believed that the embroidered Image Book was better than the Cihuan Prince, and conducted a mathematical analysis of the differences in the two versions of the reading; Wang Sen's "A Brief Analysis of the Characteristics of the Embroidered Image Book" (Journal of Chinese Literature, Issue 25, 2014) analyzed the usage of the word categories in the embroidered Image Book "Jinping Mei" from a linguistic perspective.
[16] Editor-in-chief Tong Qingbing: "Literary Theory Tutorial", Beijing: Higher Education Press, 1992, page 211.
[17] Lanling Xiaoxiaosheng, Zhang Zhupo's comments, Wang Rumei and others proofread: "Zhang Zhupo's criticism of the first strange book Jin Ping Mei", Jinan: Qilu Book Club, 1987, page 26.
[18] Zhu Yixuan and Liu Yuchen edited: "Compilation of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Tianjin: Nankai University Press, 2012, page 215.
[19] Lanling Xiaoxiaosheng, Meijie proofread, Chen Zhao and Huang Lin’s notes: "Jin Ping Mei Cihua", Taipei: Liren Book Company, 2007, page 1. Unless otherwise specified, the original texts quoted below are all from this version.
[20] Lanling Xiaoxiaosheng, Zhang Zhupo's comments, Wang Rumei and others proofread: "Zhang Zhupo's criticism of the first strange book Jin Ping Mei", Jinan: Qilu Book Club, 1987, page 569.
[21] Same as above, page 99.
[22] Same as above, page 420.
[23] Same as above, page 921.
[24] Tian Xiaofei: "Qiu Shuitang on Jin Ping Mei", Tianjin: Tianjin People's Publishing House, 2003, page 182.
[25] Editor-in-chief Tong Qingbing: "Literary Theory Tutorial", Beijing: Higher Education Press, 1992, page 244.
[26] Written by Liang Zhangju, edited by Wu Meng: "Continuation of Wandering and Three Talks", "Great View of Notes and Novels in All Ages", Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2012, page 274.
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Special research on works by ancient Chinese writers
Author: Wang Liqun, Zhang Jinde
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Author’s unit: Henan University
This article is authorized by the author. The original text is the paper of the 13th (Dali) International Jin Pingmei Seminar, published in "Research on Novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties", 2020, Issue 1. Please indicate the source when forwarding.
