"Jin Ping Mei" was released, and it alarmed the literary world at that time and was circulated and copied among the scholars and officials. The pioneers have different opinions and expressed their own opinions on this extraordinary book.
Although the comments from this period only appear in the notes, letters, and related prefaces and postscripts of literati, the scope of the discussion is quite wide. In summary, it is roughly reflected in the following aspects.
fully affirms the achievements and status of this wonderful book.
Yuan Zhongdao "Yuju Dulu" Volume 9 says:
"When I met Dong Taishi Sibai, I talked about the best of all novels. Sibai said: 'There is a novel recently called "Jin Ping Mei", which is very good.' I personally know it."
praised "Jin Ping Mei" for "there are infinite smoke waves in trivialities"1.
Public Security Sect leader Yuan Hongdao used "Jin Ping Mei" with "Water Margin" as the "external classic" in "Shang Zheng". After reading it, he felt "very quick" 2, thinking that it "was much clouds and clouds are all over the paper, which is better than Mei Sheng's " Qifa "" ③.
Wanli version "Jin Ping Mei Cihua"
"Qi Fa" is a famous written by the Western Han Dynasty writer till advise the prince of Chu.
Yuan said that "Jin Ping Mei" exceeded "Qian Hai", which probably meant that the main theme of "Jin Ping Mei" and its artistic innovation breakthroughs both have the role of setting a precedent for the trend.
Later, with the publication and printing of "Jin Ping Mei", literati and doctors praised it very much, and even believed that its achievements were above "Water Margin".
Ru Xinxinzi believes that "Jin Ping Mei" has "new sentences and is popular", and compared it with works such as " Label Cutting New Talks ", " Yingying Chuan ", " Emotional Collection ", "Water Margin", "Feng Mei Collection", "Wedding on the Spring Elegant Collection", "Walkward with the Candle", "Ruyi Biography", and "Yuhu Records".
said that these works "readers often cannot feel free to the end of the article, and they will not be abandoned." Only "Jin Ping Mei" can make readers "like the sky and pulling out the whale teeth, and the holes are easy to understand" ④.
Xie Zhaoqing also believed that in "Jin Ping Mei·Book", the author of "Jin Ping Mei" is "the best among officials and the wonderful hand of the furnace hammer" ⑤.
's evaluation of the content of "Jin Ping Mei" is the most representative summary in Xie Zhaoyu's "Jin Ping Mei·Postscript". His article says:
"The book has millions of words, which is Volume 20, and it is only a few years.
The government affairs of the court and the country, the official and private connection, the mother-in-law speech in the boudoir, the obscene conversation in the city, the situation of competing with the husband's power, the situation of losing and laughing, the period of the mulberry middle and Pu Shang, the words of respecting the pillow and mat, the mechanical meaning of the stew of the stew, the beauty of the pink and white, the beauty of the pink and white, the flattery of the guests, the slap of the slave, the slim lips and quenching words, the ultimate situation, the heart is happy." ⑥
can be said to be incisive and concise.
"Xiaocaozhai Collection" (Ming Dynasty) Xie Zhaoyu wrote
There were many different opinions about the author, era and creative purpose of the novel at that time, and there was no consensus, which shows how deep the author hides his name and the broad meaning and tolerance of the novel author.
There are six Ming people who talked about the author of "Jin Ping Mei", and most of them believe that the author of this book was from Jiajing time. But the statements are different.
The problem closely related to the author is the theme and intention of the work. Tu Benzhang said in his "Mountain and Forest Economic Book":
Those who do not examine the famous drinking in ancient and modern times have ever seen what Shi Gong called "Yi Dian"? According to "Jin Ping Mei", there are very few books and "Water Margin" in China. According to legend, during the Jiajing period, someone falsely complained about Governor Lu Bing and the court was in his family. The man was injustice and entrusted him to "Jin Ping Mei".⑦
This is one of the earliest information that has been mentioned to date. It contains:
The volume and length of "Jin Ping Mei" are roughly equivalent to "Water Margin". They were created by personal works during the Jiajing period, and were a work of venting anger due to emotion.
Yuan Zhongdao recalled his experience in the 25th year of Wanli in the 42nd year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty, Dingyou (1597), and proposed that "Jin Ping Mei" is the "old scholar of Shaoxing" that alluded to his master "Ximen Qianhu" and his master ⑧:
went to meet Dong Taishi Sibai and talked about the best novels.
Sibai said: "There is a novel recently called "Jin Ping Mei", which is very good." I personally know it. After
, I saw half of this book, which is about the model of the children's mood. ...In the old capital, there was a thousand households in the west gate, and there was one old scholar in the Yu family. The old scholar had nothing to do, so he recorded the lewd and romantic affairs of his family, using Ximen Qing to shadow his master, and using the rest to shadow his concubines.
The following news is revealed here is worth noting:
First, "Jin Ping Mei" has achieved extremely high achievements and was praised by feudal literati at that time;
Second, the novel uses the private relationship between children as the object, and contains descriptions such as "lustful and romantic";
Second, the author of the novel is an unknown feudal Confucian scholar, and is a southerner;
Second, the story described in "Jin Ping Mei" has a prototype of life. Because this is an early document that talks about the novel "Jin Ping Mei", it has extremely important reference value for later research.
In the 44th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1616), Xie Zhaoqing said in Volume 24 of Xiaocaozhai Collection of Essays: "Jin Ping Mei·Postscript":
" The book "Jin Ping Mei" does not belong to the name of the author. According to legend, there is a Jinwu family in Yongling, who is lenient and indulged in poverty, but his disciples are sick of it. They collect and act day by day, compile it into a compilation, and entrust it to Ximen Qing."
The "Yongling" here is the tomb of Zhu Houqing of the Ming Dynasty; the "Yongling" mentioned here refers to the Jiajing period (1522-1566).
Who is "Jinwu Qili" belongs to? It is still an unsolved mystery.
Here it is pointed out that the author is a disciple of a high-ranking nobleman, that is, an ordinary Confucian scholar. The "Jin Ping Mei" writes about romantic and lewd things that "rely rely on extravagance and lewdness, and has a prototype of life, etc., which is roughly the same as Yuan Zhongdao's "Shaoxing Old Confucian" theory.
"Wild Huobi" (Ming Dynasty) Shen Defu wrote
Shen Defu's "Wanli Yebi" Volume 25 "Love Music·Jin Ping Mei" article says:
Yuan Zhonglang's "Shang Zheng" uses "Jin Ping Mei" with "Water Margin" as an external scripture, but I have no regrets.
Bingwu (referring to the 34th year of Wanli, that is, 1606 AD), he met the Zhonglang Jingde, and asked, "Have you ever had a complete volume?"
said, "I saw several volumes very quickly. Now, only Macheng Liu Yan Bai Chengxi's family has a complete copy, which is recorded by his wife's family Xu Wenzhen."
Three years later, Xiao Xiu got on the bus and already brought his book, so he copied it back with him. Wu's friend Feng Youlong was surprised to see it and encouraged the bookstore to buy the carving at a high price. Ma Zhongliang was questioning Wuguan at the time, and he also advised me to respond to the request of the scholars to cure hunger.
I said, "There will be someone who will do this, but at one moment, the family will be passed on, and the people will be bad. In the future, Yan Luo will question the beginning of the disaster, so why should he say that? How can I use a knife to plow the mud?" Zhongliang agreed and then kept it in the box.
Soon, Wuzhong was in the country. However, there were originally 53 to 57 chapters, and it was impossible to find it everywhere. There were some rude scholars who could add it to the carvings. No matter how superficial and vulgar they were, they would write Wuyu at the time, and even the bloodlines before and after will never run through. When you see it, you will know that it is fake.
heard this was written by a famous scholar during the Jiajing period and criticized the current affairs.For example, Cai Jing father and son refer to separation, Lin Lingsu refers to Tao Zhongwen , Zhu Jie refers to Lu Bing , and the others have their own belongs. ⑨
This is Shen Defu's memory of the past after the publication of the Suzhou edition of "Jin Ping Mei" (1617 AD in the 45th year of Wanli).
Yuan Zhonglang The original words in "Shang Zheng" are:
" All the drinking styles mentioned in " Six Classics ", "Yu", "Meng" are all wine classics.
Under it, Ruyang Wang "Nanlu Sutra", "Wine Note", Wang Ji "Wine Sutra", Wang Ji "Wine Sutra". 》, Liu Xuan "The Book of Wine and Filial Piety", "Zhenyuan Drinking", Dou Ziye's "Wine Collection", Zhu Yizhong's "Wine Classic", Li Baoji's "Beishan Wine Classic", Hu's "Drunk Township Small Notes", Huangfu Song's "Drunk Township Sun and Moon", Hou Bai's "Drunk Country Rules" are internal classics.
"Mengzhuang", "Li Sao", "History", "Han", "North and South", "Ancient and Modern History", "History of Ancient and Modern History", "H Theory of the World ", "Yan Family Instructions", Tao Jingjie, Li, Du, Bai Xiangshan, Su Yuju, Lu Fangweng collections are external classics.
Shi Yu Zeliu Sheren, Xin Jiaxuan, etc. Yuefu Dong Jieyuan, Wang Shifu , Ma Dongli , Gao Zecheng , etc. Legendary "Water Margin" and "Jin Ping Mei" are Yi Ci.
Those who are not familiar with this classic will protect their faces and intestines, but are not drinkers." ⑩
Yuan Hongdao hereby borrows the Buddhist saying that Buddhist scriptures are regarded as "internal scriptures" and other scriptures are called "external scriptures". When talking about the three types of must-read books of "drinking disciples",
If you are not familiar with the novel "Yi Ci" such as "Water Margin" and "Jin Ping Mei", it is just a rice bag that "protects the faces and intestines", rather than a truly elegant "drinking disciple", revealing the appreciation of emerging popular novels.
Shen Defu's passage talks about the initial copying and preservation of "Jin Ping Mei", and provides valuable information for future generations' research.
However, here it is proposed that "Jin Ping Mei" "recribing current affairs". The characters in the novel have their own opinions, which sets the precedent for the Suoyin School in the later research of "Jin Ping Mei".
In addition, it is pointed out that a rude scholar made the 53rd to 57th chapters of the original book, and answered questions that the characters, events, language and details written in these five chapters raised by modern people when studying "Jin Ping Mei" are obviously inconsistent with the bloodline of the whole book.
"Jin Ping Mei Cihua" preface
Xin Xinzi said in the Dingsi (1617 AD) of the Wanli Dingsi (1617 AD) "Newly engraved Jin Ping Mei Cihua": "I personally say that Lanling Xiaoxiaosheng wrote "Jin Ping Meihua", which is based on the customs of the times, which is probably a matter of fact." "My friend Xiaoxiaosheng For this reason, I have spent all the daily life, and wrote this biography, which is a hundred chapters."
Xinxinzi and Xiaoxiaosheng are both pseudonyms, and are also opposite to Xinxin, Zi and Xiaoxiaosheng, so Xinxinzi and Xiaoxiaosheng are likely to be the same person.
provides an extremely important information here, which is to point out that the author is from Lanling.
Jiangsu Wujin and Shandong Yixian were both called Lanling in ancient times, so it is still difficult to determine who the author's hometown is.
However, Shandong dialect is widely used in the novel, and the story in the book is set in Shandong, so the possibility of the author being a Shandong native is naturally greater.
It should be pointed out that the five words "Lanling Xiaoxiaosheng" may not be included in the Wuzhong engraving, so Yuan Zhonglang, Shen Defu and others did not mention it.
Also published in the Wanli Dingsi year, the 20th Lord, who was at the beginning of the volume of "Newly Carved Jin Ping Mei Ci" pointed out in "Jin Ping Mei Postscript": "The Biography of Jin Ping Mei was a statement of a Ju (Ju) apartment at the time of Shi Temple, and there was something thorny." 11
"Ju (Ju) Gong" undoubtedly refers to a great bureaucrat, and "Shi Temple" refers to Emperor Jiajing of Emperor Shizong. The two men are of the same pseudonym, so the "Ju (Ju) Duke" does mean that it is impossible to know.
Zheng Zhenduo in "Illustrated History of Chinese Literature" believes that "Twenty-gong" is Yuan Zhonglang, but it did not conduct an argument, which is not enough to convince people.
The above statements are close to the time when "Jin Ping Mei" was written, and some are even "friends" with the author.
But for the reason, they are unwilling to point out the real name of the author of "Jin Ping Mei". I am afraid that it cannot be simply believed that the novel could not be ranked in the elegant hall at that time. The author was looked down upon by feudal orthodox literati, not only because there are a lot of obscene descriptions in the novel.
may also have political considerations, as well as other reasons for inconvenience.
How do you view the description of the relationship between men and women and the relationship between the two genders in "Jin Ping Mei"?
Since there are completely opposite opinions on this issue, the corresponding issue is the trade-off attitude towards "Jin Ping Mei".
As an orthodox Confucian who tends to be conservative in thought, Dong Sibai on the one hand appreciates its "excellent" and on the other hand, based on the description of gender in the novel, he believes that "it should be burned"12.
Xue Gang even shouted loudly: "How can there be such a kind of dirty book in the world? You should rush to the Qin fire." 13
Against him, the famous popular writer and progressive literati Feng Menglong "was surprised when he saw it, and encouraged the bookstore to buy and carve it at a high price"14.
Xin Xinzi defended the description of "the language is related to vulgarity and contains powdery air". The 2nd father-in-law openly praised "the book will be popular in the future, and the merits will be immeasurable." The reason why "those who do not know" "are the obscene book" is because he did not truly grasp the author's words "suggestions" and did not understand the author's "the ugly things in the world, and his ancestors did not delete the purpose of Zheng Wei". As a result, he wronged the author and the "popular ones", so he "specially said it" in "Jin Ping Mei Postscript".
When evaluating the social function of "Jin Ping Mei" and its relationship with feudal famous religion, due to the different perspectives of the novel and the restriction of the commentator's worldview, he also came to a completely opposite conclusion.
Yuan Zhongdao said that "this book teaches lust" is hindering the "famous teachings"15, and Shen Defu also believes that this book "bad people's minds"16.
This argument is mainly based on the description of gender life in "Jin Ping Mei".
In contrast, Yuan Hongdao believes that the advice of this book is "better than that of Mei Sheng's "Seven Fasts""17. Xin Xinzi's "Jin Ping Mei Ci Talks·Preface" said that this book "is nothing more than understanding human ethics, abstaining from lust and running, dividing favorable deeds, transforming good and evil, knowing the opportunity of prosperity, decline, and longing, and taking retribution for reincarnation. As in the present, it is always like the meridians, like the wind and not being confused, so that the viewers can laugh and forget their worries."
"Yuju Persimmon Record" (Ming Dynasty) Yuan Zhongdao wrote
synchronized with the theory of character criticism in the field of novel criticism, and the character creation of "Jin Ping Mei" has also attracted widespread attention.
Some commentators have noticed the typical problems of the characters in the novel, and believe that "Jin Ping Mei" is "using Ximen Qing to describe the great purity of the world, the earl to describe the clowns of the world, and the mischievous women to describe the ugly purity of the world"18.
Xie Zhaoyu's "Jin Ping Mei Bo" also involves the outstanding achievements of the novel in shaping characters: "For example, Fan Gong is beautiful, young and old, and has different humans and ghosts. He does not only have the appearance, but also passes on his spirit." 19 It is certain that the characters in the novel have their own personalities and have reached the artistic realm of both spirit and form.
Generally speaking, although Mingren’s comments are mostly verbal and fragmentary but not systematic, they have involved many issues.
It is on this basis that descendants built the basic framework of "Ministry Science". In their research, they often use the relevant theories of Ming people as the basis for establishing their own arguments, thereby promoting the in-depth development of "Ministry Science".
Over the past 200 years of Qing Dynasty, the research on "Jin Ping Mei" has made further development. Although the comment form of
at this stage is still limited to the prefaces, postscripts, notes and notes of literati, it has made great progress in both breadth and depth.
The Qing people made various speculations on the author of "Jin Ping Mei", including Wang Shizhen and Li Yu (the first strange book of criticism of Gaohetang" in Jin Ping Mei, the book titled "Written by Mr. Li Liweng"),
Lun Nan ("Preface to the Manchu translation of Jin Ping Mei"), Xue Yingqiu ("Second Collection of Spring Rain Grass Cottage Collection" Volume 7 "Successful Ting Wenzhou State"), Zhao Nanxing ("Second Collection of Spring Rain Grass Cottage Collection" Volume 7 "Successful Ting Wenzhou State"),
Li Zhuowu (Wang Tan's "Jin Ping Mei Certification"), Wang Shizhen's disciple (Qing Kangxi Yi Hai Xie Yi's "Gao Hetang's Criticism of the First Strange Book of Jin Ping Mei·Preface"), Ming Dynasty Fulang literati (Wang Tan's "Jin Ping Mei Certification"),
Tang Jingchuan (Shunzhi) Enemy (Jiang Ruizao's "Novels Quoted"), a certain filial piety (Xu Qian's "Gui Gong Ladder" Volume 4 quotes "Exhortation Chronicles"),
Guanhai Taoist ("Ancient Jin Ping Mei·Gui Hai Taoist Preface") and other statements, but they are either out of speculation or limited to rumors.
Ye Hai of the Kangxi reign of the Qing Dynasty (1695 AD) Xie Yi said in the "Preface to the First Strange Book of Jin Ping Mei": "The book " Jin Ping " is said to be the work of the disciples of Fengzhou (note: Wang Shizhen's name), or it may be the hand of Fengzhou."
It can be seen that Wang Shizhen and Wang Shizhen's disciples wrote "Jin Ping Mei" in parallel at that time.
However, after appreciating the novel's "fine needles and dense threads", this preface believes that it is "the one who came out of the old hand in "Yanyi" is undoubtedly written by Fengzhou." 20
Whether "Yanyi" was written by Wang Shizhen is no longer aware of it. Xie Yi is a pseudonym, which means "to clear the Yi and to thank you" ("The Preface to the First Strange Book of Jin Ping Mei").
Some people speculate that this person is "probably Zhang Chao" 21.
Xu Qian quoted "Exhortations" in Volume 4 of "Guigong Ladder" and said:
" The book "Jin Ping Mei" was originally a game pen, but unexpectedly wrote the manuscripts and spread endlessly. Filial and honesty were famous, but they finally failed to finish the first prize. Ji Chou Nangong has already decided to meet the original book. The main officer took the dormitory of the volume and recited it with a lamp, and was happy to win the person. In the morning, when he was about to fill in the list, the volume was covered with blood, and the rat was intertwined and dirty, so he scolded it. He only had one son, opened a tea room in Jiangning , and later he became a beggar. "22
Here it indicates that the novel was written for jealousy of the powerful and noble, but it also contains a strong component of cause and effect.
Wang Tan denied that "Jin Ping Mei" was written by Li Zhuowu in the "Jin Ping Mei" study on October 14, 1794, and then said: "About the Ming Dynasty's work of the floating literati."
means that "Jin Ping Mei" was written by the floating literati at the end of the Ming Dynasty under the name of Li Zhuowu. This is a speculative word.
However, Wang Shizhen said that he had considerable power and influence in this period.
Pinghua Hall Book "Zhang Zhupo's Criticism of the First Strange Book of Jin Ping Mei"
Such as Wang Tan's "Ancient Golden Body Plum Research" 23, Song Qifeng's "Baishu", Gu Gongxie's "Excerpt from Sui Xia Xian Ji" and so on all advocate this theory, and proposed that the creative intention was to avenge Wang Shizhen for his father. But there are different opinions on who his enemy is and why he is constituting an enemy.
Among them, Wang Tan's "Ancient Golden Boiling Plum Research" said that it was avenging Yan Song , Yan Shifan 's hatred for his father:
" The book "Jin Ping Mei" was written by Wang Yuanmei of the Ming Dynasty. Yuanmei's father, Luanhe , crashed into Luanhe , and killed the traitor. His son Donglou really agreed with it.
Donglou Xiguan novel, Yuanmei wrote this, using poison to make paper, hoping to make the infection enter the mouth and die. Donglou candle his plan, and asked his family to wash away his medicine, and then read it, and the book was passed on."24
In the 12th year of Kangxi (1673), Song Qifeng said in Volume 3 of "Baishu" that it was to avenge Lu Bingshi's father:
" The world knows that the "Four Manuscripts" was written by Mr. Yanzhou in his life, but he did not know that the book "Jin Ping Mei" was also written by Mr. Jin Ping Mei in his middle age. Even if he knew it, he was confused by rumors, he said that the book his disciples could do what they were capable of?
Yanzhou's father was defeated by Yan Xiangsong and his son. In the middle, Lu Bing, the Jinyiwei conspired to commit crimes and put them in law. Yanzhou was angry and deceitful, so he made this book.
Lu lives in the west gate of Yunjian County. The so-called Ximen Qing refers to Lu. Cai Jing and his son compare with the prime minister Song and his son, and the relationship between them is similar to the prime minister Song and his wings.
Lu had many concubines on the same day, so he borrowed all his wives to stab him one by one in the book. All the things and people are dependent on , Shan Zuo , their voice, appearance, food and drink, and even the meticulous details of the drama and the mother are all spoken by people from the capital. Although the book is very popular, its talent is open and distorted, and its changes are magical. It is full of cleverness in daily use. It is the first text of the late generation. ”25
This statement is obviously from the "Mountain and Forest Economic Book", and is more specific and more shocking than the former.
In addition, among many notes and miscellaneous notes in the Qing Dynasty, it is also believed that the author of "Jin Ping Mei" is Wang Shizhen.
For example, Gu Gongxie's "Excerpt from the Record of Elimination of Xia Xian" Volume "Beginning for the Origin of Jin Ping Mei Wang Fengzhou to Revenge" says:
""Taicang Wang Jun's family's collection "Along the River During the Qingming Festival", which is a writing of chemical engineering. Yan Shifan forced him to ask for it, but he couldn't bear to give it up, so he found a famous man who copied it to offer it.
First, the governor of Liangzhe met the mounter Tang surnamed, who was wandering around and took him back to decorate calligraphy and painting, and recommended him to Shifan. When presenting the painting, Tang was on the side and said to Shifan: "What someone witnessed in this picture is that it is not true. Look at the sparrow, stepping on two tiled corners with small feet, and then you will know its falsehood. ’The world was very angry, and he also despised the decoction of people and did not reuse it.
amanda invaded Datong, governor of the throne, Liu Liao, Yan Maoqing, Censor Fang Lu impeached Liu, ruthless in the border control, and then killed him. Later, Fan Changbai Gong (Yun Lin) wrote the legend of "A Handful of Snow". He changed his name to the past and did not miss the past. He should not miss the past and avoid the past.
号子子子 (Shizhen) suffers from his father's unjust death, and there is no reason to repay him. One day, I visited Shifan, and Shifan asked: "Is there any good novel in the market?" ’Answer: ‘Yes. ’ asked again: ‘What’s the name? ’In a hurry, Fengzhou saw the plum blossoms offered in the golden bottle, so he answered it with the 'Jin Ping Plum'. But the handwriting is gone and the money is being sent to the public.
retreated for several days and used the story of Ximen Qing in "Water Margin" as a model. He lived in Ximen with Shifan's nickname, and secretly criticized his family for being lustful.
But Shifan didn't know it, and he was very happy to watch it and couldn't stop playing with it. According to legend, Shifan likes to pedicure the most. Fengzhou bribed the practitioners heavily. He took advantage of Shifan's attention to reading books, deliberately injured his footprints and applied rotten medicine in the dark. Later, it gradually became corroded and could not go straight.
Only his father Song was in the cabinet, and his age was slow. The book was to be approved, but it was not called the title. The emperor is disgusted with it, and his favor becomes weaker. The censor Zou Yinglong and others took the opportunity to impeach the crime, and they were even defeated. Alas! How much resentment is to others! "26
Later, the anonymous "Notes" also said:
" "Jin Ping Mei" is one of the "Four Great Books" in the old theory. It is said that Wang Shizhen's hands were revenge on Yan's "Du Kang Tu".
may be called the matter of Tang Jingchuan. When he was appointed as the governor of Jiangyou, he was very careful and imprisoned. He became a prisoner and died. His son has tried every means to seek retribution, but he cannot get a chance.
Jingchuan was dismissed and read all the strange books. He gradually sighed and quickly drafted this book, so he soaked arsenic on paper to get it. If you know that Jingchuan’s reading is necessary, you must use paper to stick your tongue to read it in the next step.
Jingchuan finished reading for a night. Suddenly I felt that the tongue wood was strong and the mirror was dark. He knew he was poisoned and called his son, "I'm going to plan for me." I die, and I will not be allowed to enter my room unless my closest relatives are. ’ He died after the time being.
Rinsely, the person in white clothes called the sky and the earth to come. Pu hid in front of his son, saying that he had received great kindness in Jingchuan, and wished to have a kiss before he was covered with a coffin.
Appreciate his sincerity and agree to it. The corpse was buried and crying very sadly. After crying, I bowed out again.
and the burial are gone. The one who first realized that the coming was the one who wrote books. Because his father was humiliated by the head of the head, he was not enough to get poison, and he even thought it was repaid. ”27
"Excerpt from the Record of Eliminating Summer" (Qing Dynasty) Gu Gongxie Written by
Anonymous "The Essay of Cold Flowers" says that it is Wang Shizhen's revenge for the slander of Jingchuan, Tang Dynasty:
The book "Jin Ping Mei" was written by Mr. Wang Yanzhou to ridicule Yan Shifan. In the book, Ximen Qing is the incarnation of Shifan. Shifan's nickname is Qing, and Ximen is also Qing; Shifan is called Donglou, and this book is matched with Ximen.
may also say that this book was made by a filial son to restore his father's enemy. A filial son knew a filial son and actually killed his father, and he was unable to repay him. Later, he suddenly found out that when Ju Gong was reading the book, he would use his fingers to turn the pages of his book.
filial son managed this book with three years of strength. The book was completed, and poison was stuck in the corner of the paper.
When Ju Gong came out, he asked someone to hold a book and sell it to the market, saying, "The most amazing book in the world! "June heard it in the car and immediately looked for it. After the car was in his hand, he had finished reading it, and sighed and praised it. He called the seller to ask about the value, but the seller did not see it.
Juune suddenly realized that he had been calculated by others and rushed to rescue him. It was too late, and he died of poison. Now, both of them are the filial sons, Fengzhou, and Juune was the Jingchuan of Tang.
Fengzhou's father, Jun, died in Yan's family, and was actually Jingchuan's slander. Yao Pingzhong "Gangjian Jiyao" records the killing of the governor Wang Jun.
Note: "There are ancient paintings, Yan Song found them, Jun was not with them, and it is easy to copy them. Those who know the paintings can identify the fakes. Song was angry and falsely accused of making mistakes in military opportunities and killed him. "
but did not remember the name of the painter. Someone who knew the matter said that the painter was Jingchuan.
Ancient painting was "Along the River During the Qingming Festival". Fengzhou had the hatred of the end of the sky, and vowed to repay Jingchuan to kill him several times. Jingchuan was very well protected.
One night, he was studying in a quiet room. A guest held his hair from behind and was about to add a blade. Jingchuan said, "I will not escape death, but I must leave a letter to my family. "The man stood up and waited. Jingchuan wrote several lines, and the pen tip fell off, and used the candle to treat the pen. The pipe was a poisonous crossbow, and the fire broke out, and the assassin died after he died. Fengzhou was very disappointed.
Later, he met the court room. Jingchuan said, "If you don't see Fengzhou for a long time, you will have something to do. "Answer: "Jin Ping Mei".
In fact, Fengzhou has nothing to write, so I just responded to it with lies. Jingchuan searched for the cleavage, Fengzhou returned, summoned Zigong, and wrote and printed it with poisonous water and ink, and worshipped it in Jingchuan.
Jingchuan read the books very quickly, and the ink was thick and sticky, so he couldn't reveal it, so he repeatedly pointed to the moisten mouth and died. The book was over, and the poison was killed. Some people said that this book was a person who poisoned the East Tower, but did not know that the East Tower was correct, and the poison was actually Jingchuan.
They said that "it took three years of hard work to make a book", and "Jiugong looked in the car", and it was also rumored that he was a different person. He Qu was not convinced by the great scholars of Jingchuan, and He Qu was willing to help Yan's family, but he died. 28
Later, Lu Xun said in "Novels and Old News" about Wang Shizhen's bizarre story of "Jin Ping Mei" made by literati in the Qing Dynasty:
" Fengzhou's revenge is extremely unreasonable and ridiculous, and people often believe it and pass it on. ”29
Wu Han has successively written "The Story of the River During the Qingming Festival and the Evolution of Jin Ping Mei" and "The Era of Jin Ping Mei's Works and Social Background".
clarifies the evolution of "The River During the Qingming Festival" from the Xu family of Yixing → Xiya Li family of Chenhu Lu family → Kunshan Gu family → Yuanzhou Yan family → Inner Mansion, which is obviously not related to Wang Jun and Wang Shizhen's father and son.
It is worth noting that although these statements are ridiculous, most of them point out a certain degree of connection between the stories reflected in "Jin Ping Mei" and the historical facts of the Ming Dynasty, as well as a certain degree of connection between the characters in the novel and the characters in the Ming Dynasty.
This provides clues for later generations to study the times reflected in "Jin Ping Mei" and the creation of "Jin Ping Mei".
In addition, the "Preface to the Manchu translation of Jin Ping Mei" says: "Some say that the book was written by Lu Nan, an aloof scholar in the Ming Dynasty, to ridicule Yan Song and Yan Shifan, is it not known?" 30
Gong Weili's "Farewell Collection of Spring Rain Caotang" Volume 7 "Xu Ting Wenzhou Shishi" says: "It is said that "Jin Ping Mei" was written by Mr. Xue Fangshan, which was used to use this to maintain customs and correct people's hearts when Chu learned politics." "It is also said that Zhao Qihe Gong did it."
Wang Tan's "Jin Ping Mei Certification" denied that "Jin Ping Mei" was written by Wang Shizhen and said: "Some say that Li Zhuowu did not do anything, so why do you leave this dirty word?" He was also skeptical about this rumors.
"Novel Study" (Qing Dynasty) Jiang Ruizao
How to view the description of gender life in "Jin Ping Mei"? This is the most debated issue in the interpretation, and it is also the most sensitive issue encountered when evaluating this masterpiece.
Due to differences in their theory on this issue, they have led to a very different attitude towards this novel.
First of all, a group of orthodox feudal literati saw the impact of the naked rendering of the sex life in "Jin Ping Mei" on feudal famous religion, accusing "Jin Ping Mei" of being a work of lewdness, and strictly prohibiting it. Some even fabricated absurd stories of retribution to slander "Jin Ping Mei" and its author.
For example, Shen Hanguang's "Jingyuan Xiaoyu" says:
"Those who have been written in the world of "Water Margin" have been dumb for three generations. Modern and obscene books such as "Jin Ping Mei" are disappointed, and the consequences should not be the same.
Every strange friend praises this book very much, saying that its imitation of human feelings is similar to "Records of the Grand Historian". Why not read "Records of the Grand Historian" directly and please it? There are young scholars in the family, so you must be careful." 31
Li Luyuan declared in "Preface to the Street Lamp":
"If "Jin Ping Mei" is a book that teaches lust. My deceased friend Zhang Yidong said, this is nothing but the way he did, and what he wanted to try. Sanjiacun was studying in the winter, and he said that this is the text of "Zuo", "Guo", and Shi Shijian.
I said that people did not understand the history of "Zuo", so how could they read this? Since they understood the history of "Zuo" and "Shi Shi", why should they read this? Laozi said: A boy was ignorant and took a look. This is just driving the young students to write a letter to the young, and quickly sing it in the artemisia." 32
Here it reveals that people at that time had different judgments on "Jin Ping Mei".
Fang Jun's "Jiaoxuan Suilu" said:
"The two books "Water Margin" and "Jin Ping Mei" advocate robbery, which is harmful to the world and people's hearts." 33
realized the harm of "Jin Ping Mei" to feudal famous religion.
Lin Changyi's "Inkstone (Lei Gui) Xulu" shouted, "When people see this book, they will burn it immediately. Otherwise, they will be lost, their diseases will hurt their lives, and they will steal jade and smell the fragrance. This arises, and their body and mind will break. What should I do if I look at animals!" 34
Even the fox and ghost giant Pu Songling also used a lewd book list:
Yi Shi said: The changes in the world winds are, the lower ones are more flattering, and the higher ones are more arrogant. ...If the wife of a gentleman calls her wife, she will be cut off for several years.
In the past, it was only the mother of a gentry, and this title was first given by this; those who got this title by their wife were only Lin and Qiao Er in the history of sexual intercourse, which he had never seen. ...35
The "lewd history" here refers to "Jin Ping Mei"; Lin and Qiao refer to Mrs. Lin and Mrs. Qiao Wu in "Jin Ping Mei".
In the Qing Dynasty, "Jin Ping Mei" was again banned and destroyed by the rulers. Zheng Guangzu "Awakening the World and Miscellaneous Notes" records:
I saw a book in the book stall counting a book, which was sold in this year. There are several books sold in "The Strange Book of Getting Rich", " Dream of the Red Chamber ", "Jin Ping Mei", "Water Margin", " West Chamber ", etc., and there are many other names, not as many as before.
It is true that customs depend on people's hearts, but people's hearts are heavy and urged to persuade.
is such a bad novel that can make a fortune in the world, and it is a bad habit to meet people's desires. Therefore, the abandonment of etiquette and righteousness is destroyed, and the habit of each other becomes a trend, and it is difficult to save the clan. Fortunately, the book is strictly prohibited recently. Can the missing piece be blocked? 36
In addition, there are records of the anonymous "Record of Encouraging Destruction of Erotic Books and banning Books" and Yu Zhi's "Deyilu".
What's more, in order to slander the spread and influence of "Jin Ping Mei", some feudal literati used any means to fabricate the bizarre lie about how the author, seller, and publisher of "Jin Ping Mei" was punished:
Xiao Lian, who was jealous of Yan Shifan's lust, wrote the book "Jin Ping Mei", which was originally a temporary game pen, unexpectedly wrote the manuscript and spread endlessly.
filial and honesty are famous, but they are not successful. In the Nangong of Ji Chou, the main officer took the dormitory and recited it with a lamp. He was happy to be the one who got the person. When he was about to fill out the list, the blood marks on the scroll were on it, which was caused by the rats being intertwined and dirty, and then he was scolded.
only one son, opened a tea room in Jiangning, and later became a beggar. 37
and called on the book to be "got all over the water and fire, and the beauty of its writing should not be praised by the public" (same as above); while gathering, viewing, speaking, borrowing, like the author and buyer, are all unforgivable sins:
Li Zhuowu highly praised "The West Chamber", "Water Margin" and "Jin Ping Mei" as strange books in the world.
I don’t know how to chisel the lustful sinuses and open up the murderous intentions, like brewing poisonous wine, the sweeter the wine tastes, the deeper the poisonous ones. Those who gather such books, read such books, talk about such books, and borrow such books, have the same sin as those who make the creator and buy them. 38
From this we can see that the defensive people’s hatred and fear of "Jin Ping Mei" has reached an unparalleled level.
"Jin Ping Mei Information Compilation" Huang Lin Edited
While defaming "Jin Ping Mei" as a erotic erotic genius, some feudal literati also realized the value of "Jin Ping Mei" and the adverse consequences that may be brought about by obscene descriptions. They proposed that reading "Jin Ping Mei" must be cautious and must have certain discernment ability.
Otherwise, it will cause endless harm. For example, the Manchu text "Preface to Jin Ping Mei" believes that "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Water Margin", "Journey to the West" and "Jin Ping Mei" are the four major wonders in novels, and "Jin Ping Mei" is particularly strange."
However, "If you lose your intentions in the deep feelings, you will be slightly imitated. If you are too big, you will lose your family and lose your body, and if you are small, you will inevitably make trouble and see others. You can't be careful! You can't be careful! If you are sick of the dirty things, you can't be afraid. It is filthy and not observing, but to view this book as a way to relieve boredom. What is the point of being an unconscious person? "39
Liu Tingji's "Zaiyuan Magazine" also said:
"If you have deep feelings and worldly affairs, you are not as good as "Jin Ping Mei", it is truly a wonderful book. If you want to stop lust, you should preach the word of lust; if you want to break lust, you should lead to lust, you should lead to lust like enlightenment." 40
However, "If you want to read "Jin Ping Mei", you must first understand that the preface says: 'Those who read "Jin Ping Mei" and develop compassion is a Bodhisattva; those who read this book "Jin Ping Mei" and have the effect on the heart are beasts.'"
The purple-bearded mad guest believes that in the "Bo Peng Gossip" that he is not good at reading "Jin Ping Mei" "is a mistake of being romantic and becoming lustful. In the meantime, people are warned of the world, either on the opposite side, in the crack, or extremely fast and extremely beautiful, while sadness falls in the middle, and the world is unsolved for a while. "41
The master of the opera pen said in "Preface to the Complete Biography of the Embroidered Statue":
The text has nothing to do with the style of etiquette, even though it is brilliant and popular, it is all about the key to establishing a theory.Any writings that pass on the mind may be difficult to read, and may be moved by the teeth and cheeks, and may be supported by words and conversations, which will make the eyes depressed.
If loyal ministers and filial sons were in their eyes since ancient times, the author would be able to persuade and punish them. There are many novels, and they are always limited to the complex sentences and the programs are mixed.
If the sentences of "Three Kingdoms" are profound and simple, they are incomparable; as for "Journey to the West" and "Jin Ping Mei", they are specialized in "Fantasy" and "Jin Ping Mei", and their charming and charming words are sensual.
In the wise, those who know and use their pens are not scrupulous, only look at the evil spirits. This is a book that awakens the world, but it is a tool for playing with joy. 42
When evaluating the ideological value of "Jin Ping Mei", most literati regard "Jin Ping Mei" as a book of warnings based on the experiences of characters in the novel before and after their deaths, and include their ideological content with cause and effect.
"This novel "Jin Ping Mei" was originally used to explain to the world, drawing a picture of joy in the joy of lust, losing one's body, and reproaching lust." 43
Liu Tingji's "Zaiyuan Magazine" believes that "Jin Ping Mei" "uses daily life, socializing in the world, treacherous and cunning, and doing all evil, and the result is obvious." 44
Using this superstitious view of the consequences to explain this profound and profound magnificent work is obviously not worthy of training.
However, the Manchu translation of "Preface to Jin Ping Mei" gives a relatively comprehensive summary of the content described in "Preface to Jin Ping Mei": those who compile ancient poems in Li Guan may encourage good and punish evil to return to good and good fortune; or those who are eager to show off their talents to write poems; or those who are wise to express their nature to describe other things; or those who like good and evil to distinguish loyalty and treacherous. Although his calligraphy is a classic and ancient poem, each has its own goodness.
Such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Water Margin", "Journey to the West" and "Jin Ping Mei", are the four most amazing novels, and "Jin Ping Mei" is particularly strange here.
In every hundred chapters, they have nothing to do in every chapter to make friends, engaging in camps, linger and drinking, adultery, greed and seek, bullying, tricking tricks and deceiving, pissing off, committing irritation, committing slander, committing slander, committing slander, making fun of others, making false accusations, inciting disagreements, and having nothing to do in cultivating oneself and managing the family and benefiting the country.
To Ximen Qing killed Wu Da with magic medicine, but he was still the wife of Wu Da, Pan Jinlian died with aphrodisiac. Pan Jinlian used medicine to poison her two husbands, and was then smashed into pieces by Wu Song's body.
For example, if Ximen Qing commits adultery with his wife, his maid is defiled by his son-in-law and his family child when he is still alive. Wu Yueniang betrayed her husband and favored her son-in-law into the inner room, and raped Ximen Qing's maid, not just to be in chaos in the inner room.
Wu Yueniang did not have a fine look in her woman. She even went to Yin Tianxi to force the rape to keep her intention to tease her. When Cai Jing's disciples were trusted by the king, they tried to be selfish. For twenty years, they were condemned and punished, and all their friends were guilty of crimes.
Ximen Qing thought about the plan and showed his tricks. His momentum reached the Guanyuan. After his death, the corpse was not cold. The thief stole, the thief stole, the thief separated, the dead died, the deceased, and the deceased, and the deceased came out. All of them were as good as the lamp to silence the fire and extinguish the ashes.
These people who have a tendency to get angry are all as bad as those of the fallen flowers and trees. The severity of retribution is just like a scale without any difference between high and low.
, and Ximen Qing was happy for only five or six years. The other urging flattery, begging, and committing fierce and chaotic people were also revealed within twenty years. The bad habits are compiled into the rings of all ages, from ordinary couples, as well as monks, Taoists, nuns, doctors, witches, divinations, musicians, singing girls and jugglers, they buy and sell, take utensils, and take utensils and jokes, without any omissions in the remote corners, and are thorough and thorough, as if they are familiar with the experience in front of you.
can be said to be the most extraordinary of the four extraordinary books. ...Those who view this book consider these hundred chapters as a hundred precepts. Kui Ran was reluctant and thought calmly, and knew that he was afraid of such a person who was afraid of such a person. This is what he said is that he does not let down the meaning of this book. …45
The artistic achievements of "Jin Ping Mei" have been highly praised by commentators in this issue.
Manchu translation "Jin Ping Mei" book shadow
or refers to the novel "the door is a banter, a slang word in the city, a vulgar word, a very different vulgar word, and a very different vulgar one, and can collect all the writings and chapters, with a realistic tone and vividness. ... Talent and human writing style, extraordinary, and believe that people's admiration and enterprise will not decline." 46
or refers to its "literary heart is as delicate as cow hair, and whenever you write a person, you will always be cool and cool tone. At the bottom, read it in a closed volume, and read it for a few words, you can understand who you are. The structure is extravagant, the needle and thread are meticulous, and there is no word in missing..."47
Jing'an's "Dream of the Golden House" says:
...For example, the texts in "Red House", "Water Margin" and "Jin Ping" are elegant and inappropriate, but they are disdainful to search for chapters and sentences, and they are like clichés. When they describe characters, they all need to be full of discussions, and they also come up with different ways, express their feelings and speak freely, and they are full of Man Qian's smile and arrogant words, and Dongpo scolds them.
points of the world, joys and sorrows, and write them realistically without falling into the ordinary novelist's ruthlessness. I was ecstatic and ecstatic when I read it. It was a wonderful article that was never seen in a thousand years. 48
Although these comments are just a few words and cannot be systematic and comprehensive, there are many unique insights in them and they have their own value worthy of attention.
What kind of status should "Jin Ping Mei" enjoy in the history of literature? Most people explain this issue by comparing it with other works.
Some people rank it with "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Water Margin" and "Journey to the West", and believe that "Jin Ping Mei" is the "specially stranger" among the "Four Great Wonderful Books". 49. "Jin Ping Mei" is very different from "other schools, which is not comparable to ordinary novels" 50.
Some people rank it with "Left", "Nation", "History", and "Han", and believe that "Four Great Wonderful Books, each reaching the highest level, can be passed down together with "Left", "Nation", "Han", and "Han", and rarely continue this later" 51.
Some people also saw the huge impact of "Jin Ping Mei" on "Dream of Red Mansions", and believed that "the predecessors said that "The Story of Stone" was born out of this book (referring to "Jin Ping Mei"), which is not a false statement. The difference is that one writes about talented men and beautiful women, one writes about adulterers and women; one writes about a teenager and the other writes about a villain in the market. As for the good writing and ink, the two are incredible"52;
"Dream of Red Mansions" "broadly imitates the "Jin Ping Mei" written by Mr. Fengzhou of my family, but is more implicit and does not cover much, which is enough to satisfy the readers' eyes"53.
Couplets "Commentary on Dream of the Red Chamber" believes that "Dream of the Red Chamber" is "born from "Jin Ping Mei", and the despicable words are eliminated to the end. In the middle, they write about love and scenery, without any wisdom after being wise. It is not that the young are born out of the blue, but that the cicada is shed in filth." 54
Zhang Xinzhi "Reading Methods of Dream of the Red Chamber" believes that "Dream of the Red Chamber" is "borrowing the line in "Jin Ping Mei"", "Dream of the Red Chamber" is a dark "Golden" "The "Jin Ping" has a 'sense of filial piety', because it is clearly composed of the word filial piety, and this is secretly composed of the word filial piety. As for its hidden pain, it is even more profound than that of "Jin Ping Mei". "Jin Ping" plays hot and cold, and this book also plays hot and cold; "Jin Ping" plays wealth and sex, and this book also plays wealth and sex."55
Although it contains the pedantic views of feudal literati, it points out the artistic reference of "Dream of Red Mansions" in creation.
In addition, Zhi Yanzhai, Hasbao and others also started with similar details and scene descriptions of the two books "Jin Ping Mei" and "Dream of Red Mansions", and commented on the profound impact of "Jin Ping Mei" on the creation of "Dream of Red Mansions".
What is particularly worthy of our attention is Zhang Zhupo during the Kangxi period and Wenlong’s relatively systematic and comprehensive comments on “Jin Ping Mei” by Zhang Zhupo during the Guangxu period. This has been a pioneering achievement in the history of “Jin Ping Mei” research and has opened a new stage in the research of “Jin Ping Mei”.
Zhang Xinzhi Review "Miaofuxuan Review of Stones" Shuying
Zhang Zhupo (1670-1698), with a deep name and a name named Zide, Zhupo is his name. People from Tongshan, Xuzhou. He once fought in the imperial examination field, but his encounter failed and finally died in poverty and was filled with sorrow.
Zhupo commented and published "The First Strange Book of Jin Ping Plum".
His comments include general comments (including "The First Strange Book", "Miscellaneous Records", "Zhupo Gossip", "Hot and Hot Golden Needle", "The Meaning of Jin Ping Mei", "The Stories of the Tribulation and Filial Pie", "The Theory of the First Strange Book Not the Essential Book", "The Interesting Talk of Jin Ping Mei", "The Criticism of the First Strange Book", "The Reading Method of the First Strange Book of Jin Ping Mei", etc.), a total of more than 100,000 words.
Following Zhang Zhupo, during the Guangxu period, Wenlong made another more comprehensive and detailed comment on "Jin Ping Mei".
Wenlong's name is Yumen, his original surname is Zhao, a native of the Zhenglan Banner of the Han army. He has served as the magistrate of Nanling and Wuhu. He is a clean and upright official and is highly supported by the people. In the fifth year of Guangxu (1879), sixth and eighth years, he made a relatively comprehensive comment on the "Jin Ping Mei" from the ideological content to artistic achievements and character creation in the book "The First Strange Book" in this hall.
Its comments include reply comments, eyebrow comments, side comments, etc., about 60,000 words.
They pointed out that "Jin Ping Mei" is a work that exposes the evil of worldly love, jealous of worldly diseases and customs, and criticizes current affairs. Zhang Zhupo believes that since the author of "Jin Ping Mei" is unwilling to leave his name, it is because the novel has its own meaning and its targeted nature.
"In short, the author has no emotion, and does not need to write a book." 56 "Those who write "Jin Ping Mei" must have experienced the sorrows of suffering and poverty, the worldly ways, and the deepest entry into the world." 57
In Chapter 70 "The old eunuch leads a drink to the room In the second review of the Criminal Court, Zhang commented:
"It's so great. Those who write calligraphy must not be able to get the current situation, but write fables to the world. Now, only one family is not as good as the world, so why can't we forget the deep resentment? Therefore, the rewards of the Gen Peak in the Huiqing Peak are unnecessary. The treacherous ministers are greedy for the throne and honor their wealth, and they are full of hatred in their hearts."58
He believed that the author of "Jin Ping Mei" lives in a dark society, experienced troubles, and did not meet the times. He hated the treacherous ministers in power, deeply felt the sinister world, experienced the coldness of the world, and was "sad and angry", so he wrote a novel to "relieve his anger"59 to express the depression in his heart.
Wenlong proposed that "it is almost jealous of the world and the common people, and the intention is stimulated and touched, and this book is made"60.
In Chapter 36 "Zhai Butler Sends a Book to Find a Woman In the reply commentary of Cai Zhuangyuan left drinks and borrowed money to entangle", Wenlong also said:
"This chapter covers current affairs. The prime minister and the top scholar are the most proud of the world and envious of ordinary people.
It must have a position and virtue. At first, it is shameless to be the true prime minister; with his talent and his degree, he is worthy of being the top scholar. Then, if the big Cai and Xiao Cai are the ones, the current affairs of the world can be known.
Cai Jing accepted bribes and paid his position as a reward. To put it briefly, let’s give an example of a hundred.
If you describe it in detail, there may be more servants who are more difficult to complete. That is, you can replace them with the sound of his servants. This is called Mr. Yunfeng, and that is called Mr. Yunfeng. Yunfeng can run straight to the world and command the wealthy people in the world. If you say: This is the slave, the master can know that this is a layer of writing. "
" Cai Yun told the help, and the autumn wind was all the way. Looking at his words and deeds, it makes people feel sick." Zhang Zhupo and Wenlong both saw the content of social life contained in the novel and the author’s criticism of the sinister world and the filthy officialdom.
The difference is that Zhang Zhupo focuses on commenting on the author's personal experience of "distance and poverty", while Wenlong focuses more on the author's anger towards the entire dark society.
Zhang Zhupo and Wenlong also tried their best to correct the name of the "evil posthumous posthumous posthumous" in "Jin Ping Mei".
How to evaluate the obscene words and foul words in "Jin Ping Mei"? Is "Jin Ping Mei" an "eluent book"?
Zhang Zhupo tried his best to defend it in his monograph on "The First Strange Book of Not a Pornographic Book".
He pointed out: "In the book "Jin Ping", the author also imitates the poems "The Legend of the Condor Heroes", "The Wind and Rain", "The Legend of the Condor Heroes", "The Legend of the Condor Heroes", "Zi Xi" and "Zi Jin". In the subtle words, the literati knows the warning; in the obvious words, the common people know it." 61
on the contrary, it is a book that punishes lust and warns the world."Therefore, I am a lewd book, but those who do not know that they are a lewd ear," "My "Jin Ping Mei" washes off lust and maintains filial piety and brotherhood."
He compared "Jin Ping Mei" with "Book of Songs", lamenting that those who are not good at reading in the world regarded "Jin Ping Mei" as a mischievous book, and said in a radical way: "If ordinary people say "Jin Ping" is a mischievous book, they must only know how to see its mischievous place. If I read this book, it is purely a historical document." 62
Of course, Zhang Zhupo sometimes criticized the naked renderings of sexual life in the novel, and also put forward criticisms.
In short, Zhang Zhupo emphasized that he should evaluate the achievements made in "Jin Ping Mei" from a holistic and macro perspective, and could not focus on its description of the life of both sexes and stifle its value.
proposed that "Jin Ping Mei" cannot be read sporadically, like sporadically, so he should only look at its lust. Therefore, it must be read for several days and in one breath to realize the author's ups and downs, which penetrates the qi and veins, and passes down a line."63.
At the same time, it is also more important. Zhang Zhupo proposed that this kind of pen directly serves the character creation and has profound meaning. He discussed:
"Jin Ping Mei" says delusions, which are mostly golden lotus and Wang Liu'er, followed by Ping Er. He is like Yue Niang and Yulou, and Chun Mei is only described in the spots.
? When writing about Yue Niang, it is only the night before "sweeping the snow", so Chou Yue Niang and Chou Ximen. When writing about jade towers, it is only after "sour-containing" overnight, which shows the arrogance of jade towers, and it is also called the ugly West Gate.
is not the original meaning of writing about its lustfulness. As for Chunmei, I wanted to keep it to reverse the case of Yanliang, so I had to keep it and stop writing with shadow. As for the shamelessness and disbelief, those who cannot come out of their mouths, they all come out of their mouths from Jinlian and
Liu'er. What is the embarrassment? This author is deeply guilty of Ximen. Seeing such a dog and pig, he is quite happy about it. He is really not a human being.
So Wang Liuer and Pan Jinlian took action together one day, and Ximen was dead.
This is the profound meaning of the author. As for Ping'er, even though he can tolerate it, he will ask for trouble and it is not related to human affairs. He will be angry and pass on the evil spirits and will not be far away from Jinlian, so he may also relax his ugly attitude.
But the bottle is weak and the golden lotus is cruel, so it is easier to write about the penis' lust, which is slightly better than the golden lotus. He also lost his life early when he was trying medicine. He said that women are greedy for sex and will harm others if they do not harm others. Wait! How frightening!
What kind of character do you have if you are a golden lotus or a Ruyi generation? Therefore, it is not abrupt. If the king recruits the wife of Lin in Xuanfu, I am aware of the golden lotus, so why should people who want to retaliate? 64
This view is unique and deserves attention in our research today.
Gaohetang's "Zhupo Gossip" (Qing Dynasty) Zhang Zhubo wrote
Wenlong emphasized the subjective aspects of readers, believing that "Jin Ping Mei" is a mischievous book, and it is also abstaining from mischievous book."
is called "elude books" because "looking at the brush and ink, it is nothing more than lustful words and erotic things", but "find the root cause, it is actually abstaining from elude books... it is just that you can read and not read"65.
He believes that the key question is from what angle does the readers look at these descriptions, and it will draw different conclusions based on readers' different attitudes of appreciation and hatred, envy and fear of warning. Therefore, he discussed:
both mean that this book is a mischievous book, which is true, but not. But looking at the matter, there are only four words: "Men and women are incompatible". These things happen everywhere and at all times. In the flowers, streets, willows and alleys, everyone is Pan Jinlian, and everyone is Ximen Qing.
Not to be explained, everyone understands it in their hearts. Once it is pointed out, those who have deep experience say: This is indeed the case; those who have little knowledge say: This is actually the case! In a word, this book is called lust.If we can look at it higher, take a deeper mind, and imagine it further, will there be Ximen Qing the world?
and hate him very much, and hate him deeply. The government in the Yang world will immediately treat him with a beheading him, and the Yama in the underworld will place him with eighteen levels. Is there no Ximen Qing in the first lifetime? Any wealth and honor are similar to the Ximen, and some leisure are similar to the Ximen. When encountering them, they should be afraid of being exhausted and prevent being exhausted. If you make a mistake, you will kill your body; if you are indifferent, you will be able to stop your body.
Lust is born from eloquence and he is not born from fear and precepts. This is the cleverness and confusion of those who read this book. If you are lustful by nature, you will also lust if you do not observe this book; if you do not observe this book, you can stop lust if you do not observe this book.
However, if books do not lust, people will be lustful; if people do not lust, how can books become lustful? 66
is a book that only uses the word "lust" to describe it, the person must be truly lustful. The matter is a must-have, and the person who is a real person is definitely not like those who are "Zhuchunyuan", "Haoqiu Biography", "Yujiaoli", "Pingshan Cold Beauty", and the books such as the Seven Talents and Eight Talents are full of words, ruthless and unreasonable, which makes people want to vomit but think they are proud.
Why is it called non-lustful?
Anyone who has wives and concubines will inevitably show this ugly situation between the family, and even if the family is ruined, the people will die. If you have any thoughts about the future, you will reflect on yourself when you see the evil, and change the bad ones, so that you will almost live up to this book. 67
may also refer to the mischievous book of "Jin Ping Mei", but it is not. The lustful person sees it is called lust; the unlustful person does not call it lust, but only sees a group of birds and beasts.
may also be a good book in Jin Ping Mei, but it is not. Good people see goodness and goodness are called goodness; bad people are called badness, but they just feel happy and happy throughout their lives.
But is the wonderful book of "Jin Ping Mei"? He said: It's not strange. People are people who are always present in the world, and things are always present in the world. Since ancient times and present, all over the world have always been under the sky.
is different from the changes and confusions of "The Investiture of the Gods", and is also not like the monsters and ghosts in "Journey to the West". How strange is it?
Therefore, those who are good at reading should be in the book, but they must not be ashamed and disgusted, and their likes and dislikes will be true. You should also be outside the book, and the desire to expose and punish is uneven, and your views are beyond the public.
You must first consider the author's meaning before you read it; you must also think about the author's words several times while reading it.
Look at the first time, and your eyes have already shot up a hundred times; when you see the hundred times, your mind reminisces about the first time. Books are transformed by me, and I am not bound by books. This can be said to be able to read books. It is okay to say that it is a mischievous book, a good book, and a strange book. 68
In these discussions, Wenlong did not avoid the obscene writing in the novel, but he emphasized more about the subjective active role of readers in receiving information from the work.
believes that readers' praise, criticism, and dislikes of "Jin Ping Mei" will have huge differences due to their respective personal preferences, appreciation angles, artistic interests, moral character, etc., which is the difference in acceptance of the "synchronous reception" mentioned in aesthetics.
In addition, Zhang and Wen also put forward many insightful views on the character creation, fine needlework, language art in the novel.
"Jin Ping Mei Ci" People's Literature Publishing House published
With the alternating attacks of opium and cannons in the Western powers, the gates of China, which had been locked for thousands of years, were finally opened.
The combination of feudal forces and foreign enemies has gradually reduced China to a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society.
is facing the danger of genocide, and all knowledgeable feudal scholars and officials have to devote themselves to the torrent of saving the nation.
Eliminate social ills, revitalize the power of China, and promote national prosperity and strength, which has become the main theme of literary creation and even literary criticism in this period.
The evaluation of the novel "Jin Ping Mei" has also undergone new changes.
We have classified the outbreak of the Opium War in 1840 to the May Fourth Movement in 1919, and the comments for about 80 years were classified as the third stage in the history of Jin Ping Mei’s research.
The comments in this issue are represented by the relevant discourses of the bourgeois reformists and revolutionaries.
Reformist propaganda activist Di Pingzi (Baoxian), said when discussing the creative motivation of "Jin Ping Mei":
" In the book "Jin Ping Mei", the author has endless grievances and infinite deep pain, and is in a dark era, and has no choice but to speak, and has no way to vent it. He has to borrow a novel to speak it." 69
believes that "Jin Ping Mei" is a work of injustice and anger, and is the author's revelation of "infinite grievances and resolute resentment" in the dark era.
Obviously, this is the development of the theory of "depression" mentioned in "Mountain and Forest Economic Book" of Tu Benyan in the Ming Dynasty and the development of Zhang Zhupo's poor and sad book.
Regarding the content and social value reflected in "Jin Ping Mei", the bourgeois reformists and commentators can mostly link it with society and politics and examine it, emphasizing and affirming the social critical function of "Jin Ping Mei", which makes the comments on "Jin Ping Mei" linked to the social improvement they advocate.
Pingzi (Di Baoxian) pointed out that "Jin Ping Mei" is a "true social novel, and it must not be used to describe the social situation at that time", and it "slightly shows the situation at that time".
Tian Yansheng (Wang Zhonglin) believes that "Jin Ping Mei" is a "novel with extreme world-weariness" 71. The author wrote this book "pained the turbidity of society", "describes the current situation of society's filthy, turbidity, greed, cruel and lewd mothers, and uses a poisonous pen to produce it", "It is made of blood through the paper quilt" 72.
Wang Zhonglin further pointed out that "Jin Ping Mei" dissects various ugly and evil forms and vulgarities in society through the creation of various typical images. "Recalling Ximen Qing means that the rich are lustful and evil; remembering Pan Jinlian means that the female world is filthy and chaos; remembering Hua Zixu and Li Pinger means that the decline of friends and Taoism; remembering Song Huilian means that the slander and flattery are a disaster; remembering Cai, the official career is dark and bribery is a public act."
He sighed: "Alas! Alas! There are outstanding talents in the world who have encountered turbid worlds and have to flow into worldly disgust and become worldly awkward, and thus imitate them. To make the evil virtues of those who are in the world cannot hide themselves, then Wang's painstaking efforts to write books." 73
Mengsheng proposed that "Jin Ping Mei" is a book that punishes and persuades the world and criticizes evil and vulgarity" 74. Deng Kuangyan's "Dream of the Red Chamber" bluntly stated that "Jin Ping Mei" is a "political novel with profound meaning."
In short, these comments all involve the essential issue of "Jin Ping Mei" reflecting the social reality and social politics of the Ming Dynasty.
Commentator also elaborated on the artistic achievements of "Jin Ping Mei" from all aspects and fully affirmed them. First of all, most theorists believe that "Jin Ping Mei" has opened up the subject areas of Chinese classical novels.
From the perspective of life described, it has taken a unique approach, and has turned the brushstrokes from the rise and fall of ancient history, the achievements of heroes and heroes, and the magical powers of gods, demons, fairies and monsters to the "lower social affairs" aspect that has always been ignored by scholars and officials, but every character lives in the "love affairs are particularly complicated, and descriptions are more difficult to write". 75,
It has been made from "The Water Margin" "has a drastic and magnificent atmosphere" "changed into a fine brush, which shows the difficult shape of the city, so it is a clever and elegant"76, "Describing evil society is like the traitor of Yu Ding, and it is meticulous"77,
This is an epoch-making change in the history of Chinese novels. It can compete with the works of Dickens in the United Kingdom, Mark Twain in the United States, Chara in France, Du Jinnaf in Russia, etc.78.
is closely related to the content described in the work, and is the issue of character creation.
Manshu believes that "Jin Ping Mei" is a book that describes the society of lower women. Looking at the characters in the book, once they speak, they will be the words of lower women; if they try to achieve their goals, they will be the actions of lower women.Even if the costume imitates the upper class, the lower class is as usual; if the supply of the aristocrat is as ordinary as ordinary. ”79
fully affirmed the outstanding achievements of "Jin Ping Mei" in shaping the image of lower-class women.
"Novel Collection" Qian Jingfang wrote
Although Qian Jingfang accused "Jin Ping Mei" of being "obscene and vulgar", he praised "it depicts the tone of a small person, and all of them are realistic". 80.
Mengsheng highly praised "Jin Ping Mei" in this regard, believing that "Jin Ping Mei" is the best and most beautiful novel, and it writes down social and inferior characters with its ink, all of which resemble the past. ...《Jin Ping Mei》 specializes in writing adulterers and mistresses, corrupt officials and servants, and helping prostitutes. It is impossible to portray all over the world, "81.
It can be said that the lower-level citizens portrayed by "Jin Ping Mei" enriches the character gallery of classical novels in my country and is an outstanding contribution to the history of Chinese novels, which has been unanimously praised by commentators in this issue.
Some commentators also noticed that the means of describing characters in "Jin Ping Mei" has changed compared to the previous theories.
It is different from the historical legends, heroic legends and authors of gods and demon novels that have formed a strong lineup in the history of Chinese novel development. The routine of clear praise and criticism when characters are praised and criticized, but "not the next premise" when writing about people. The author does not make or makes subjective praise and criticism.
instead allows the characters to make "the nature and identity of the person, whether good or bad, even women and children can distinguish it. It is true that there is no escape from being in front of the mirror"82.
This change is also a significant sign that Chinese classical novels gradually move from childish to maturity in the means of shaping characters.
When commenting on "Jin Ping Mei", Pingzi compared it with "Water Margin" and believed that the two showed different styles in many aspects.
"There are many regular pens in "Water Margin" and many side pens in "Jin Ping"; "Water Margin" is written clearly, and "Jin Ping" is more secretly stingy; "Water Margin" is more quick and easy, and "Jin Ping" is more painful; "Water Margin" is clear and happy, and "Jin Ping" is hidden and sad; "Water Margin" is strange anger, and "Jin Ping" is strange and wronged" 83.
In terms of language use, Pingzi pointed out that "Jin Ping Mei" has changed from "Water Margin" "the novel of words and language" in "Water Margin" to "the novel of pure language".
In "Jin Ping Mei", "the habit of words is eliminated and completely eliminated. Those who read the text are like watching the person, like listening to the words", which makes people "do not know how many novels are read at this time, I doubt that I have entered it"84.
In other words, the language of "Jin Ping Mei" has been improved by the language of "Water Margin", which has always been praised by people, and the language of the characters has reached a new level, that is, the highly personalized character language.
This is not only a great progress in Chinese classical novels, but also an inevitable development of novels.
In addition, some people have also noticed the wonderful uses of techniques such as foiling and interspersing in the novel.
Ru Mengsheng once pointed out that "Jin Ping Mei" "When the Wu Er brothers met, they took the busy insertion of a large passage of Wu Da's past and Jinlian's origin. The chapter on Wang Zhaoxuan’s Mansion is about where the evil of the golden lotus comes from. In the chapter about Zhang Dahu, the original Jinlian got married to Wuhan Dahu"85.
Although this inherits Zhang Zhupo's statement to a certain extent, it pays more attention to the bad impact of social corruption on the depravity of characters and the profound imprint of the times on the characters, which is obviously further than Zhang Zhupo.
"Research on the Yellow Man and His Novels" Gong Min Writing
How to view the writing of lustful writing in "Jin Ping Mei" is still a problem that commentators pay more attention to in this period. In summary, there are four main views:
One view that "Jin Ping Mei" is a lustful book, which should be completely denied. For example, Hu Shi once said that "Jin Ping Mei" cannot arouse people's "beauty" and has no value to say 86.
Ye Xiaofeng believes that "Jin Ping Mei" is a lustful book". If it spreads, it will cause endless harm.Zhu Chao (Jiang Zisheng) said: "The most important thing about the mischievous books is to say." 88
Mingfei (Zhang Tao) denies the obscene description of "Jin Ping Mei" and then denies the value of the entire novel. He said:
"The book "Jin Ping Mei" is ugly and filthy. Its destiny, its layout, and its wording are undesirable."
" Looking at the entire "Jin Ping Mei" in general, it is completely unconscious. The layout is far-fetched and unorganized. As for its wording, it is all Shandong dialect, which is extremely annoying.
Only write about men and women, diligent and diligent, just like a filial son and kind grandson who tells the ancestors' teachings; when people read it, it is like walking in the street market in spring, wild dogs looking for a partner everywhere."89
Contrary to the former view, Wu Zhaoren, Huang Xiaopai, Jie Tao and others believe that "Jin Ping Mei" punishes lust with lust, and is a "work that punishes lust."
Wu Zhaoren pointed out: "Jin Ping Mei and Meat Putuan are all famous lewd books, but they are actually works that punish lewds." "Those who are lust are called lust." 90
The reason why they came to the conclusion of "lustful books" is because they are "not good at reading". Jie Tao's "Novels" says that "The Jin Ping Mei" and other books are intended to punish",
Huang Shizhong (Xiao Mai) is in contact with social reality and affirms the social function of "Jin Ping Mei" in punishing lust, pointing out that "The Jin Ping Mei" is released, and the northwest lust is gradually becoming afraid of jealousy, which is deeply touching!" 91
is different from the first two attitudes. Some commentators highly appreciate their achievements when evaluating "Jin Ping Mei", but they avoid the lewd writing of the novel.
As Manshu once said: "I cannot say (Jin Ping Mei) is not a lewd book, but its mystery is definitely not a lewd writing." 92
Qian Xuantong made a relatively pertinent and objective analysis and evaluation of the obscene descriptions in "Jin Ping Mei" in his letter to Hu Shi. He said:
"The book "Jin Ping Mei" must not be the same as all books that talk about obscene and vulgarity. This book is a portrayal of a corrupt society of arrogance and extravagance, debauchery, and shamelessness.
Looking at the people described in the book, regardless of official and gentlemen, men and women, they are the master, wife, or lady in terms of face. When they open their mouths and actions, they are all acts of extremely shameless language."
But because "the description of obsceneness is too much, they will inevitably have the appearance of 'elude books'", they evaluate the essence of these descriptions from a dialectical point of view.
"If you abandon all worldly opinions and observe them with a literary perspective, then the position of "Jin Ping Mei" is also at the top." 93
There is no denying that there are obscene words and filthy words in "Jin Ping Mei", but it clearly points out that it is by no means "a book that talks about obscene things", but it is a true reflection of the corrupt society. The disadvantage is that the author exaggerates the obscene things and is prone to negative effects. Comments like
are relatively fair and are in line with the reality of "Jin Ping Mei".
"New Youth" Volume 3
Commentators' views on the achievements and status of "Jin Ping Mei".
First, it is believed that "Jin Ping Mei" and "Water Margin" and "Dream of Red Mansions" are both immortal masterpieces in the history of Chinese novels. First, it is believed that "Dream of Red Mansions" inherited the creative tradition of "Jin Ping Mei" and was derived from "Jin Ping Mei".
When discussing Chinese novels, Pingzi once ranked "Jin Ping Mei" with "Water Margin" and "Dream of Red Mansions" at 94. Manshu pointed out that "the voice of "Jin Ping Mei" should be no less than "Water Margin" and "Red Mansions". He believed that "these people say that "Dream of Red Mansions" is completely born of "Jin Ping Mei" and is the reflection of "Jin Ping Mei" and should be the theory"95.
Tian Yisheng said that "Water Margin", "Jin Ping Mei" and "Dream of Red Mansions" are both "those who are good but can reach" in the novel, "These three books really sigh at the sight of enlightenment" 96.
Mengsheng also discussed: "The best Chinese novels are called "Jin Ping Mei", "Water Margin", and "Dream of Red Mansions""97.
Chen Duxiu believes that "Jin Ping Mei" is achieved above "Dream of Red Mansions", "The Dream of Red Mansions" is all derived from "Jin Ping Mei", and the article is clear, healthy and natural, far from as good as "98.
未分类 (Yao Xijun) also said that "Dream of Red Mansions" "all are transformed from the book "Jin Ping""99.
, Bao Youfu pointed out more fairly in the Game Magazine·Anshou Shuobi, which is derived from "Jin Ping Mei" and "is just a good birth, almost a deified person." He believes that "Dream of Red Mansions" has reached a new height on the basis of inheriting the creative tradition of "Jin Ping Mei".
In short, the commentators in this issue highly praised and fully affirmed the status of "Jin Ping Mei" in the history of Chinese novels and the great achievements it replaced.
saw the development trajectory of the novel "Water Margin" and "Jin Ping Mei" and "Dream of Red Mansions" in describing life and shaping characters, as well as the latter's inheritance and improvement of the former, which is worthy of recognition.
However, it should be pointed out that if it is fair to say that the emergence of "Dream of Red Mansions" was greatly influenced by "Jin Ping Mei", then it is questionable that "Dream of Red Mansions" is a reflection of "Jin Ping Mei" and "Dream of Red Mansions" are all derived from "Jin Ping Mei", and even the achievements of "Jin Ping Mei" are above "Dream of Red Mansions", which is worth discussing.
Author of this article Professor Zhang Jinde
Annotation:
① "Yuju Lu", Qingdao: Qingdao Publishing House, 2005 edition, page 193.
② Shen Defu's "Wanli Yehuobian" Volume 25 "Collection of Songs·Jin Pingmei", "Yuan and Ming Historical Materials and Notes Series", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1959 edition, page 652.
③ Yuan Hongdao's "Dong Sibai", "Yuan Hongdao's Collection of Annotations" Volume 6 "The Collection of Jinfans: Four - Letters", Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1981 edition, page 289.
④ Xinxinzi's "Preface to the Jin Ping Mei Ci Talk", "Newly Engraved Jin Ping Mei Ci Talk", Beijing: People's Literature Press, 1985 edition. The original texts cited in this book are from this version.
⑤ Xie Zhaoyu's "Xiaocaozhai Collection", see the "Siku Quanshu Collection Series" Volume 176, Jinan: Qilu Bookstore, 1997 edition, page 276.
⑥ Xie Zhaoyu's "Xiaocaozhai Collection", see the "Siku Quanshu Collection Series" Volume 176, Jinan: Qilu Bookstore, 1997 edition, page 276.
⑦ Tu Benyan's "Mountain and Forest Economics". Beijing Library Ancient Book Rare Books Series (64), Beijing: Bibliography Publishing House Photocopy in 1996.
⑧ "Yuju Lu", Qingdao: Qingdao Publishing House, 2005 edition, page 193.
⑨ Shen Defu's "Wanli Yehuo Bian" Volume 25 "Love Music·Jin Ping Mei", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1959 edition, page 652.
⑩ Yuan Hongdao "Shang Zheng·The Tenth Anecdote", "Yuan Hongdao's Collection and Annotation" Volume 48, Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1981 edition, page 1419.
1 "Newly engraved Jin Ping Mei Ci Talk", Beijing: People's Literature Press, 1985 edition.
2 "Yujujuku Record" Volume 9, Qingdao: Qingdao Publishing House, 2005 edition, page 194.
3 Xue Gang's "Tianjue Tang Biyu" Volume 2. Edited by Ming History Research Office, Institute of History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: "Ming History Research Theory Collection", Volume 5, Nanjing: Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House, 1991, page 341.
4 Shen Defu's "Wanli Yehuo Bian" Volume 25 "Love Music·Jin Ping Mei", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1959 edition, page 652.
5 Yuan Zhongdao's "Yuju Record" Volume 9, Qingdao: Qingdao Publishing House, 2005 edition, page 194. .
6 Shen Defu's "Wanli Yehuo Bian" Volume 25 "Love Music·Jin Ping Mei", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1959 edition, page 652.
7 Yuan Hongdao's "Dong Sibai", "Yuan Hongdao's Collection of Annotations" Volume 6 "The Collection of Jinfans: Four - Letters", Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1981, page 289.
8 Dongwu Nongzhuke's "Preface to Jin Ping Mei", "Newly Carved Jin Ping Mei Ci Talk", Beijing: People's Literature Publishing House, 1985 edition.
9 Xie Zhaoyu's "Xiaocaozhai Collection", see the "Siku Quanshu Collection Series" Volume 176, Jinan: Qilu Bookstore, 1997 edition, page 276.
0 "Preface to the First Strange Book", "Zhang Zhupo's Criticism of the First Strange Book Jin Ping Mei" Volume, Jinan: Qilu Bookstore, 1987 edition.
1 Gu Guorui et al. "Occasional letters, Friendship Voices and Historical Materials of Opera", "Literature and History" Volume 15, 1982.
2 Xu Qian's "Guigong Ladder" quotes "Exhortation Chronicles", engraved by Chen's family in Daoguang. See Huang Lin's "Compilation of Jin Ping Mei Information", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1987 edition, page 271.
3 Zheng Zhenduo believed in "Talking about Jin Ping Mei Ci" that this "research" "can see at a glance that it is a fake, perhaps because it was written by Jiang Dungen." Huang Lin added a note after the "Compilation of Jin Ping Mei Information" in this "Research" and believed that this article was a waste, namely Wang Wenru, who "continuously polished it after forging it."
4 Wang Tan's "Certification of Ancient Golden Bottle Plum". "Drawing the True Golden Boil Plum" Volume, Shanghai: Shanghai Cunbaozhai, 1916 edition.
5 "Baishuo" Volume 3 "Works of Wang Yanzhou", "Ming History Materials Series", second volume, Nanjing: Jiangsu People's Publishing House, 1982 edition, page 103.
6 In the volume of "Excerpt from the Record of Eliminating Xia Xian", Hanfenlou Secret Book, Shanghai: Shanghai Commercial Press, 13th year of the Republic of China (1924).
7 See "Novel Monthly" Volume 1, Issue 1, 1910.
8 See Jiang Ruizao's "Novel Research", Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1984 edition, pages 71-72.
9 Lu Xun recorded "Novels and Old News", Jinan: Qilu Bookstore, 1997 edition, page 52.
0 The beginning of the manchu text "Jin Ping Mei" in the 47th year of the Kangxi reign, translated by anonymous, edited and punctuated by Huang Runhua and Wang Xiaohong, see "Literature" Volume 16, 1983.
1 Shen Hanguang's "Jingyuan Xiaoyu", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1985 edition, page 4.
2 Luan Xing "Research Materials for Qi Street Lamps", Zhengzhou: Zhongzhou Calligraphy and Painting Club, 1982 edition, page 94.
3 Fang Jun's "Jiaoxuan Suilu·Continued Remarks" Volume 2 "Wu Song", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1995 edition, page 85.
4 Lin Changyi's "Yan Gengxulu" Volume 12, Guangzhou issue in the fifth year of Tongzhi. See Huang Lin's "Compilation of Jin Ping Mei Information", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1987 edition, page 288.
5 Pu Songling's "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio" Volume 15 "Summer Snow", "Detailed Notes on the Pictures of Stories from a Chinese Studio" (Part 2), Jinan: Shandong Pictorial Publishing House, 2002 edition, page 1030.
6 Zheng Guangzu's "Awakening the World, Miscellaneous Notes Volume 4". "Continued Revision of the Siku Complete Book" 1140 "Secondary·Miscellaneous Family Category", Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1996 edition, pp. 151-152.
7 Xu Qian's "Guigong Ladder" quotes "Exhortation Chronicles", engraved by Chen's family in Daoguang for Wuxu.See Huang Lin's "Compilation of Jin Ping Mei Information", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1987 edition, page 271.
8 Xu Qian's Volume 4 quotes "The Most Happy Chapter", engraved by Chen, a member of the Wuxu period of Daoguang. See Huang Lin's "Compilation of Jin Ping Mei Information", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1987 edition, page 271.
9 The beginning of the manchu text "Jin Ping Mei" in the 47th year of the Kangxi reign, translated by anonymous, edited and punctuated by Huang Runhua and Wang Xiaohong, see "Literature" Volume 16, 1983.
0 Liu Tingji "Zaiyuan Magazine" Volume 2, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2005 edition, page 84.
1 "Dou Peng Gossip", edited by Mr. Shengshui Aina, Beijing: People's Literature Press, 1984 edition, page 142.
2 The master of the opera writing "Preface to the Biography of the Loyalty and Martyrs". The beginning of the volume of "The Complete Biography of Zhonglie", "A Collection of Ancient Novels", Shanghai: 1994 photocopy of Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House.
3 The first chapter of "Continuation of Jin Ping Mei", "Three Continuation of Jin Ping Mei (Part 1)", Jinan: Qilu Book Club, 1988 edition, page 2.
4 Liu Tingji "Zaiyuan Magazine" Volume 2, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2005 edition, page 84.
5 The beginning of the manchu text "Jin Ping Mei" in the 47th year of the Kangxi reign. Translated by anonymous, edited and punctuated by Huang Runhua and Wang Xiaohong, see "Literature" Volume 16, 1983.
6 "Original Jin Ping Mei Pao". The beginning of the volume of "Ancient Golden Boil Plum" is published by Qingyun Book Company in 1926. The original signature is Yuan Mei, and Huang Lin believes that this is a false trust from later generations. See "Jin Ping Mei Information Compilation", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1987, page 13.
7 Liu Tingji "Zaiyuan Magazine" Volume 2, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2005 edition, page 84. )
8 "Yinghua Magazine" first issue in February 1915. See Huang Lin's "Compilation of Jin Ping Mei Information", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1987 edition, page 18.
9 The beginning of the manchu text "Jin Ping Mei" in the 47th year of the Kangxi reign. Translated by anonymous, edited and punctuated by Huang Runhua and Wang Xiaohong, see "Literature" Volume 16, 1983.
0 Xianyunshanren's "Preface to the First Strange Book of Love". The first volume of "The First Strange Book of Love in Zhong" is a lithographed copy of the imitation of Western scriptures in the Yisi year of Guangxu (1905). According to "The Legend of Love" and "Jin Ping Mei".
1 Zhou Yongbao's "Book of Yaohua". Ding Bingren: The beginning of the volume of "The Legend of Yaohua", "A Collection of Ancient Novels", Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House photocopy in 1994.
2 "Golden House Dreams and Knowing Words". "Three Continuation of Jin Ping Mei (Part 2)", Jinan: Qilu Bookstore, 1988 edition, page 1.
3 Lan Gao lay Buddhist "Qilou Chongmeng Wedge", the beginning of the volume of "Qilou Chongmeng". "A Collection of Ancient Novels", photocopy by Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House in 1994.
4 The first year of Daoguang. See Huang Lin's "Compilation of Jin Ping Mei Information", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1987 edition, page 268.
5 Cao Xueqin, written by Gao E, commented on "Miaofuxuan's Commentary on Stones", Beijing: Beijing Library Press, 2002 edition, page 63.
6 "Reading the First Strange Book of Jin Ping Mei" 36, "Zhang Zhupo's Criticism of the First Strange Book of Jin Ping Mei", Jinan: Qilu Bookstore, 1987 edition, page 36.
7 "Reading the First Strange Book of Jin Ping Mei" 59, "Zhang Zhupo's Criticism of the First Strange Book of Jin Ping Mei", Jinan: Qilu Bookstore, 1987 edition, page 42.
8 Zhang Zhupo's "Zhang Zhupo's criticism of the first strange book Jin Ping Mei" Chapter 70, Jinan: Qilu Bookstore, 1987 edition, page 1069.
9 "Zhupo Gossip", "Zhang Zhupo's Criticism of the First Strange Book of Jin Ping Mei", Jinan: Qilu Bookstore, 1987 edition, page 10.
0 Wenlong’s “Jin Ping Mei” commented 71 times. See Liu Hui's "Research on the Book and Version of Jin Ping Mei", Shenyang: Liaoning People's Publishing House, 1986 edition, page 248.
1 "On the Criticism of the First Strange Book Not the Elegant Book", "Zhang Zhupo Criticism of the First Strange Book Jin Ping Mei", Jinan: Qilu Bookstore, 1987 edition, page 20.
2 "Reading the First Strange Book of Jin Ping Mei" 53, "Zhang Zhupo's Criticism of the First Strange Book of Jin Ping Mei", Jinan: Qilu Bookstore, 1987 edition, page 42.
3 "Reading the First Strange Book of Jin Ping Mei" 52, "Zhang Zhupo's Criticism of the First Strange Book of Jin Ping Mei", Jinan: Qilu Bookstore, 1987 edition, page 42.
4 "Reading the First Strange Book of Jin Ping Mei" May 1st, "Zhang Zhupo's Criticism of the First Strange Book of Jin Ping Mei", Jinan: Qilu Bookstore, 1987 edition, page 42.
5 "Jin Ping Mei" first comment. See Liu Hui: "Research on the Book and Version of Jin Ping Mei", Shenyang: Liaoning People's Publishing House, 1986 edition, page 185.
6 "Jin Ping Mei" thirteenth review. See Liu Hui: "Research on the Book and Version of Jin Ping Mei", Shenyang: Liaoning People's Publishing House, 1986 edition, page 194.
7 "Jin Ping Mei" Episode 75th Review. See Liu Hui: "Research on the Book and Version of Jin Ping Mei", Shenyang: Liaoning People's Publishing House, 1986 edition, page 252.
8 "Jin Ping Mei" 100th review. Liu Hui: "Research on the Book and Version of Jin Ping Mei", Shenyang: Liaoning People's Publishing House, 1986 edition, page 275.
9 No. 8 of "New Novels" in 1903.
0 "Novel Collection", "New Novel" No. 8, 1903.
1 "On the Relationship between Novels and Improved Society", "Yueyue Novels" Volume 1, Issue 9, 1907.
2 "History of Chinese Novels", "Yueyue Novels" Volume 1, Issue 1, 1907.
3 "On the Praise of the Three Great Chinese Novels", "Yueyue Novels" Volume 2, 1908. Note: Wang Zhongqi holds the view that the author of "Jin Ping Mei" is Wang Shizhen.
4 Volume 1, Issue 7 of "Yayan" in 1914. See Huang Lin's "Compilation of Jin Ping Mei Information", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1987 edition, page 336.
5 Waste (Wang Wenru) "Novel Talk about Jin Ping Mei", 1915 "Sexy Magazine" Issue 9.
6 Yu Chu (Yao Xijun) "Baicheng Tan Jun", Shanghai: Shanghai Civilization Book Company's first episode of "Spring Sound" in 1916.
7 Chen Duxiu's "Answer to Hu Shi", "New Youth" Volume 3 No. 4, Shanghai: Shanghai Qunyi Bookstore, Sixth Year of the Republic of China (1917).
8 Waste (Wang Wenru) "Waste Words", "Temporary Supplementary Nanshe Novel Collection" in 1917. See Huang Lin's "Compilation of Jin Ping Mei Information", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1987 edition, page 327. .
9 Manshu's "Novel Collection", 1904 "New Novels" No. 8. See Huang Lin's "Compilation of Jin Ping Mei Information", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1987 edition, page 305.
0 Qian Jingfang's "Novel Collection·Jin Ping Mei Romance Examination", Shanghai: Shanghai Classical Literature Press, 1957 edition, page 101.
1 Mengsheng's "Novel Collection", Volume 1, Issue 7 of "Yayan" in 1914.See Huang Lin's "Compilation of Jin Ping Mei Information", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1987 edition, pages 336-337.
2 Huang Ren's "Novel Talk", "Novels Lin" Issue 1, 1907.
3 "Novel Collection", "New Novels" No. 8, 1903.
4 Pingzi "New Language of Novels", "Novel Times" No. 9, 1911.
5 "Yayan" Volume 1, Issue 7 of "Novel Collection" in 1914. See Huang Lin's "Compilation of Jin Ping Mei Information", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1987 edition, page 339.
6 Hu Shi's "Answer Qian Xuantong", Volume 4 No. 1, Shanghai: Shanghai Qunyi Bookstore, Seventh Year of the Republic of China (1918).
7 Ye Xiaofeng: "Xiaofeng Miscellaneous Works·Miscellaneous Novels", printed by Xinmin Library in May 1919. See Huang Lin's "Compilation of Jin Ping Mei Information", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1987 edition, page 356.
8 "Commentary on Lin of Ancient and Modern Novels", the first edition of the Shanghai Civil Rights Publishing Department in May 1919. See Huang Lin's "Compilation of Jin Ping Mei Information", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1987 edition, page 361.
9 "Commentary on the Lin of Ancient and Modern Novels", the first edition of the Shanghai Civil Rights Publishing Department in May 1919. See Huang Lin's "Compilation of Jin Ping Mei Information", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1987 edition, pages 359-360.
0 "Miscellaneous Talks", "Yueyue Novels" Volume 1, 1907.
1 Di "The relationship between improved scripts and improved novels is important to society", February 21, 1908 "Chinese and Foreign Novels Forest" Volume 2, Issue 2.
2 Manshu's "Novel Collection", 1904 "New Novels" No. 8. See Huang Lin's "Compilation of Jin Ping Mei Information", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1987 edition, page 305.
3 Qian Xuantong's "Send to Hu Shizhi", "New Youth" Volume 3 No. 6, Shanghai: Shanghai Qunyi Bookstore's Sixth Year of the Republic of China (1917).
4 Pingzi "New Language of Novels", "Novel Times" No. 9, 1911.
5 The eighth issue of "New Novels" in 1904. See Huang Lin's "Compilation of Jin Ping Mei Information", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1987 edition, page 305.
6 Tian Yisheng "On Praise of the Three Great Novels in China", "Yueyue Novels" Volume 2, 1908.
7 Mengsheng's "Novel Collection", Volume 1, Issue 7 of "Yayan" in 1914. See Huang Lin's "Compilation of Jin Ping Mei Information", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1987 edition, page 335.
8 Chen Duxiu's "Answer to Hu Shi", "New Youth" Volume 3 No. 4, Shanghai: Shanghai Qunyi Bookstore, Sixth Year of the Republic of China (1917).
9 Yu Chu (Yao Xijun) "Baicheng Tan Jun", Shanghai: Shanghai Civilization Book Company's first episode of "Spring Sound" in 1916.
Article Author unit: Henan University
This article is authorized by the author, and the original article was published in "Selected Works of Zhang Jinde Jin Ping Mei Research", 2015, published by Taiwan Student Bookstore Press. Please indicate the source of forwarding
