The French Revolution has profoundly changed the course of France’s history. France has entered a modern democratic republic from the feudal era, from a monarchy to a constitutional monarchy to a democratic republic, from a traditional agricultural country to an industrial power, and more importantly, it makes revolution and democracy. The republican thought penetrated into the hearts of the masses, so that even though the French Revolution had twists and turns (Napoleon’s coup, the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty, the usurpation of the fruits of the revolution...), the French people were still able to continuously revolutionize, and finally pushed the modern revolution in France and even Europe. To the climax
In the last issue, we talked about the constitutional monarchy, Gironde , and strong10strong after the French Revolution. Their historical achievements are confirmed, but their mistakes cannot be hidden ( If you don’t make a mistake, you won’t be overthrown.) What was the situation in France when history handed over the task to the Jacobins? This issue will talk about the Jacobins during the French Revolution. France under strong10strong
Jacobins
The Jacobins were radicals who participated in the Jacobin club during the French Revolution. Political groups. This group made great contributions to spreading revolutionary, democratic, and republican ideas, and even became the faction that controlled the entire France in the future. The Jacobin Club had an early organization (immature) before the outbreak. After the outbreak of the Revolution, the Jacobin Club became a gathering place for “revolutionaries” for a time. Most of them came from the Jacobin Club)
Jacobin Club
Later, the Jacobin Club gradually became centralized and formed Jacobin faction (Of course in the future revolution, due to different political opinions Some factions were also split. For example, the constitutional monarchy was split from the Jacobin club to form another Fiyang club.) The main leaders of the Jacobin faction are Robespierre, Dandong, Mara, Saint Just Wait.Among the many revolutionary groups that emerged in the French Revolution, the Jacobin Club is the only national organization with thousands of local organizations. Therefore, the Jacobins have been active in all previous revolutions.
Jacobin faction representative
The small proprietor is the largest among the members of the Jacobin faction. Its radical proposition has won the support of the pantsless guys (this feels like the left wing among the republicans, and the Girondists want the right wing very much. In fact, historical experience tells us that the more the lower-level people’s political parties, The more radical the faction, the closer to the upper echelon, the more moderate. Because we know that bourgeoisie is inherently weak, and the broad proletarian working masses are the most revolutionary and resistant. This is also understandable. For example, those entrepreneurs have no worries about food and clothing, and are not interested in money. What is left is to seek stability and stability; the poor have to worry about three meals a day, wishing to divide the land by the local tyrants. Let’s look at it from another aspect. Look, when the bourgeoisie is oppressed by the ruling class, they want to resist and seek their own interests or protect themselves just like the proletariat, and when the bourgeoisie usurped the fruits of the revolution and became the ruling class no one else oppressed them. , They will easily degenerate into the original oppressive ruling class and lose their revolutionary nature, and the proletariat is still proletarian oppressed, so the bourgeoisie is weak, and the proletariat is the most combative. In other words, the bourgeoisie becomes the proletariat when it is down. It becomes revolutionary; the bourgeoisie becomes a ruling class and loses its revolutionary nature; the proletariat becomes a bourgeoisie or the ruling class loses its revolutionary nature. Of course there are always exceptions. Let’s look at Marx and Engels. Look at Comrade Lenin and so on. These people, no matter what class they are in, think of the people. Therefore, we call these people revolutionaries and deserve our praise. Leaders like the founding of New China, especially the first-generation leadership core, are Such revolutionaries.)
Jacobin dictatorship
When the Gironde government in the Gironde period was unable to comply with the people’s hearts internally and externally, it was unable to stabilize the situation in Europe.The Jacobins and many people set off another revolution. Strong7strong overthrew the rule of the Girondists and established the Jacobin dictatorship
After the Jacobins dictatorship, the first thing to do is to solve Gironde. Special Rebellion. You must know that even if the two parties are also holding republican ideas, when it comes to the highest ruling power, they can still fight each other to death and death. Why? The temptation of power is too great (of course, there is another aspect that both sides believe that their own governance can make the country better, and that the other party’s governance would be a mistake for the country and the people). Therefore, the Girondists instigated rebellions everywhere after losing power in Paris (Ah, this, is it? Is it ruined if you don’t get it?) After the Jacobin dictatorship, the first is the equality rebellion (of course, after the suppression is completed, the Girondists are liquidated. When the Jacobins are liquidated, they create a large number of unjust, false and wrong cases, basically for private purposes.
Of course, the reason for the success of the Jacobin faction is that it has received the support of the poor people. Therefore, after taking office, it has also made many "benefit the people" policies.
For example, from June 3rd to July 17th, 1793, three land decrees were promulgated to enable a large number of farmers to obtain land. On June 24, the " 1793 constitution " was announced (this was the first French democratic constitution, but was not implemented due to the war) . In July, the National Salvation Committee as a temporary government agency was reorganized and strengthened, and executed the speculative businessmen (this is also the direct cause of the failure of the Girondists. The most urgent need of the masses is to solve the problem of soaring prices. At that time, the skyrocketing prices were almost entirely caused by speculative businessmen, and the Girondists did not crack down on them.Even participated, and eventually lost popular support, while the Jacobins were the exact opposite, directly executing speculators, simply and rudely). At the end of October, they beheaded the Girondists and their supporters, including Brissot, Mrs. Roland, Kodai, and the American revolutionist Thomas Paine were also arrested and imprisoned (this is the Jacobin The origin of the terrorist policy, the attack on the Girondists later developed into the eradication of dissidents, just like the “Purge” of the Soviet Union and the “McCarthyism” of the United States).
Anti-French Alliance
At the end of 1793-early 1794, foreign intervention forces (mainly the anti-French forces formed during the Gironde administration, due to fear of the spread of the French Revolution) were driven out of the country, domestic The rebellion has basically subsided. But the price of all this is the terrorist policy during the Jacobin dictatorship. Simply put, the Jacobin has an unstable foothold, with rebellions inside, interfering forces outside, and whether there are speculators and royalists. Make trouble, so the Jacobins implemented an "emergency policy", which is equivalent to martial law in wartime, such as curfews, forced conscription and conscription, and so on. This approach can enable the entire country to be concentrated in a short time to solve the problem. , But this is only a temporary policy, and there will be turmoil in the long run
Reign of Terror
By March-April 1794 Jacobin began a fierce struggle (including internal leaders in emergency Controversy caused by dictatorship in policies, including differences in political ideas, and various other reasons). Eventually the Jacobins tended to become isolated (in fact, Robespierre has become the de facto "king" of France at this time, under the dictatorship), and the people also began to oppose the terrorist policy (the dictatorship led to the revolutionary enthusiasm of the masses. Oppose, so the dictatorial Jacobins implemented a policy of terrorism, relying on high pressure and terror to maintain).
The failure of the Jacobins
The actual top leader during the Jacobin dictatorship was Robespierre . On June 4, 1794, all representatives of the National Convention unanimously elected Robespierre as chairman. In fact, Robespierre is a figure with mixed reputations. In his early days, he was a revolutionary. He was a revolutionary in the course of previous revolutions and made great contributions. He gradually became the leader of the revolutionaries in the 20th century. His prestige and fame reached its peak in the 1920s. However, the later Robespierre became a different kind of history in history
Robespierre
On July 13, 1793, Mara was defeated by Girondist supporters and fallen nobles. Charlotte Cordy assassinated. On the 26th, the Civic Association authorized the Public Security Committee to arrest suspicious elements. On the 27th, Robespierre participated in the Public Security Committee, reorganized the revolutionary court, simplified trial procedures, and implemented the Jacobin dictatorship (in other words, at this time, the Jacobin faction was not only involved in administration, but also involved in examination and approval, military, etc.). The terrorist policy punishes criminals and revolutionary traitors. It is known as the "reign of terror" in history. It is estimated that 30,000 to 50,000 people were executed during the Jacobin dictatorship (most of which were unjust, false and wrong cases, sentencing, and unfair trials). In addition, Robespierre has become the actual Jacobin leader at this time, that is, the leader of France, so his personal ambitions and desire for power have inflated infinitely, gradually moving towards personal dictatorship
Robespierre_ p1p
In fact, Robespierre's experience can find many similarities in modern history. For example, Cromwell in the UK next door, who has contributed to the revolution in the early stage, and later relied on prestige to control the country and evolved into a dictatorship under a democratic government. Dictatorship; and also the of the Republic of China Yuan Shikai (of course Yuan Shikai steals the fruits of the revolution, there are some differences), and later Chiang Kai-shek (Chiang Kai-shek still contributed to the revolution during the lifetime of Mr. Sun Yat-sen, at least in During the Northern Expedition, he made military exploits,This is also the capital for his political rise in the future. Of course, Chiang Kai-shek can only say that he has a good disguise. From the beginning, he hated the Communist Party and the workers and peasants. He attacked the warlord only for his own benefit and to replace the warlord and become a new warlord. Of course, he was the same as the old warlord. Compared with the separatist regime, Chiang Kai-shek’s efforts to unify China are better, but he never actually unified China from the beginning to the end. It was only in name. Look at the Guangxi Li Zongren Bai Chongxi, Northwest Sanma, and Jin Yan during his rule. Xi Shan, wait, wait, which one is listening to him? )
Robespierre was pushed to the guillotine
Therefore, the more authoritarian Robespierre in the later period, the greater the opposition, and later the Jacobins were opposed to him, of course he He was not merciless (the execution of the once King Louis XVI was his handwriting), even he was cruel and straightforward to the Jacobins. Therefore, the masses at the end of the Jacobin dictatorship and the Jacobins opposed it and eventually overthrew it. The Jacobin dictatorship
Thermidor coup
In July, the anti-Robospierre dictatorship in the National Convention formed Thermidor , on July 27, 1794 (Thermal 9th of the Second Year of the French New Calendar) Launched Thermae coup , overthrew Robespierre and beheaded him (Robespierre’s merits and deeds are still a controversial in French history. focus). After that, the Jacobin dictatorship ended, and France entered the period of Thermidorism During the period of , what was the state of France under the rule of Thermidor? How did Napoleon rise? Where will France go from now on? Stay tuned for the exciting content of the next issue!
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