There are also a large number of papers to discuss the creation era of "Jin Ping Mei", but it is mainly the theory between Jiajing , the theory of Wanli , and the theory of harmony between Jiajing and Wanli.
Those who hold the Jiajing theory are derived from the relevant records of the Ming people, and believe that the Ming people's statements cannot be easily denied. In addition, from the rise and fall of Buddhism and Taoism described in the novel, the popularity of rap art, the prosperity of Xiaoling , and the relevant historical materials of the Jiajing dynasty involved in the novel, it is undoubtedly believed that "Jin Ping Mei" was written during Jiajing.
inherits the aftermath of 1930s Zheng Zhenduo and Wu Han, and many scholars also advocate the Wanli saying. For example, in his "Three Tests on the Issue of the Book of Jin Ping Mei" 67, Huang Lin quoted Li Rihua "The Fallen Red Water" and other songs were popular in the Wanli period;
novel Tu Long "Brother the Headscarf" was seen in "Open Book A Smile", and "Open Book A Smile" was published in the Wanli period;
novel in the Novel Tu Long "Father the Headscarf" was seen in "Open Book A Smile", and "Open Book A Smile" was published in the Wanli period;
novel The character Chen Sizhen appeared, which happened to persuade the emperor in the 17th year of the Daming Temple Left Review Luo Yuren on "Four Verses and Sex, Money and Wealth"; the character written in Chapter 65 of the novel Ling Yunyi died after the 15th year of Wanli; the novel has been written many times about the children of Haiyan who play operas, which is the customs of Wanli, and re-arguing "Jin Ping Mei" was written in the Wanli period.
As for the period when it was written in the Wanli period, there are differences such as the 17th to 24th, the 5th to 10th, the 11th before, the 21th to 32th, and the 6th to 11th year.
The two theorists believe that the novel contains both the historical facts of the Jiajing Dynasty and the historical facts of the Wanli Dynasty, so the actual creation of "Jin Ping Mei" went through a long process from Jiajing to the early Wanli period.
In the history of the version of "Jin Ping Mei", the "First Strange Book" is the version with the greatest influence in the Qing Dynasty. However, the relevant situation of the commentator Zhang Zhupo has been confusing and no consensus.
html In the early 130s, Ma Lian , Sun Kaidi and others discussed Zhang Zhupo's life, hometown, family background and other issues, but the lack of information made it difficult for them to study in depth.
Entering the 1980s, Liu Hui, Huang Lin, Wu Gan and others worked hard in this field and made great breakthroughs.
, especially Wu Gan, who was in Zhangzhupo's hometown, took advantage of the convenience of the local area and visited the descendants of the Zhang family. Finally, in 1984, he visited a large number of precious historical materials, including the " Zhang family genealogy ", which was published in the 42nd year of Qianlong, the "Zhang family genealogy" published in the 60th year of Kangxi, the "Zhang family genealogy" published in the 5th year of Daoguang, and the "San Zhang family genealogy" copied in the 16th year of Guangxu.
987, Wu Gan compiled more than 20 articles published in succession into two monographs: "Jin Ping Mei Commenter Zhang Zhupo's Chronicle" 68 and "Zhang Zhupo and Jin Ping Mei" 69.
After the efforts of Wu Gan and others, Zhang Zhupo's family background, life and writings were finally revealed. Liu Hui highly praised in "Ten Years of Research on Jin Ping Mei" 70:
" If domestic scholars are still in the exploration stage in the research on Jin Ping Mei, but only some progress has been made, then there is a clear breakthrough in the research on the family background and life of Zhang Zhupo, an important critic of Jin Ping Mei, and he is completely in the leading position.
Wu Ganxin's "Jin Ping Mei Commentary on Zhang Zhupo's Genealogy" and "Zhang Zhupo and Jin Ping Mei" have a detailed investigation of Zhang Zhupo's family history and life, especially the "Zhang Family Genealogy" published in the 42nd year of Qianlong and the "Biography of Zhong Brother Zhupo" in it. Once published, it was finalized and was approved by scholars at home and abroad."
Research on Zhang Zhupo's novel aesthetic thoughts is also a hot issue in the "Jinxue" community since the 1980s.
Ye Lang lists a special chapter in "Chinese Novel Aesthetics". It took nearly 40,000 words to comprehensively discuss Zhang Zhupo's novel theory for the first time, and ranked him with first-class critics such as Jin Shengtan , Mao Zonggang , Zhiyanzhai , and highly praised his exquisiteness in the comments of "Jin Ping Mei" The theoretical viewpoint is that "just just as the novel "Jin Ping Mei" is closer to the concept of modern novels than novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" and "Water Margin", Zhang Zhupo's novel aesthetics are also closer to the concept of modern aesthetics than the novel aesthetics of Jin Shengtan, Mao Zonggang and others"71,
"Whether in the development of Chinese novel aesthetics or in the history of Chinese literary criticism, Zhang Zhupo should occupy an important position"72. The number of articles published in
is also quite considerable. Scholars have expressed their opinions on a certain aspect of theoretical issues based on Zhang Zhupo’s comments on "Jin Ping Mei".
Research on the issue of "Jin Ping Mei" version is one of the basic projects of "Jin Ping Mei" research. The "Ministry" in the new era held a comprehensive discussion on this issue and made new breakthroughs.
"Zhang Zhupo and Jin Ping Mei"
Here, there is a careful review of relevant documents and an analysis of new views based on new discoveries. Specifically, it mainly involves the following issues:
First, it is a sorting out the problem of manuscripts and a discussion on the time of manuscripts’ publication.
According to relevant literature records in the Ming Dynasty, before its publication, "Jin Ping Mei" was mainly circulated among middle and upper-class officials and feudal literati and officials who were in the opposition but had a certain reputation.
Most of these people have high literary literacy and unique eyes, and realize the value of this novel.
"Jin Ping Mei" was copied in the stage of copying. The complete versions include Wang Shizhen , Xu Jie , Liu Chengxi , Yuan Zhongdao , Shen Defu . Among them, Wang Shizhen and Xu Jie have a complete copy of the copy, which is unknown. The copy of Liu Chengxi and Yuan Zhongdao originated from Xu Jie, and Shen Defu's copy is from Yuan Zhongdao.
Another 7 companies own this copy, namely Wang Kentang (two volumes), Wang Zhideng (two volumes), Dong Qichang (first part), Yuan Hongdao (first part), Qiu Zhichong (the "first part" is half), Xie Zhaoqing (eight out of ten), and Wen Zaizui ("incomplete copy").
Among them, Yuan Hongdao was copied from Dong Qichang, and Xie Zhaoqing was copied from Yuan Hongdao and Qiu Zhichong. In this way, the ones with the manuscripts can be simplified to 7 schools. Except for Wang Shizhen's manuscripts, no one has seen them, the other six types have been copied by literati 73.
As for the earliest time of the manuscripts, Taiwan's Wei Ziyun and others wrote in October of the 24th year of Wanli based on Yuan Hongdao's "Jinfan Collection·Dong Sibai" (some people think it was written in the late autumn of the 23rd year of Wanli), and believed that the manuscripts began to be passed down from the 24th year of Wanli, while Huang Lin, Ye Guitong and others did not agree with this statement. Among them, Ye Guitong believed that Wang Kentang had the manuscripts probably earlier than the 17th year of Wanli to the 20th year of Wanli.
In this way, if the Wanli Dingsi (45th year) "Jin Ping Mei Cihua" is regarded as a first-edited version, then the novel was copied for at least 28 years before it was published.
2 is a discussion on issues related to word and speech books.
Regarding the time when the earliest printed version of "Jin Ping Mei" was published, because Lu Xun had a wrong understanding of the relevant information of "Wanli Yehuo Pian", he once proposed in "History of Chinese Novels " that "Wanli Gengxu (1610), Wuzhong first had a printed version", and many scholars later said it from then on.
Wei Ziyun carefully analyzed the relevant documents of the Ming Dynasty in his "The Advention and Evolution of Jin Ping Mei" 74, believing that Li Rihua saw the manuscript "Jin Ping Mei" in Shen Defu in the 43rd year of Wanli. It is impossible for a copy of the Gengxu (38th year) in Wanli. It is speculated that "Jin Ping Mei Ci Hua" was first engraved in the 43rd year of Wanli.
However, most scholars believe that "Jin Ping Mei Ci Hua" was first engraved in the 45th year of Wanli. The beginning of the volume now contains the "Newly engraved Jin Ping Mei Ci Hua" in "Jin Ping Mei Ci Hua" in "The Preface to Jin Ping Mei" in "The Winter of the Ding Si Season in Wanli, Dong Wu Lung Zhu Ke in Jin Chang Dao" which is not the original, but a later engraved version. Liu Hui inferred from the relevant historical materials of the Ming Dynasty that the earliest publication time of this book was no more than 75 in the 48th year of Wanli.
Shen Defu once said in "Wanli Yehuo Pian", "It was originally 53 to 57 chapters missing, and it was impossible to find it everywhere. There were ugly scholars who could add it to the carvings. No matter how superficial and vulgar they were written in Wu, they would never be connected by blood before and after. When they saw it, they would know that they were fake."
Most people think that Shen Defu's words are credible, and Wang Jiewei in his "New Theory of Jin Ping Mei Ci Divine Writings" believes that the author is Yuan Wuya .
In addition, theorists have also argued about how many editions of "Newly Carved Jin Ping Mei Ci" have been engraved, and there are some opinions such as one, two, and three. A large number of articles have also been published to discuss the issues related to the three prefaces, postscripts and versions of the volume of "Newly Carved Jin Ping Mei Ci" in the beginning of the current volume.
Third, the discussion on the embroidered image criticism book.
includes its relationship with the word episode , the writer, the commentator, the publication time, etc. Who is the author of "New Embroidered Embroidery Criticism of Jin Ping Mei"? There are still many different opinions on who the author is.
Liu Hui believes that "New Embroidery Criticism of Jin Ping Mei" is the final version of "Jin Ping Mei". This final commentator is the Li Yu , an opera artist and novelist in the Qing Dynasty.
But some people think that Li Yu is just a commentator, not a writer. Huang Lin’s "Several Issues on the Chongzhen Version of Jin Ping Mei" questioned Liu Hui’s views, believing that the commentator was the popular writer Feng Menglong rather than Li Yu.
When was the publication of "New Embroidery Image Criticizing Jin Ping Mei"? It is also a very controversial issue. Sun Kaidi's "Biography of Popular Novels" and Zheng Zhenduo's "Talking about Jin Ping Mei Ci" both believed that it was published in the 2nd year of Chongzhen of the Ming html. Liu Hui believed in his "Research on the Book and Version of Jin Ping Mei, and the Study of Jin Ping Mei Version" that "Li Yu is the writer, commentator, and publisher of the scattered version of Jin Ping Mei". Based on the preface of Li Yu's short story "Twelfth Floor" written by Du Jun in the 15th year of Shunzhi, he inferred:
"If Li Yu's Hui Taoist's pseudonym was from the Hui Taoist in "Twelfth Floor" and "Hejin Huiwen Biography", then this statement would never be published in the Chongzhen period, but should be in the early Qing Dynasty, and it should not be more than the fifteenth year of Shunzhi at the earliest".
, so it is inappropriate to call it "Chongzhen version". In addition, there are the theory of the Apocalypse, the theory of the early Qing Dynasty, and the theory of the Tianchong period. The relationship between "Embroidered Criticism" and "Talk and Word Book" is mostly said to be rewritten based on the latter, but some people believe that the two are parallel relationships and there is no direct connection between them. 76
4 is the issue related to the first strange book.
The first strange book is a book that Zhang Zhupo, a native of the Qing Dynasty, commented on the embroidered image criticism version as the basic version before the discovery of the ci slogan version. It is also the most popular and most influential version before the discovery of the ci slogan version. It is currently dozens of types.
People are the foundation of the existence of the world, roughly divided it into two systems: no reply comment and no reply comment. The former is divided into volumes and not divided into volumes (but the number of volumes is not exactly the same), and there are no attached pictures and reply reviews. There are eyebrow drafts, sidebrows, intersecting batches, and the beginning of the volume has appendixes (but not the same);
The latter is divided into volumes and not divided into volumes (but the number of volumes is not equal), and there are 200 attached pictures, including eyebrow drafts, sidebrows, intersecting batches, and cross-secting batches. There are appendixes (but the order of arrangement is different), adding back reviews.
The original issue of the first strange book is considered to be no longer passed down, or it is considered to be in this hall version, or it is considered to be the Gaohe Hall version.
Who is the author of the "preface" at the beginning of this volume? Some people think it is a rising tide, and some people think it is Zhang Zhupo's own pseudonym.
In the Zitang version of "The First Strange Book of Jin Ping Mei"
985, when Liu Hui browsed the version of "The First Strange Book of Jin Ping Mei" at the Beijing Library of Berlin Temple, he found a comment written by Wen Long directly on the "The First Strange Book" engraved in the Zitang version. Since this book was not engraved, he has never seen any records. This discovery is undoubtedly a new gain in the research of "Jin Ping Mei".
Although the textual research on "Jin Ping Mei" is not as lively as the debates such as the author, version, and the era of book writing, since the 1980s, a large number of achievements have in-depth discussions on a series of issues on the ontology of the novel, and incomparable achievements have been achieved by predecessors in terms of breadth and depth. Here are the main issues listed below.
The issue of the main theme of the creation of "Jin Ping Mei" is a hotly discussed issue around text since the 1980s.
As early as the Ming and Qing dynasties, people had expressed their opinions on this issue, and different statements such as political allegorical theory, satirical persuasion, revenge theory, and wry smile theory appeared. After entering the 20th century, this issue still became a hot topic in the field of "Ministry Studies".
htmlIn the 120s, Lu Xun, Zheng Zhenduo and others reflected the content of the real society of the Ming Dynasty reflected in novels, respectively, and theories of the world and reality respectively. Since then, especially since the 1980s, the various theories have emerged together and the controversy has been enthusiastic.
plans include: allusion, persuading good, feudal theory, evil nature, exposure theory, deformation theory, emerging businessman tragedy theory, desire life, cynical theory, warning secular theory, spiritual crisis theory, black novel theory, human nature return theory, tragedy theory, human desire to promote, personality freedom theory, discussion life theory, cultural tragedy theory, etc.
includes both social, ethical and moral analysis, aesthetics, cultural anthropology, and psychological discussions, as well as attention based on the perspectives of philosophy and religion.
In short, the rich connotation of "Jin Ping Mei" has been revealed in multiple explorations and comprehensively.
's evaluation of the description of the bed of "Jin Ping Mei" has always been different. Since the 1980s, the views on this issue can be roughly divided into three categories.
First, it is to identify: or from a philosophical perspective, it is affirmed that these descriptions have the value of hype of human nature; or from a literary perspective, it is believed that these descriptions mostly help the character shaping and the plot development, and help deepen the theme of the work.
is contrary to this view. Another view holds that from the perspective of social morality, these words are suspected of being tempting and degenerate, and are a reflection of the author's low-level interest; from the perspective of literature, its unnecessarily rendered thousands of times and unnecessary renderings cannot arouse people's beauty at all, and should be eliminated.
The third view harmonizes the affirmative and negative faction, believing that although these words appearing in "Jin Ping Mei" are a reflection of the times and have a certain degree of rebellion against Neo-Confucianism and promoting human nature, the naked narrative of uncontrollably indulging life such as Ximen Qing , Pan Jinlian , etc., is after all, a flaw in jade and an artistic failure.
The artistic achievements and artistic value of "Jin Ping Mei" have received widespread attention from more and more researchers. People have conducted in-depth discussions on it from various angles and achieved gratifying results.
monographs on this aspect such as Sun Shuyu 's "The Art of Jin Ping Mei", Zhou Zhongming 's "The Art of Jin Ping Mei", Zhou Zhongming 's "The Art of Jin Ping Mei", and Zhang Yemin's "The Art of Jin Ping Mei", etc.
There are so many papers discussing around a certain aspect, and there are countless papers. For example, there are as many as 15 monographs on the character image of "Jin Ping Mei". 77
"Xu Jianping's Commentary on Jin Ping Mei"
Xu Jianping "Review on the Research on Jin Ping Mei in the New Era" 78 summarizes the issues involved in the new era about the artistic value research on "Jin Ping Mei" into nine aspects:
First, the transformation of aesthetic concepts from writing about the beauty of life to writing about the ugliness of life, and writing about the goodness and beauty of human nature to writing about the evil and ugliness of human nature.
Secondly, the selection of materials has changed from writing non-realistic to writing reality, some have changed from writing heroes to writing mortals, and from writing political environment to writing family environment, creating a new era of novel creation.
The third is changed from a plot novel to a personality novel.
The fourth is changed from a single-line longitudinal curve structure to a multi-line vertical and horizontal mesh three-dimensional structure.
The fifth is the plot narrative from legend to emotional, from exaggerated and rough detailed description to realistic and trivial details.
The sixth, the language has developed from rough, rational, and written to fine, sensory, and colloquial, the semantics have developed from single to multi-intentional and insubstantial, and the dialogue of characters has developed from single-in-sequential to cross three-dimensional.
It is developed from a monotonous and dull satirical technique to a realistic satirical novel.
It is developed from paying attention to the characters' actions to paying attention to the characters' psychological portrayal.
It is the ninth, the art of space description has changed from a vertical and horizontal combination with vertical and horizontal advancement as the main mass to a vertical and horizontal combination, from a centerless scattered jumping style to a fixed space radial retraction style.
In short, "Jin Ping Mei" has taken the art of Chinese classical novels to a new level. Of course, there have also been discordant voices in the consensus on affirming its artistic value.
, Bao Zunxin said in "The Hotbed of Pornography and the Soil of Love" 79:
"I have read some papers on "Jin Ping Mei" in recent years. Most of them affirm their status in the history of literature and have praised its artistic achievements a lot. Recently, I read American scholar Xia Zhiqing "New Theory of Jin Ping Mei", and there are discussions on its confusion in structure, ideological confusion, and inconsistency in citing poetry."
judged that "Jin Ping Mei" "is probably only classified as the third-rate" in art. As soon as this argument was released, it immediately attracted unanimous rebuttal from the academic community.
Ning Zongyi criticized in "The Aesthetic Contributions of Jin Ping Mei's View of Time and Space" 80: "It is difficult to convince people by rashly putting the art of "Jin Ping Mei" into the 'third-rate' without any specific analysis of the art of "Jin Ping Mei"."
We admit that "Jin Ping Mei" has various shortcomings in art, but the new aesthetic concepts it embodies in the history of novels mark a great progress in Chinese novels.
This is not a change in quantity, but a qualitative leap. As Liu Hui said: "Overall, flaws do not hide their merits. "Jin Ping Mei" is by no means a third-rate work in art, but a top-notch in the history of Chinese novels." 81
With the phenomenon of "cultural fever" that has emerged in the field of literary research in recent years, a comprehensive examination of "Jin Ping Mei" from the perspective of cultural science has formed a new landscape of the "Jin Xue" garden.
People have broken through the traditional and single research model and expanded the research perspective to the overall background of Chinese culture. Starting from the various phenomena involved in the text of "Jin Ping Mei", the value meaning of "Jin Ping Mei" is discussed in all aspects from history, geography, diet, seasons, weddings and funerals, etiquette, religion, philosophy, economy, clothing, science and technology, business methods, folk customs and secularity, human nature and even language phenomena, etc.
In addition, there are also a large number of papers and monographs about the source of the material of "Jin Ping Mei" and its huge impact on novels of later generations, especially " Dream of Red Mansions ".
In short, the research on "Jin Ping Mei" in New China has made great achievements, especially since the 1980s. With the liberation of ideas and the relaxation of cultural policies, the field of "Jinxue" has been unprecedentedly explored.
Of course, this does not mean that the "Ministry" research has been perfect. On the contrary, there are still many shortcomings in the research.
For example, many phenomena written in the novel still cannot be fully explained. Many problems are still differentiated, and the author, the times and other issues are still entangled, etc., which all need to be discussed in the new century.
(end of the full text)
"Jin Ping Mei New Vision" Zhang Jinde
comment:
64 Liu Hui "Ten Years of Research on Jin Ping Mei", " Chinese Social Sciences " Issue 1, 1990.
65 Zhou Juntao "Jin Ping Mei: my country's First Story of Writing Novel", "Social Science Collection" Issue 6, 1991.
66 Chen Dakang "On the author's verification fever in "Jin Ping Mei", " Journal of East China Normal University " Issue 3, 1992.
67 Huang Lin "Three Tests on the Issue of Jin Ping Mei's Book", " Journal of Fudan Scholar " Issue 4, 1985.
68 Wu Gan's "Jin Ping Mei Commenting the Biography of Zhang Zhupo", Shenyang: Liaoning People's Publishing House 1987 edition.
69 Wu Gan's "Zhang Zhupo and Jin Ping Mei", Tianjin: Baihua Literature and Art Publishing House 1987 edition.
70 Liu Hui "Ten Years of Research on Jin Ping Mei", "Chinese Social Sciences" Issue 1, 1990.
71 Ye Lang's "Aesthetics of Chinese Novels", Beijing: Peking University Press 1982 edition, page 198.
72 Ye Lang's "Aesthetics of Chinese Novels", Beijing: Peking University Press, 1982 edition, page 199.
73 See Ye Guitong's "Examination of Jin Ping Mei Copy", published in "The Mystery of the Author of Jin Ping Mei", Yinchuan: Ningxia People's Publishing House 1988 edition, pages 1-21.
74 Wei Ziyun's "The Advention and Evolution of Jin Ping Mei", Taipei: Taiwan Times Cultural Publishing Co., Ltd., 1981 edition, page 48.
75 Liu Hui's "Mystery of Jin Ping Mei", Beijing: Bibliography Publishing House, 1989 edition, page 74.
76 Liu Hui's "Research on the Book and Version of Jin Ping Mei·Examination of Jin Ping Mei Version", Jilin: Liaoning People's Publishing House, 1986 edition, page 75.
77 This is based on the statistics of Wu Gan's paper "Review and Thoughts on the Research on Jin Ping Mei in the 20th Century" submitted by the Fourth International "Jin Ping Mei" Academic Discussion Club of Shandong (Wulian) in 2000.
78 Xu Jianping's "Commentary on the Research of Jin Ping Mei in the New Era", Journal of Hebei Normal University, Issue 3, 1996.
79 Bao Zunxin "The Hotbed of Pornography and the Soil of Love", "Reading" No. 10, 1985.
80 Ning Zongyi "Aesthetic Contributions of Jin Ping Mei's View of Time and Space", "Tianjin Social Discipline" Issue 6, 1985.
81 Liu Hui "Ten Years of Research on Jin Ping Mei", "Chinese Social Sciences" Issue 1, 1990.
Article Author unit: Henan University
This article is authorized by the author and is selected from "Selected Works of Zhang Jinde Jin Ping Mei Research", 2015, published by Taiwan Student Bookstore Co., Ltd. Forward the source clearly.
