How chaotic was society in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period after the fall of the Tang Dynasty?
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Chinese History Period
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907-979) was a period of great division in Chinese history. This title comes from the "New History of the Five Dynasties" and is a collective term for the Five Dynasties (907-960) and the Ten Kingdoms (902-979). The five dynasties of
refer to the five dynasties in the Central Plains after the fall of the Tang Dynasty in 907, namely the Houliang, the Hou Tang, the Hou Jin, the Hou Han and the Hou Zhou. In 907 AD, after the fall of the Tang Dynasty, Zhu Wen established the Houliang in the Central Plains and set the capital of Kaifeng Mansion in Tokyo (now Kaifeng, Henan), and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms began. In 960, after Zhou Zhao Kuangyin launched the Chen Qiao mutiny, Huang Pao was added, and the Northern Song Dynasty was established after the Zhou Dynasty. The Five Dynasties ended.
In the late Tang, Five Dynasties and early Song, there were many separatist regimes outside the Central Plains, including Qianshu, Houshu, Southern Wu, Southern Tang, Wuyue, Fujian, Chu, Southern Han, Nanping (Jingnan), and Northern Han More than ten separate regimes were collectively referred to as the Ten Kingdoms by "New History of the Five Dynasties" and later historians. After the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, the surviving regimes of Jingnan, Wuping, Houshu, Southern Han, Southern Tang, Wuyue, and Northern Han were unified successively, and the national unity was basically realized.
Chinese name Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Foreign name Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms alias Five Dynasties country Kaifeng, Luoyang
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Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907-960), including Five Dynasties (907-960) and Ten Kingdoms (902) Years-979) and many other separatist regimes are a period in Chinese history. From the fall of the Tang Dynasty to the establishment of the Song Dynasty, it can also be defined as the time until the Song Dynasty unified the remaining powers of the ten countries.
According to the historian Zhang Guogang’s "Study on the Towns of the Tang Dynasty", during most of the second half of the Tang Dynasty, most of the 40 to 50 vassal towns were not separatist. Only a few vassal towns such as Heshuo were segregated. To a certain extent, the policies and decrees of the Tang Dynasty were implemented, "it is necessary to rely on the authority of the court officials to secure the military situation", and the separatist vassals were also lifted.
After the Huangchao Uprising in the late Tang Dynasty, the separatism of the vassal vassalism generally appeared. Some powerful vassal towns were successively made kings, and the established vassal state was actually a highly autonomous kingdom. After the fall of the Tang Dynasty, all local vassals became independent. Among them, the powerful regime in North China controlled the Central Plains and formed the Five Dynasties, some of which were established by the Shatuo tribe. Although these five successively changing Central Plains regimes are powerful, they are unable to control the entire country. They are just a vassal-style court. In the other vassal vassal regimes, some established themselves as emperors, and some took the Five Dynasties as Zhengshuo (except Jin, Qi, and Wu in the Later Liang period) and called kings and vassals. Ten of them were long-lasting and proclaimed kings or emperors. "New History of the Five Dynasties" and later historians are collectively referred to as the Ten Kingdoms. During this period, local power factions often rebelled and seized the throne, leading to endless wars and the rulers with multiple military and light prose. The civil strife in China also gave the Qidan the opportunity to invade south, and the Liao Dynasty was established.
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms was an important period in Chinese history, during which the Dingnan Army (later Xixia) gradually became independent, and the Jinghai Navy (Jiaozhi, later Vietnam) has since left the central rule.
History
The five dynasties are the Liang, Tang, Jin, Han, and Wu dynasties, namely "Zhu Li Shi Liu Guo, Liang Tang Jin Han Zhou". In history, it is called Houliang, Hou Tang, Hou Jin, Hou Han and Hou Zhou. In 907 AD, after the fall of the Tang Dynasty, Zhu Wen established the Houliang and set the capital of Tokyo (now Kaifeng, Henan). This was the beginning of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. In 923 AD, Li Cunxun, the son of Li Keyu, the king of the Jin Dynasty, who occupied Taiyuan, destroyed the Houliang, and later Tang established the country. The five kings after the Later Tang Dynasty were all descendants and subordinates of Li Keyong. After Tang Mingzong expanded and rectified after Tang Mingzong, the national power was strong, but after the civil strife, Shi Jingtang led the Khitan army to attack and destroy, and the Later Jin Dynasty was established. Soon the Qijin relationship deteriorated, and the Qidan army went south to destroy the Later Jin and establish the Liao Dynasty. At the same time, Liu Zhiyuan established the Later Han in Taiyuan and recovered the Central Plains. Guo Wei usurped the Han Dynasty and built the Hou Zhou. Later Zhou Shizong Chai Rong worked hard to make Hou Zhou conceal the hope of dominating the world. He seized the four Houshu states, the fourteen states of Southern Tang, and the two states of Liao, but Chai Rong expedition to the north and Yanyun sixteen. In the state, he was seriously ill and forced to be a teacher, but unfortunately died of illness. Less than half a year after Chai Zongxun took the throne, he was usurped by Zhao Kuangyin and established the Northern Song Dynasty. The Five Dynasties ended.
The ten countries are Southern Wu, Wuyue, Qianshu, Houshu, Fujian, Southern Han, Nanping, Machu, Southern Tang, Northern Han, namely "Wu Tang Wu Yue before and after Shu, Southern and Northern Han Min Ping Chu"In the south of the Yangtze River, there are Nanwu, Nantang, Wuyue State, and Min State. Huguang was occupied by Jingnan, Nanchu, and Nanhan. The Southern Tang Dynasty had the strongest national power and successively attacked the Min and Chu countries, but repeatedly used troops to make the national power decline, and finally lost in the Hou Zhou. There are Qianshu and Houshu in the two Sichuan regions. The country is prosperous and strong, second only to the Southern Tang Dynasty. However, indulging in peace and happiness, it finally died in the Central Plains. The Northern Han Dynasty is the only one in the north among the ten countries. It was built by Liu Cheng, the younger brother of Liu Zhiyuan, the great ancestor of the Later Han Dynasty. After Zhao Kuangyin established the Song Dynasty (known as the Northern Song Dynasty in history), he and his younger brother Song Taizong successively swept away the heroes, and finally defeated the Northern Han Dynasty in 979, basically unified the country, and the Ten Kingdoms ended. After the fall of the Tang Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty turned from prosperous to decline, and took the opportunity to become bigger and stronger in various towns. In the Tang Dynasty after the Huangchao Rebellion, there was a situation of "extremely far-sighted and endless fireworks". The chaos spread to the south of the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River. The local heroes fought against the enemy one after another, and the kingdoms of Wu and Chu were established among the ten nations. The rebellion of Qin Zongquan was not settled with Zhu Quanzhong's efforts until Tang Zhaozong.
Zhu Quanzhong, Li Keyong, and Li Maozhen, the three feudal vassal towns, influenced the politics of the late Tang Dynasty and the early Five Dynasties, and Li Keyong's descendants and subordinates became the monarchs of the Five Dynasties Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han and Later Zhou Dynasty. Zhu Quanzhong (Zhu Wen) and Li Keyong did not agree for some reason, and both sides struggled continuously from the imperial court to the vassal town. Zhu Quanzhong (Zhu Wen) used the power in the DPRK to suppress Li Keyong, and while Li Keyong was contending with Li Maozhen and others, he conquered all the towns in Hebei and swallowed the Jiedu envoys such as the Hezhong Army and the Ziqing Army. The expansion of the territory made Zhu Quanzhong far more powerful than Li Keyong. The Guanzhong’s Fengxiang decisiveness caused Li Maozhen to threaten Tang Ting, but he failed because of Li Keyong’s interference with Zhu Quanzhong (Zhu Wen). After Tang Zhaozong succeeded to the throne in 888, the prime minister Cui Yin and the eunuch Han Quangao fought for power. Tang Zhaozong was imprisoned by the eunuch Han Quangui, and Cui Yin urgently summoned Zhu Quanzhong (Zhu Wen) to join him. While Han Quanguo forced Tang Zhaozong to seek refuge in Li Maozhen, Zhu Quanzhong (Zhu Wen) led his army to besie Fengxiang. The following year, Fengxiang's army ran out of food and grass, and Li Maozhen had to kill the eunuch Han Quanguo and others, and reconcile with Zhu Quanzhong (Zhu Wen). Zhu Quanzhong (Zhu Wen) took the opportunity to control the power of North Korea and China, but also massacred hundreds of eunuchs and sent troops to control Chang'an. Cui Yin regretted it and deliberately got rid of the threat of Zhu Quanzhong (Zhu Wen) and secretly recruited the Sixth Army and 12 Guards, which was noticed by Zhu Quanzhong (Zhu Wen) in Chang'an. In 904, Zhu Quanzhong killed Cui Yin and forced Tang Zhaozong to move his capital to Luoyang. In August of the same year, he killed Tang Zhaozong and appointed Zhaozong son Li Zong as emperor, namely Emperor Ai of Tang. Zhu Quanzhong (Zhu Wen) wanted to wait for the reunification before seizing the throne, but because of his defeat in the Huainan campaign, he forced Emperor Ai to make a concession in 907, and soon killed him. The Tang Dynasty fell, and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms began. He changed his name to Zhu Huang (Zhu Wen), the country's name is Liang, and he was called the Later Liang in history. He was the Taizu of Later Liang, and finally the capital of East Tokyo (now Kaifeng).
Liang Jin confronted
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Separation Power Distribution Map (Later Han Dynasty)
Although the five dynasties controlled the Central Plains and Guanzhong (except for the latter Liang did not control Guanzhong), they did not become the co-lords recognized by all the feudal towns like the Tang Dynasty, the main force. The scope does not go outside of North China, and it can only be said to be a court of vassal style.
After the fall of the Tang dynasty, some regimes still used the Tang dynasty to segregate one side, some of which were regarded as Zhengshuo in the Five Dynasties, and others were to preserve the territory or claim the emperor to contend for the world. Regardless of their diplomatic strategy, these vassal vassals are already independent, and ten representative regimes that exist simultaneously or one after another are called Ten Kingdoms by "New History of the Five Dynasties" and later historians.
The semi-independent regimes of the Central Plains area returned to the rear Liang include Yiwu Jiedu, Peking Wang Chuzhi, Chengde Jiedu, Zhao Wang Rong, and Lu Long Jiedu Liu Rengong (his son Liu Shouguang claimed independence in 911), etc. Independently, the Qi State was established by Fengxiang Jiedu and Qi Wang Li Maozhen, and the Jin State was established by Hedong Jiedu and Jin Wang Li Keyong. In the area of Shu, Xichuan Jiedu and Wangjian of Shu established Qianshu; in Huguang area, Gao Jixing of Jingnan army occupying Jiangling area became independent in the later Tang Dynasty, Wu'an Army of Hunan Ma Yin built Chu Kingdom, Liangguang (Lingnan) Qing Navy Liu Yinjian, Nanhan, Jiangnan area occupied Yang Xingmi of the Huainan army in the two Huai and Wu areas built the state of Wu, Qian Rong of Zhejiang built the state of Wu Yue, and Wang Shenzhi of Fujian built the state of Min. In addition, Qu Chengyu, a navy of the Jiaozhijing, became independent and was known as the Qujia in Vietnamese history. It was the beginning of Vietnam's separation from China. The Dangnan Army, composed of the Dangxiang tribe, also established itself in the Xiazhou area of northern Shaanxi. The Guiyi Army, located in Heguazhou, once established the Jinshan Kingdom. At this time, Jin, Qi, and Wu still gave the Tang Dynasty reigns, and the former Shu proclaimed the emperor, and none of them recognized the Hou Liang, and the rest of the regimes all surrendered. So it’s no wonder Ouyang Xiu said: "Woocall! The Five Dynasties are extremely chaotic. "Z7z
Later Liang Taizu Zhu Quanzhong (Zhu Wen) made a lot of strong reforms against the malpractices of the late Tang Dynasty. He extremely hated the eunuchs and refused to return to the capital of the eunuchs who had taken refuge in the south; he hated the senior officials of the Tang court and used frustrated scholars such as Li. Zhen, Jingxiang and others, and following Li Zhen’s suggestion, slaughtered 30 high-ranking officials such as Prime Minister Pei Shu and Cui Yuan, which was called the White Horse's disaster. These frustrated scholars emphasized reality rather than name, and were representatives of the five generations of political figures. Economy. The aspect attaches great importance to agricultural development and is committed to reducing taxes; it is very strict on the army, such as the death of a general, all the soldiers and soldiers will be beheaded, which is called "being beheaded." However, Emperor Liang Taizu was excessive in his later years, even regardless of ethics, and often called the wives of the masters. Enter the palace to accompany. In terms of diplomacy, at the beginning of the establishment of the Hou Liang, almost all countries and towns expressed surrender. Only Jin, Qi, Qian Shu, and Wu were hostile to the Hou Liang and still gave the Tang Dynasty reign. Among them, Li Keyong of Jin was the Hou Liang. Taizu’s mortal enemy, after the founding of the country, Liang Taizu expedition to the north of the Jin Dynasty, and Li Keyong was in a stalemate in Luzhou (Changzhi, Shanxi), known as the Battle of Luzhou in history. After Li Keyong passed away due to sorrow, his son Li Cunxu was there. With the help of Li Kening and Zhang Chengye, he won the victory. After 910, Emperor Liang Taizu suspected that the Chengde army was closely associated with Jin and led an army to advance, forcing Chengde army Wang Rong and Yiwu army Wang Chu to fall straight to Li Cunxu. Li Cunxu led his army in Baixiang (Baixiang, Hebei) After the defeat of Liang Jun, he successfully rescued the German army, and Liang Jun’s vitality was severely injured, which was known as the Battle of Baixiang in history. The hero of the north, Liu Shouguang, was brutal and a strong enemy of Jin. He was named Yan Yan by the Later Liang in 909 The king established the Kingdom of Yan and became the emperor in 911. It was called Jieyan in history. The following year, Li Cunxue sent Zhou Dewei to attack Liu Shouguang. Zhu Wen personally led his army to rescue, but was defeated by the Jin army. Liu Shouguang was finally attacked and destroyed by Li Cunxie the following year.
Zhu Wen retired. After Luoyang was critically ill, the second son Zhu Yougui was dissatisfied with Zhu Wen’s intention to make his adopted son Zhu Youwen the prince, and took the opportunity to assassinate Zhu Wen and succeed. However, Zhu Yougui was licentious and unpopular. In 913, his brother Zhu Youzhen joined the Tianxiong Army (ie Wei Bojun) and Yang Shihou entered the army. After Yang Shihou’s death, the Tianxiong Army and other Hebei towns successively returned to the Jin Kingdom. In addition, the Liang Army was defeated by the Jin Army in the Battle of Weizhou in 916, and Liang Beijiang could barely maintain it. To the south of the Yellow River. In 918 AD, Li Cunxu led his army to march south and stubbornly stubbornly with Liang Jun in the Puzhou area. The Liang army was defeated, but the Jin general Zhou Dewei died in battle, and the Liang-Jin war was silent for a period of time. In 921, Zhang Wenli killed Chengde Jiedu. King Zhao, Wang Rong, controlled the Chengde army, united the Khitan and the rear beams to fight against the Jin. However, Li Cunxu led his army in Zhenzhou and defeated the Liang-Zhao coalition forces and won the three towns in Hebei.
In 923, Li Cunxu became the emperor in Weizhou ( Later Tang Zhuangzong), with the restoration of the Tang Dynasty as the call for the founding of the Tang Dynasty, it was called the Later Tang Dynasty in history, and soon there was another southern expedition. The Liang general Wang Yanzhang adopted the method of containing Yunzhou (Shandong Dongping) and successfully contained the Tang army in Yang Liu (now Near Dong'a, Shandong. The two sides confronted for a long time, and the Tang army had insufficient supplies and there were signs of an impending retreat. However, Liang Ting, Zhao Yan, Zhang Hanjie and others slandered, causing Wang Yanzhang to be replaced. Later, Tang Zhuangzong led his army to attack into the void through Yunzhou. Bianzhou without soldiers. On the day the city was broken, Emperor Liang Mo had no choice but to order Huangfu Lin Kill him, the back beam is destroyed. After the Tang Dynasty prospered after
After the Tang Zhuangzong destroyed the back beam, Luoyang was the capital. At this time, the three towns in Hebei were set, and the post-Tang Dynasty was strong. Qi State Li Maozhen proclaimed him a minister to Later Tang, and later Tang Zhuangzong named him King of Qin. When Li Maozhen died in 924 AD, Li Jixi, the eldest son of Zhuangzong of the Later Tang Dynasty, served as the ambassador to Fengxiang and formally annexed the kingdom of Qi. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the former Shu Wang Jian focused on farming mulberry and building water conservancy, which made the former Shu very strong in economy and military. But after Wang Jian's death in 918, his son Wang Yan was extravagant and cruel. After 925, Tangzhuang sect sent Guo Chongtao and Wei Wang Li Jixiu to invade Chengdu, Wang Yan surrendered, and Qianshu was destroyed.
Later Tang was prosperous externally, but internally worried. After Zhuangzong of the Tang Dynasty established the capital of Luoyang, he recruited eunuchs to serve as key positions and appointed Li Xiji and other conservatives. Everything was the same as the politics of the late Tang Dynasty, and the government was increasingly corrupted. Later Tang Zhuangzong believed that he had a solid foundation, was not political, and indulged in lust. He chose the stage name "Li Tianxia" and favored the actors and actresses like Xinmo and Jingjin. At that time, the army was huge and the national treasury was tight. However, his wife, Empress Liu, interfered in government affairs, was greedy and loved money, and returned half of the tax revenue to the harem. This caused the court to temporarily withhold military rations to cover other expenditures. This caused a great hidden worry. mutiny.
Although Guo Chongtao completed the task of destroying Shu, Li Jixu was dissatisfied with not being able to participate in military affairs deeply. He reported secretly to the court, with the intention of framing Guo Chongtao. Later Tang Zhuangzong intended to investigate first before making a decision, but Empress Liu ordered Li Jixi to execute him. Guo Chongtao in 926 ADAfter being killed, Tang Junjun became distracted and mutiny occurred. Empress Liu was unwilling to use her property for labor, which made the situation worse. Soon, under the leadership of Zhao Zaili, Wei Bojun rebelled in Weizhou (Da Ming, Hebei). The Tang general Li Zhaorong failed to put down. Later Tang Zhuangzong had to send Li Siyuan to Pingding. Li Si was from Weizhou and was supported by tribes and rebels, but led his army to the Tang Zhuangzong after the southern expedition. The Tang army in various places was unwilling to fight for the post-Tang Zhuangzong, Bianzhou and Luoyang were successively trapped, and the post-Tang Zhuangzong died in the civil strife. After Li Siyuan invaded Luoyang, he killed all the rebels and proclaimed himself emperor. Later Tang Mingzong, the eldest son of Zhuangzong Li Jixiu committed suicide in Chang'an.
After Tang Mingzong was in power, the abuses of the post Tang Zhuangzong were abolished, and the government gradually stabilized. He eliminated eunuchs and appointed scholars; abolished many redundant institutions and established financial institutions such as the Three Divisions; advocated thrift, built water conservancy projects, and cared about the suffering of the people; strengthened the central military and established guards to suppress vassals. This was one of the rare stable periods in the Five Dynasties. Historians claimed that Mingzong of the Later Tang Dynasty was second only to Emperor Shizong of the Later Zhou Dynasty during the Five Dynasties. Some of the systems he formulated were also inherited by the Song Dynasty. However, in his later years, Tang went into civil strife again.
After 933, Mingzong of Tang became seriously ill, his son Li Congrong was killed after seizing the throne, and his youngest son Li Conghou succeeded him to become Emperor Min Emperor of Tang Dynasty. At this time, Li Congke, the adopted son of the two generals of Mingzong of Tang Dynasty, served as the ambassador of Fengxiang Jiedu, and his son-in-law Shi Jingtang served as the ambassador of Hedong. The prime ministers Zhu Hongzhao and Feng Yun wanted to separate the military power by mobilizing the Jidu Shi, but instead caused a rebellion. In 934, Li Congke attacked Luoyang on the grounds of Qingjun. Later Emperor Min was captured by Shi Jingtang on his way to Weizhou, and finally killed by Li Congke. Li Congke proclaimed himself emperor, that is, the late Emperor of the Later Tang Dynasty. The independence of Shu Shu during the civil strife. It turned out that after the demise of the former Shu, the Zhuangzong of the Later Tang Dynasty used Meng Zhixiang as the Jiedu Envoy of Xichuan. Soon after Tang Mingzong rebelled to seize the throne, Meng Zhixiang trained his troops to become independent.
In 932, after annexing the Dongchuan Army, Meng Zhixiang was named the King of Shu by Mingzong of the Later Tang Dynasty. He was called the emperor and founding the country when the late Emperor of the Tang Dynasty launched a civil strife, and he was called Houshu in history. In the same year, Meng Zhixiang passed away and his son Meng Chang succeeded. Meng Chang, a fortunate concubine, trusting mediocrity, has been blamed for quick death, but he wants to collude with the Northern Han Dynasty, self-initiated war and provocation, although he wants to survive, he can get the peace of Hou Shu for thirty years situation.
The late Emperor of the Later Tang Dynasty and Shi Jingtang were at odds with each other as early as the Mingzong of the Later Tang Dynasty. After the Emperor of the Tang Dynasty succeeded to the throne, he was very suspicious of Shi Jingtan, and Shi Jingtan also had a heart of rebellion because of fear. After 936, the late Tang Emperor transferred Shi Jingtang to the Tianping Army, and ordered Zhang Jingda and Yang Guangyuan to lead the army to urge. Shi Jingtang obeyed the suggestions of Sang Weihan and Liu Zhiyuan to defect to Qidan, and claimed to Yelv Deguang, Taizong of the Liao Dynasty, and later ceded the sixteenth prefecture of Yanyun to Qidan, and would lose 300,000 horses each year. After Zhang Jingda heard about the rebellion, he led his army to besiege Taiyuan, but Shi Jingtan could not hold on. At that time, Zhao Dejun of Lu Longjun and Yelu Deguang, Taizong of the Liao Dynasty, intended to cooperate and conspire in the Central Plains. Shi Jingtang was terrified and urged Sang Weihan to see Yelu Deguang. Sang Weihan knelt in front of the Khitan tent and begged bitterly, which made Yelu Deguang give up his plan to cooperate with Zhao Dejun. Yelude led the army to make a relief and helped Shi Jingtan in Taiyuan after the founding of the People's Republic of China, that is, the later Jin Gaozu.
In 937, the Jin army and the Khitan army marched southward, and Yang Guangyuan, Zhao Dejun and other towns surrendered one after another. The Jin army invaded Luoyang alone, the late Emperor of the Later Tang set himself on fire and died, and the Later Tang Dynasty perished. The later Jin emperor made the capital Bianzhou, and ceded Yanyun sixteen states to Khitan in accordance with the agreement. After that, the influence of the Khitan kingdom on the Five Dynasties reached the greatest.
Jiangnan turbulence
Five generations entered the post-Jin period, and the national power was not as good as before, and they were often threatened by the Khitan. Wu in the Jianghuai region and the subsequent Southern Tang were strong in power. They adopted the strategy of uniting with the northern Khitan to restrict the Central Plains. They repeatedly conquered neighboring countries to grow their power and became a major threat to the Central Plains dynasty. The State of Wu was established by Yang Xingmi at the Huainan Festival. As early as during the Qin Zongquan Rebellion, Qin's subordinate Bi Shiduo led an army to attack Yangzhou. Yang Xingmi developed a separatist force in the process of resisting the enemy, and finally established the State of Wu. In 902, Yang Xingmi was named the King of Wu by the imperial court, and Guangling was established as the capital of Jiangdu Mansion. During the period in power, agricultural mulberry was encouraged, the economy stabilized, and the Jianghuai area gradually recovered. Externally, he supported the Tang Dynasty and was hostile to the Xuanwu Army Zhu Quanzhong (founder of the Later Liang). Yang Xingmi died in 905 and his son Yang Wo succeeded to the throne. The next year Zhong Chuan died in Jiangxi, and the lords were in civil strife. Yang Wo took the opportunity to send Qin Pei to attack Jiangxi and unify Jianghuai. However, Yang Wo liked to have fun and was jealous of the heroes. Ministers Zhang Hao and Xu Wen launched a mutiny to kill Yang Wo. In 908, Xu Wen supported Yang Longyan, the younger brother of Yang Wo, as the emperor, eliminated Zhang Hao, who wanted to become emperor by himself, and completely mastered the power of Wu.
Ma Yin, the founding monarch of Southern Chu,
After Xu Wen took power, he repeatedly attacked Wu Yue country without success, The peace talks were not until the end of the post-Liang period. After the fall of the Tang Dynasty, the State of Wu did not recognize the orthodox status of the Later Liang Dynasty, and still used the "Tianyou" reign of Emperor Ai of the Tang Dynasty. Internally, the old generals of the Yang family were gradually cut off to stabilize their power. However, the eldest son of the dictatorship, Xu Zhixun, was arrogant and arrogant. He had bullied Wu Wang Yang Longyan and caused a mutiny, and was finally killed by his subordinate Zhu Jin. Xu Zhigao, the adopted son of Xu Wen, settled the chaos, and Xu Zhigao was very filial and sincere, and eventually became the successor of Xu Wen's regime. Yang Long played Yu Yu and died, his son Yang Pu succeeded to the throne and proclaimed Emperor Wu Ruidi in 927. Xu Wen passed away in 927, he was named King Qi, his adopted son Xu Zhigao succeeded to the throne and became the actual ruler of Wu. Xu Zhigao lived a frugal life, respected Emperor Wu and his generals, and gained popular support.
In 937, Xu Zhigao seized the position of Emperor Wu Rui. After Wu died, the nation was founded and the capital was Jinling, it was called Jiangning Mansion (Nanjing, Jiangsu). In the same year, the Later Tang Dynasty fell. Two years later, Xu Zhigao claimed to be a descendant of the Tang family, changed his name to Li Wei, and changed his country's name to Tang. In history, he was called Southern Tang, and he was the Southern Tang Liezu. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, Li Wei adopted a policy of rest with the people and friendship with neighboring countries, which continued to make the country strong. After Li Fang died in 943, his son Li Jing succeeded to the throne, namely Yuanzong of Southern Tang Dynasty. In the early days of Li Jing's reign, Southern Tang's national power was still strong. After the repression of the Foreign Alliance and the Liao Dynasty, they also adopted the method of invading the surrounding countries by chance, and successively annihilated the Kingdom of Fujian and Chu.
In the southeast of the Southern Tang Dynasty, there are Wu Yue Kingdom and Fujian Kingdom. The founders of Wuyue Kingdom were Zhenhai and Zhendong Jiedu, both of which were in Hangzhou, and their territory was approximately the same as that of Zhejiang Province. In 907, Qian Wei was named the King of Wuyue by Houliang, the Taizu of Wuyue. During his reign, he promoted economic development and safeguarded the environment and the people. He regarded the Five Dynasties as the suzerain country and rivals Wu and Nantang. This strategy was maintained until the country was subjugated. In addition, envoys were sent to canonize kings such as Silla and Balhae, and all the countries in the sea regarded him as their ruler. Fujian was established by the Fujian Observatory Wang Chao. He and his brother Wang Shenzhi controlled the area of Fuzhou and later the Wuwei Army Jiedu. Its territory was approximately the same as that of Fujian Province. After Wang Shenzhi came to power in 909, he was named King of Fujian by Houliang, the Taizu of Fujian. During his reign, he also advocated frugality, rested with the people, and became ministers to the Five Dynasties, which enabled the rapid development of Fujian. After the death of Taizu in 925 AD, his successor, clan and ministers suspicion and struggle with each other, which gradually weakened the country of Fujian.
In 943, Wang Yanzheng, the younger brother of King Yanxi of Minjingzong, became emperor in Jianzhou (Jianou, Fujian), and his country was named Yin. The following year, Minjingzong was killed by a minister, and the country was in chaos. In 945, Wang Yan's political name was changed to Fujian. In the same year, Yuanzong of the Southern Tang Dynasty took the opportunity to attack Fujian and captured Jianzhou, but Fujian was destroyed. However, Wu Yue took the opportunity to intervene. Fujian General Li Renda attached Fuzhou to Wuyue, and Quanzhou and Zhangzhou stayed as effective grounds for the Qingyuan Army. In the Southern Tang Dynasty, only Jianzhou and Tingzhou (now northwestern Fujian), etc., had relations with Wu Yue. Continued to deteriorate. Soon after the Southern Tang Dynasty Yuanzong took advantage of the Chu civil strife, he sent Bianhao to attack in 951, but the following year, due to Liu Yan's resistance from Chu, the Southern Tang lost another place in Hunan.
The use of troops in the Southern Tang drew a lot of national strength, and most of the land gained was lost. In addition, Yuanzong of the Southern Tang Dynasty was gentle and flattering, so small groups of people competed and political affairs were deteriorating. Later Zhou seized the opportunity to send troops to the southern Tang Dynasty in 957. Yuanzong of the Southern Tang Dynasty was defeated, ceded the fourteen states of Jiangbei to Hou Zhou, and removed his emperor title, only to be called the lord of the Jiangnan Kingdom. Prince Li Hongji, who was more capable of military affairs, died after poisoning his uncle Li Jingsui who intended to seize the throne. Yuanzong of the Southern Tang Dynasty had to change his sixth son Li Yu to the crown prince, but Li Yu's bookish character was more serious. Yuanzong of the Southern Tang Dynasty moved the capital to Hongzhou, Nanchang Mansion, in order to avoid the joint invasion of Jinling by the Zhou army and the Wu Yue army. After the death of Yuanzong of Tang Dynasty in 961, Li Yu came to the throne, the postmaster of the Southern Tang Dynasty, and returned his capital to Jinling Mansion. So far, Nantang was unable to threaten the Five Dynasties and could only protect itself.
Huguang civil strife
and Huguang area has Jingnan, Nanchu, Nanhan and Jinghai. Jingnan was also called Nanping Kingdom and Beichu, and its territory was approximately the western part of Hubei Province today. The founder Gao Jixing was the general of the Emperor Taizu of the Later Liang Dynasty. In 907, he was appointed as the Jiedu Envoy of Jingnan and governed by Jiangling. Jingnan is small and weak, so it is proclaimed to the surrounding countries. Its monarch Gao Jixing intercepted and snatched tributes from various countries. He was only willing to return it when he was threatened by various countries. He was called "Gao Laizi". After the demise of the Houliang, Gao Jixing became a minister in the Later Tang Dynasty. In 924 AD, he was named the King of Nanping by the Later Tang Zhuangzong. He was formally established as the capital of Jiangling, and he was the King of Wuxin. When the Later Tang Dynasty destroyed Qianshu, Gao Jixing expressed his willingness to assist in the crusade, but did not take any actual action. Then he asked the Later Tang for the land of Qianshu. These angered Mingzong of the Later Tang Dynasty and sent his army to the south. Fortunately, the rainy season in the south of the Yangtze River caused Tang's army to retreat due to lack of resources. The relationship between Nanping Kingdom and the Later Tang Dynasty was not reconciled until its son Wang Gao Conghao succeeded to the throne.
Southern Han dynasty
Chu State was founded by Ma Yin, the military ambassador of Wu'an Army, also known as Nanchu and Machu. During the Qin Zongquan Rebellion, Qin deployed Sun Ru to attack Lianghuai Yang Xingmi, and Sun Ru's tribe led Ma Yin to the separatist regime in Hunan through Jiangxi. After the establishment of the Later Liang in 907, Ma Yin became a minister to the Later Liang and was named the King of Chu, the King of Wu Mu. Its power covers present-day Hunan and northwestern Guangxi. It surrendered to the five dynasties to the outside world, suppressed the rebellious army and strengthened the vassal, and adopted the policy of protecting the environment and the people, making the country of Chu strong. After 927, Tang made Ma Yin the king of Chu, and his capital was Tanzhou, that is, Changsha Prefecture. During the period of King Ma Xifan of Chu Wenzhao, the land has been expanded to the northeast of Guangxi, and the country is quite prosperous. However, after the death of Ma Xifan in 947, the country was in great chaos, and Chu would support the second son Ma Xiguang to continue, and the eldest son Ma Xi'e was dissatisfied and rebelled. In 950, Ma Xi'e successfully captured Changsha, the King Gongxiao of Chu. However, his indulgence in alcohol and licentiousness caused the Chu generals Wang Kui and Zhou Xing to rebel. They supported the clan Ma Guanghui as the Wuping Jiedu Envoy, and after Liu Yan stayed for the Wuping Army, they led the army to occupy Langzhou (Changde, Hunan). Soon after Xu Wei also supported Ma Xichong to stay for the Wu'an Army, he exiled Ma Xie. And Ma Xi'e was once again supported in Hengshan.
After the Chu State split into three factions, Ma Guanghui, Ma Xichong and Ma Xi'e, Yuanzong of the Southern Tang Dynasty took the opportunity to send Bianhao to capture Changsha in 951. Ma Xichong and Ma Xie surrendered successively, and Chu was killed. At the same time, the northern part of the Southern Han Dynasty took the area of Guizhou (Guilin, Guangxi), occupying the entire Lingnan area. After the Wuping army stayed in the next year, Liu Yan was unwilling to descend to the Tang Dynasty, and sent Wang Kui and Zhou Xingfeng to take down Tanzhou. So far, Nantang completely withdrew from Hunan. Liu Yan was named Wuping Jiedu by the Later Zhou Dynasty, and was abolished by Wang Kui and Zhou Xingfeng and died because of his opposition to Wang Kui. Wang Kui was so greedy that he was killed by his subordinate Pan Shusi, and Wu Ping's army was finally succeeded by Zhou Xingfeng. Zhou Xingfeng eradicated the bad governance of Chu State, cherished the people, and promoted integrity. Strictly use the generals and punish them decisively. The Hunan area returned to stability until Zhou Xingfeng's death in 962.
The Southern Han Dynasty was established by Liu Yin, the ambassador of the Qing navy. In 907, it was named King of Peng Jun by the Later Liang, and later named King of Nanping and King of Nanhai. After Liu Yin stabilized Lingnan, he reused local scholars to lay the foundation for the future establishment of the nation. After Liu Yin died in 911, his brother Liu Yan succeeded him. Liu Yan reunited Lingnan and became emperor in 917, the emperor of the Southern Han Dynasty. The country name is Dayue, the capital is Panyu, and the name is Xingwangfu (now Guangzhou, Guangdong). The name of the country was changed the following year to Han, which was called the Southern Han in history. The ancestors of the Southern Han Dynasty reconciled with neighboring countries and promoted the imperial examination system. However, he was cruel and extravagant, and every time he saw killing, he was pleased, favoring the eunuch, and even political affairs.
In 942, the Nan Han Gaozu passed away, and his son Liu Ting succeeded to the throne, the Emperor of Southern Han Dynasty. Emperor Shang of the Southern Han Dynasty was greedy for pleasure. At that time, Zhang Yuxian rebelled and was killed by his brother Liu Sheng the following year. Liu Sheng established himself as the emperor, that is, Zhongzong of Southern Han Dynasty. During his reign, although he captured Rongzhou (Northern Guangxi) and Yongzhou (now Nanning, Guangxi), he advocated severe punishments and prestige, brutality, and massacres of the royal family and ministers and generals. 15 brothers were killed by him. Only eunuchs and court ladies remained in power in Han. After his death in 958, he was succeeded by his son Liu Yun, the descendant of the Southern Han Dynasty. During this time Jing Hai (now northern Vietnam) began to break away from Chinese rule. The Western Han Dynasty ruled Jiaozhi for the first time, and the Southern Han Dynasty ruled here for the last time.
Later Jin Dynasty, Later Han Dynasty
Later Jin Dynasty, Later Han Territory
When the ten countries gradually weakened or protected themselves, the Northern Later Jin Dynasty also became uneasy because of the threat of the Khitan nation. At that time, the late Jin Xinli was lack of finances, the Qidan was greedy and insatiable, and the towns were mostly unwilling to obey. In order to solve the financial crisis, the later Jin Gaozu adopted Sang Weihan's suggestion, adopted the method of appeasing the Fanzhen, respecting the Khitan, and attaching importance to agriculture and commerce to improve the economy. Although the Khitan state was able to appease, the former Yanyun sixteen state officials such as Wu Luan and Guo Chongwei shame the Khitan officials and were unwilling to surrender. The local feudal towns almost refused to accept the Jin court, and some even tried to win over the Khitan to seize the throne. At this time, Lai Du Chongwei, Li Shouzhen and others settled down. In 937, Fan Tingguang of the Tianxiong Army (ie Wei Bojun) turned against Weizhou, and Zhang Congbin, who had gone to quell the chaos, also surrendered to him and killed Shi Chongxin and Shi Chongyi, the sons of the emperor of the Jin Dynasty. Finally, when the Fan Zhang coalition approached Kaifeng, Hou Yi and Du Zhongwei led their troops to defeat and settle down. Yang Guangyuan relied on heavy soldiers to intervene in the political affairs. Later Jin Gaozu often succumbed to it. Later, he colluded with the Khitan nation to rebel and was defeated by Li Shouzhen and died. In 942, An Chongrong, the German army, accused the grandfather of the late Jin Dynasty for the Khitan, and demanded and conquered the Khitan. But in fact, it is secretly through the Khitan, intending to seize the throne. Later Jin Gaozu sent Du Chongwei to lead his army to kill An Chongrong, known as the Battle of Zongcheng, and sent his head to Khitan. In the same year, the Tuyuhun tribe in Daibei, because they were unwilling to surrender to the Khitan, the leader Bai Chengfu led his troops to the East FestivalThe emissary Liu Zhiyuan, the Khitan emissary asked the crime. The ancestors of the late Jin Dynasty finally passed away in these worries and anger. Their ministers Feng Dao and Jing Yanguang thought that the country was too difficult, and it was advisable to establish a long monarch. They succeeded in Yedu (the great name of Hebei) with their nephew Shi Chonggui, who became the emperor of the latter Jin Dynasty.
The founding emperor of the Han Dynasty: Liu Zhiyuan
was strongly dissatisfied with the condescension of the generals and people of the later Jin Dynasty. The emperor of the later Jin Dynasty followed Jing Yanguang's suggestion and gave up the title of Khitan and changed his name to Sun Yi to wash away the humiliation. Jing Yanguang was very hostile to the Khitan people. He killed the Khitan merchants, arrested the Khitan envoys and vented his anger, and repeatedly provoke the Khitan. This action aroused the anger of Khitan Khan Yelu Deguang, who led his army to the south in 944 AD. At that time, there was a severe drought in Hebei, locusts invaded, and the Khitan army attacked Beizhou (Qinghe, Hebei) and other places and returned. After the next year, the emperor sent Du Chongwei to lead the army in the Northern Expedition. Yelude Guangwenzhi led the army to the south. First Liu Zhiyuan beat the Khitan in Taiyuan, and finally Du Chongwei successfully defeated the Khitan army in Baigou (between Dingxing and Xincheng, Hebei). However, the emperor of the late Jin Dynasty became more arrogant and extravagant after the Battle of Baigou. Feng Yu came to power, bribed the government, and ruined the government. After 946, the emperor of the Jin Dynasty led the army to the northern expedition with Du Zhongwei, and fought with Yelu Deguang in Hutuohe. At this time Du Zhongwei deliberately seized the throne, but surrendered to Yeludeguang. Yelu Deguang took the opportunity to lead the coalition forces to Kaifeng. Later Jin generals Li Shouzhen and Zhang Yanze surrendered one after another. Finally, the Later Jin left the Emperor Kaicheng to surrender, and the Later Jin died. The history is known as the battle of Liao and Jin. The following year Yelv Deguang changed the country name to "Liao", namely Taizong of the Liao Dynasty, and formally established the Liao Dynasty. Taizong of the Liao Dynasty had confidence in the management of the Central Plains, but the "grass-grass valley" and the plundering policy of plundering people as slaves caused the people of the Central Plains to gather in resistance. Among them, Liu Zhiyuan of the Hedong Army followed Zhang Yanwei's suggestion, and Taiyuan proclaimed the emperor because of the absence of a master in the Central Plains. Emperor Taizong of the Liao Dynasty could not suppress this situation and led his army back north on the grounds of the hot weather. He ordered Xiao Han to stay in Kaifeng and Du Chongwei to stay in Yedu. Finally, Yu Shahu Lin (Luancheng, Hebei) died, and his brother Yeluwu wanted to succeed, namely Shizong of Liao. After
, Emperor Han Gaozu began to recover the Central Plains after the Liao Army returned to the north. After Xiao Han learned the news, after the abduction, Li Congyi, the Tang clan, proclaimed his emperor in Kaifeng, and then returned north. The post-Han Gaozu Wenzhi sent envoys to kill Li Congyi to determine the capital Kaifeng, and sent Gao Xingzhou and Murong Yanchao to surrender Du Chongwei in the Battle of Weizhou, and all the towns were annexed one after another. After the death of Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty in 948, his son Liu Chengyou succeeded him as Emperor Han Yin, and Yang Fan, Guo Wei, Shi Hongzhao and Wang Zhang were ministers of the auxiliary country. At that time, Hezhong Jiedu made Li Shouzhen rebellion, and Guo Wei was able to quell it. The Emperor Yin of the Later Han Dynasty became suspicious of the minister of the auxiliary country when he was old. After an agreement with Guo Yunming, he sent Guo Wei to guard Yedu on the grounds of the Liao army invading Hebei in 950. Then he slaughtered the ministers such as Yang, Shi and Wang, killed Guo Wei's family, and summoned Tai. Ning Jun and Murong Yanchao entered Beijing quickly. Guo Wei obeyed Wei Renpu's suggestion and sent troops south, and sent his adopted son Chai Rong to guard Yedu. The following year, he defeated Murong Yanchao and attacked Kaifeng. The Emperor Yin of the Later Han Dynasty was finally killed by Guo Yunming and others. Guo Wei originally intended to make Liu Chongzi Liu Yun of the Xuzhou Army as the emperor, and first came to the court with the Queen Mother Li. At that time, it happened that the Liao army invaded and Guo Wei sent troops to fend off the enemy, but when the army arrived in Chanzhou (now Puyang, Henan), the sergeant supported Guo Wei and became emperor, and the army returned to Kaifeng. Guo Wei proclaimed himself emperor in 951, after the founding of the People’s Republic of China, he became the Taizu of the Later Zhou Dynasty, and the Later Han Dynasty died. After the Zhou Dynasty, the Northern Song Dynasty, after the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhou Taizu cut off some harsh policies and practiced thrift after he became the throne, so that the Nanliu population once again tended to flow back to the Central Plains. However, Liu Yun was killed, so that the Old Han Dynasty would not accept Zhou Ting. Hedong Army Liu Chong (the younger brother of Liu Zhiyuan, the emperor of the Later Han Dynasty) learned that Guo Wei became emperor and established himself as emperor and founded the Northern Han Dynasty. With the aid of the Liao people, he claimed to be the emperor of the nephew and waited for the opportunity to attack the Zhou Dynasty. The old generals of Xuzhou Gong Tingmei and the Taining army Murong Yanchao intended to rebel, which depended on the Taizu of the Later Zhou Dynasty to calm down.
After the death of Zhou Taizu in 954, he was succeeded by his adopted son, Chai Rong, who was later Zhou Shizong. Later Zhou Shizong was the first emperor of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. At the beginning of his succession, he encountered the Northern Han Emperor Liu Chong and the Liao general Yang Dang, who had set the capital Jinyang, and jointly moved south to Luzhou and Zezhou (now Jincheng, Shanxi). At that time, Zhou Ting was frightened and mostly advocated prudence. However, after Zhou Shizong personally conquered the Shangdang to defeat the Han-Liao coalition in the south of Gaoping County, Zezhou (now the south of Gaoping, Shanxi), and beheaded the incompetent generals who retreated. This is known as the Battle of Gaoping. Since then, the military system was reformed, the central imperial army was streamlined, and strong men were added to form the imperial army of "the front of the palace". In internal affairs, he recruited exiles, reduced taxes, and stabilized the domestic economy. Rectify the administration of officials, hire literati, suppress military politics, and make the politics of the next week clear. In 955, the Buddhist temples all over the world were abolished and a large number of bronzes were obtained to rectify the economy. Both military and economic improvements have established an important foundation for the future unification of China's mainland.After
, Zhou Shizong intended to unify the world after stabilizing the country. He aimed to "explore the world in ten years, raise the people in ten years, and achieve peace in ten years". In 955, he led the army to defeat Houshu, occupying the Hanzhong area of Qinzhou. In 956, he led his troops to defeat the Southern Tang Dynasty and obtain the land of Jiangbei, forcing the Southern Tang Dynasty to become a minister. After 959, Zhou Shizong led his army in the Northern Expedition of the Liao Dynasty to recover the sixteen states of Yanyun, and the Zhou army successively captured Yingzhou, Mozhou and other places. When he was about to regain Youzhou, he suddenly fell ill and was forced to be a class teacher. Soon after his death, his youngest son Chai Zongxun ascended the throne and became Emperor Gong Zhou. In 960, the leader of the Forbidden Army, Zhao Kuangyin, led the army to imperial the North on the grounds that Erzhou was invaded by the Northern Han Dynasty and the Liao Dynasty. Then, the Chenqiao mutiny occurred in Chenqiaoyi in Kaifeng, and he was supported by the Forbidden Army as the emperor. Zhao Kuangyin returned to Kaifeng, and after dethroning Emperor Gong of Zhou, the Later Zhou fell and the Five Dynasties ended. He established the Song Dynasty, Song Taizu.
When Emperor Taizu of the Song Dynasty succeeded to the throne, there were still Hou Shu, Northern Han, Southern Tang, Wuyue, Southern Han, Jingnan, Zhou Xingfeng of Hunan Wuping Army, Qingyuan Army of Southern Fujian, etc. Most of these countries or vassal The Song Dynasty was the suzerain or surrendered. Facing the threat of the Liao Dynasty, Emperor Taizu adopted Zhao Pu's strategy of "easy first, difficult later, south and north" to unify the Chinese region.
In 962, Gao Baoxu, the lord of Jingnan, passed away. In the same year, Zhou Xingfeng in Hunan died. The new lord of the two countries was young and incompetent. Song Taizu took the opportunity to send troops to the south and merge with Hunan on the grounds of the Ping Hunan Rebellion the following year.
After hearing that Jingnan and Hunan were annexed, Meng Chang, the post-shu lord, united with the Northern Han Dynasty to reject the Song division. However, in his later years, he was extravagant and happy, and the government did not repair himself, and the army was unable to fight. In 965, Song Taizu sent Wang Quanbin and Cui Yan in and out of Fengzhou (Fengxian, Shaanxi), Liu Guangyi, and Cao Bin out of Guizhou (Zigui, Hubei), and the North and East Roads entered Shu at the same time. In less than sixty days, the Emperor Meng Chang surrendered and Hou Shu died. His beloved concubine, Mrs. Huarui, wrote after the death of the country: "The flag was raised on the King's City. How did the concubine learn in the deep palace that 140,000 people were disarmed, and none of them were men."
General Liu Yun, the post-lord of the Southern Han Dynasty Give it to the eunuch Gong Chengshu and the waitress Zhong Lu Qiongxian. Since they only believe in eunuchs, officials have to be castrated before they can be used. In 970, Song Ting sent Pan Mei to the Southern Han Dynasty. As the generals and ministers of the Southern Han Dynasty were all dead, only eunuchs led the army. The following year, the Southern Han Emperor Liu Yun surrendered and the Southern Han Dynasty died.
Li Yu, the post-master of the Southern Tang Dynasty, is a master of ci circles. Although he is worried about foreign affairs all day long, he is not good at political affairs. At that time, it was due to his brother Li Congshan, Minister Pan You, and general Lin Renzhao who were able to confront Hou Zhou. After the establishment of the Song Dynasty, Li Yu got close to the villains, killed the ministers indiscriminately, and feasted with the ministers all day long. In 975, Song Taizu sent Cao Bin to the south on the grounds that Li Yu, the emperor of Southern Tang Dynasty, said he was not entering the dynasty. Finally, Li Yu surrendered and Nan Tang died.
Wu Yueguo, although the king of Zhongxian Qian Hongzuo took advantage of the internal disturbances in Fujian to obtain Fuzhou, but the taxation itself was heavy and the people were suffering. When King Zhongyi Qianchu, Song Taizu did not seize the land because he was very submissive to the Song Dynasty. However, the Qingyuan Army in southern Fujian stayed on the side of the separatist regime. After death, many people competed for position, and Chen Hongjin finally won it. In 978, Qian Chu and Chen Hongjin returned to the Song Dynasty, and Wu Yue State and the Qingyuan Army in southern Fujian died.
And the last ruler of the Northern Han Dynasty, the last country of the Ten Kingdoms, was the Emperor Liu Jiyuan. In 979, Song Taizong sent Pan Mei to besiege Taiyuan, the capital of the Northern Han Dynasty, and repelled the reinforcements of the Liao Kingdom. Liu Jiyuan surrendered and the Northern Han Dynasty fell. At the end of the Ten Kingdoms period, China was basically unified and officially entered the Song Dynasty. However, there are still sixteen states in Yanyun that have not been recovered. Soon after Emperor Taizong of Song Dynasty fell to the Northern Han Dynasty, he disregarded the opposition of his ministers, and attempted to recover the sixteen states of Yanyun from the Northern Expedition of Taiyuan to the Liao Dynasty. At first, the Song army captured Yizhou and Zhuozhou, but they were defeated in the battle of Gaoliang River in Yanjing and retreated, and thus entered the age of confrontation between Song and Liao.
Territory
Map of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms and the distribution of the surrounding ethnic groups
Tang died in 907, and Zhang Yichao regained Liangzhou (now Wuwei, Gansu) in 861. After the Later Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han, and Later Friday, they ruled the North . Around 840, ruled the Yellow River Basin area. The area from the south of Huai River to Guangdong was successively divided by Qianshu, Houshu, Nanwu, Nantang, Wuyue, Fujian, Jingnan, Machu, and Nanhan, and the Tubo forces withdrew from Longyou. Afterwards, the Tubo nation was in decline, and the Northern Han Dynasty seized Taiyuan; together they became the so-called "Ten Kingdoms." The territory of the Five Dynasties is the smallest in the Later Liang and the largest in the Later Tang. The territory of the ten countries is the smallest in Nanping and the largest in Nantang. The ethnic group
began to dominate the Huihe Khanate in Mobei in the middle of the 8th century, and contributed a lot to the suppression of the Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty and the recovery of the two capitals (Chang'an and Luoyang) and the east of Hebei to Dunhuang. Five DynastiesIn the Later Tang Dynasty, the Ying and Ping states were occupied (now the Daling River Basin and the Lower Luan River). In 788 AD, Huihe was renamed Huihu. At the beginning of the 9th century, Uighurs were attacked by Shigas in the Orkhon River Basin and were forced to move westward in three branches. A group of people moved south to the Hexi Corridor centered on Ganzhou (Zhangye), known as the Hexi Uighur and Ganzhou Uighur. The northern courtyard was restored and unified except for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In 850, Zhang Yichao, a native of Shazhou, used melons and sands. When the eleven prefectures returned to the Tang Dynasty, they were merged by Xixia at the beginning of the 11th century; one branch moved west to eastern Xinjiang, centered on Gaochang (Turpan), and was called Xichuan Uighur in history; one branch moved to western Xinjiang and Central Asia from the middle of the 10th century ~ The Black Khan Dynasty was established in the 12th century. There are also new changes in the situation in the Northeast. After the Khitan and Xi were separated from the control of the Tang Dynasty, they became stronger and stronger. At the beginning of the 10th century, Khitan Abaoji unified all ministries and established a powerful Khitan Empire. In the later Jin Dynasty, the Youyun Sixteen Prefectures were ceded to Khitan and the land of Yaozhou Dudu Mansion in the Tang Dynasty was conquered, which is roughly now Beijing, Hebei and Jinbei. At the end of the Five Dynasties, the Central Plains Dynasty and the Qidan were bounded by the Baigou River in Hebei and the Great Wall in Shanxi. To the west of
is the rise of Tubo. Tubo lived along the Yarlung Zangbo River in Tibet. At the end of the 6th century, Tuyuhun and Subi were the three major forces on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In the second half of the 7th century, Tubo unified the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and dominated the northern desert. Around 840, he competed with the Tang Dynasty for the 4 towns of Anxi several times. In the second half of the 8th century, Tubo entered its heyday. There is the founding of Nanzhao in the southwest of
. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Wuman was the main body and Baiman and other tribes merged to form 6 tribes in the area around Erhai Lake in Yunnan during the Kaiyuan period of Tang Dynasty. During the Tianbao period, Nanzhao rebelled against the Tang affiliation with Tubo. It was called "Six Emperors" in history, which means king. Mengshe is located in the southernmost area of the Liuzhao. It is also known as "Nanzhao". Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty set Yaozhou Dudu Mansion (to govern Yao'an) to support Nanzhao's unification of Liuzhao. In the 1780s, the Tibetan forces extended into the Erhai Lake area. In order to contain the Tubo forces, the Tang Dynasty supported Nanzhao's unification of Liuzhao. In 902, it was usurped by the Zheng family and established the long and peaceful country. Nanzhao died. Later, the Kingdom of Dali was established by Zhao's Tianxing Kingdom (928～929) and Yang's Yining Kingdom (929～937). In 937, the regime fell into the hands of the Duan (Bai) and established the Dali State.
The northern part of Vietnam, which has been directly under the Central Plains dynasty for more than a thousand years from the Han Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, separated from the Central Plains dynasty and became independent in the middle of the 10th century. Until the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the Chief Secretary of Jiaozhi was once placed there, and it was only 20 years before and after.
Politics
The political system of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms generally followed the Tang Dynasty system, but there were many changes in each dynasty. The official positions were often abolished and the system was rather chaotic. The court has three provinces and six ministries in charge of administration, three departments in charge of finance, and the Privy Council in charge of military affairs. Due to constant wars in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, the Privy Council often had more power than the three provinces, so it was often the prime minister and the privy envoy. There were many famous officials in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. According to the "Five Dynasties Meeting Yao", there were as many as 30 kinds of officials such as Chongzheng Yuan, Xuanhui Yuan, Feilong, Hanlin and Wufang. Although some of the ten countries surrendered to the five dynasties, they are still independent countries in terms of system, and their political structure is the same as that of the five dynasties. Since most of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms started from Jiedu, the aides who supported them often held positions in the new court, while the elders of the former dynasty gave false positions such as the Third Division, the Sangong, or the provincial officials of Taiwan. When soldiers have merit, in order to win over them, they are also rewarded with official titles. These conditions became the source of numerous redundant officials in the Song Dynasty. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, there were a lot of famous officials who used "envoys". Among them, there were many changes in the five generations, and the abolition of official positions was not frequent. There were mainly three provinces and six ministries in charge of administration, three departments in charge of finance, and the Privy Council in charge of military affairs. This system was later inherited by the Song Dynasty. Although the Ten Kingdoms surrendered to the Five Dynasties, their political structure is roughly equivalent to that of the Five Dynasties. Z7z
Secret Envoy
After the mid-Tang Dynasty, the eunuch monopolized power, the lieutenant of the two guards of the Shence Army and the two secret envoys, known as the "four nobles", often invaded the power and threatened the emperor. On the eve of Tang's death, Zhu Wenzhu killed eunuchs and began to use courtiers as secret envoys. At the beginning of the Liang Dynasty, he was changed to Chongzheng Yuan Envoy, and the old name was restored in the Later Tang Dynasty. In the future, except for the short-term abolition of the Hou Jin Dynasty, the dynasties have been set up. Privy envoys are usually served by the emperor's most trusted officials, and most of them are military generals. The emperor often discusses military affairs with him, and sometimes the privy council directly orders the appointment and removal of vassal. At that time, although Pingzhangshi under Tongzhong Shumen was in the position of prime minister, the power of the privy envoy was superior to the prime minister (the prime minister sometimes also served as the privy envoy). Due to frequent warfare, military secretaries have become the main functions of the Privy Council. In the Song Dynasty, Zhongshu and the Privy Council held the two hands of civil and military affairs, which began in the Five Dynasties. At that time, most other regimes also had a privyTo make or be equivalent to the office of a clerk. In the early Tang Dynasty, the three divisions of
were mainly in charge of the four divisions under the jurisdiction of the household department, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Finance, and the Ministry of Warehouse. After the Mid-Tang Dynasty, the Ministry of Households, Duzhi, and Salt and Iron Divisions were in charge of taxation, financial revenue and expenditure, salt and iron monopoly, and material transshipment affairs. They were often in charge of non-household officials in the name of judgment, knowledge or envoy.
When Tang Zhaozong was reigning, the official name of the three ministers began to appear under the leadership of the prime minister Cui Yin. Later Tang had set up an envoy to rent and govern the three divisions, and once ordered the minister to sentence the three divisions to the three divisions. Finally, the three divisions and deputy envoys were formally set up to take charge of the central finances. Local finance also obeys the command of the three divisions. In the future, the dynasties will not be abolished, and the financial management system of the three divisions in the early Northern Song Dynasty also followed the Five Dynasties.
Laws
The criminal law of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms basically used the Tang Dynasty’s decree format and compiling edicts. However, there were newly issued edicts in the past dynasties and compiling supplementary benefits, which caused repeated contradictions before and after the rules. In the fourth year of Xiande (957), Sejong ordered the ministers to sort out the laws and regulations of the Tang Dynasty, which were difficult to understand, and the comments were complicated and complicated. They were deleted and compiled into the twenty-first volume of "Da Zhou Xing Tong". The "Song Xing Tong" compiled in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty was made by adding and deleting this book.
Military
On the eve of Tang's death, Zhu Wenzhu killed the eunuchs and disbanded the divine strategy army led by the eunuchs. Later, Zhu Wen became the emperor with the Xuanwu Army Jiedu, that is, the Xuanwu Town Soldier was the forbidden army, and he was set up as the commander of the Beijing-Ma Infantry. Later Tang was changed to the guards of the army, and the horse infantry commanders were all guards. Later in the week, the front office of the palace was added, and there were also commanders of the horse infantry army. Later, it was placed in front of the hall for inspections, which were above all commanders, and the guards had separate commanders for the horse army and the infantry.
The five dynasties often expanded the forbidden army, and the military official system was also varied and changeable. The closest army to Emperor Taizu Hou Liang was the "Tingzidu". This army was well-equipped and fierce. Taiyuan Jin army was very afraid. After the founding of the country, the Xuanwu Army was expanded into the Forbidden Army, and the elites of the Forbidden Army were used to form the guards. In the capital, the left and right dragon and tiger army, the left and right habayashi army, the left and right Shenwu army, and the left and right dragon Xiang army were set up in the capital, all with the prince as the military envoy. The predecessor of the Forbidden Army in the Later Tang Dynasty was the Hedong Army. Li Ke used his many adopted sons as the backbone to establish a "rebel army", which was its most elite army. The main force in the battle was the Wei Boyin Gun-Efficiency Army, which was incorporated in 915 AD, and played a major role in destroying the Liang. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the Yanwei Left and Right Army and the Pengsheng Left and Right Army were established in the capital. In the Mingzong period of the later Tang Dynasty, the guards were set up as the imperial army, with the soldiers in Ye capital as the backbone, also known as the accompanying army. Among them, Shi Jingtang also served as the commanding envoy of the Mabujun and the deputy envoy of the Sixth Army. Later Jin also set up the Saint Left and Right Army in the capital. Its headquarters originated from the army that Shi Jingtang had uprised in Hedong. His subordinate Liu Zhiyuan also served as the guard of the Ma Bujun commander. The military system of the Later Han Dynasty followed the Later Jin Dynasty without major changes. In the next week, Long Jie left and right troops and Hu Jie left and right troops were established in the capital. Later Zhou Shizong reformed the military system, implemented a training and selection system, streamlined the central forbidden army, and added strong men. There were high-level military officers such as commanders in front of the temple, deployment of both land and water, and inspection of the front of the temple, forming "the squads in front of the temple." Of the Forbidden Army. Among them, the front of the palace was inspected and held the military factual power. Later, Zhao Kuangyin, who held this position, launched a mutiny in Chen Qiao after the death of Shizong Zhou, usurping the throne of the Song Dynasty. Followed by the strict military discipline, Zhang Zhaoyuan, the Shangshu of the Ministry of War, was ordered to formulate a new military law. The last is to restrict the power of the vassal, such as prohibiting military weapons, interfering in civil affairs, and so on.
Due to frequent wars, the military service burden is heavy. At that time, in order to prevent the soldiers from fleeing, the soldiers were tattooed with their numbers on their faces so that they could recognize and hunt down deserters in Guanjin. In addition, men and women were recruited from all over the world to carry out transportation, and countless people and animals died on the way. When Emperor Liang Taizu attacked the Qingzhou King Normal School, he even buried the minding, cattle and donkeys who were enlisted to pile up the siege hills in the hills. In Youyan, Liu Rengong sent out men over the age of fifteen and under seventy to bring their own rations to join the army, totaling 200,000. The Northern Han Dynasty stipulated that all men over the age of seventeen should be registered as soldiers. Nan Tang once forced all people except the old and the weak to join the army. Wu Yue Qian Chu "enlisted all the Ding Min in the country" as a soldier. Hunan Ma Xi'e sent all Ding Zhuangs in Langzhou to be soldiers. In the later period of Fujian, the people were sent as soldiers, and there was no restraint in military service. In addition to military service, there are civil construction labor services of various names. Later Tang Zhuangzong built a barracks in the prosperous summer, "ten thousand daily service". Jingnan repaired the outer corner of Jiangling, expelling more than 10,000 soldiers into service. The main building of Fujian is to build temples and palaces. Severe taxes and servitude have made it difficult for the social economy in the north, which has been severely damaged by the war, to recover, and it has also greatly hindered the process of economic development in the south.
Because the local government is unregulated and often betrays the central government, the imperial court has strengthened the imperial force to suppress the local government.Warlords. In order to resist the phenomenon of military intervention in politics since the Five Dynasties, the Song Dynasty adopted a policy of strong and weak branches.
Diplomacy
During the Tang Dynasty, Hu and Han were fused, and foreigners moved into China one after another. After the collapse of the Tang Dynasty into the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, some foreign nations emerged, such as the Later Tang, Later Jin, and Later Han when Shatuo established the Five Dynasties. The Khitan first established the Liao Dynasty. There are other party items. All these had a profound impact on the international situation in the Song Dynasty.
Economy
In the late Tang Dynasty, due to the Anshi Rebellion, the separatism of the vassal rule and the Huangchao Rebellion, the northern war was chaotic, the population moved to the south, and the countryside was barren. In the period of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, the Five Dynasties overlapped frequently, the war in the north was still not quelled, the northern economy was relatively backward, and the population continued to decline drastically. It did not gradually recover until the latter part of the week, but its economic power was still inferior to the south. The South is relatively stable. It continues to absorb refugees from the North, bringing a large number of labor force and advanced farming technology to the South, accelerating the economic development of the South. During the period of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, the ten countries in the south were numerous, free from the economic burden of the north, and the emperor attached great importance to the development of production and developed several economic regions centered on big cities. Shu is an area with developed agriculture, industry and commerce, with full warehouses. Jiangnan Lianghuai emphasized agricultural mulberry, tea, water conservancy and commercial trade, among which Wuyue, Fujian and Nanhan trade were the most prosperous. Huguang relied on selling tea and commerce, transporting tea to the Yellow River area, exchanging clothes and war horses for profit. These regions have exchanges with each other, and trade with North China and foreign countries, and business is very prosperous. Therefore, the South has completely replaced the North as the economic center of the entire Chinese region.
Due to the continuous civil strife, foreign invasions and natural disasters in the north, the ten southern countries outperformed the five northern dynasties in population, economy, culture and technology. This was also the moment when South China's economy once again surpassed North China, and this situation has never been reversed since. In order to expand the economy, the ten countries paid attention to the construction of water conservancy and economic crops, and the development of trade, tea, and textiles. The Qiantang River Shitang was also built during this period. Due to the collapse of the Guanzhong economy, most of the Five Dynasties settled in Kaifeng, the hub of the Grand Canal in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. The capital factor and the fall of the sixteen states of Yanyun affected the military and economy of the Song Dynasty.
Agriculture
Zhou Yuantongbao
From the late Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the economy of the Central Plains was devastated due to long-term wars and natural disasters. Hebei, Henan, Shandong and Guanzhong were all war-torn areas. For example, when the Jin Dynasty came out of the emperor after 943, there were premature disasters in spring and summer, floods in autumn and winter, locusts infested, and bamboo and wood leaves in the territory were all eaten by locusts. In addition, the military man-made flooding of the Yellow River, flooding Bian and Ezhou , The production in the north was greatly damaged. In contrast, since the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, the relatively stable areas of Jiangnan, Huguang, and Bashu have continued to develop and prospered, becoming the places where the people of the Central Plains defected. In addition to the fact that South China is divided into several countries, countries in order to improve their economic power are not careful to operate, which makes the economic power of the ten countries far better than the five generations of armed force.
Despite the chaos of the Five Dynasties, there were still many kings boosting the economy. Later Liang Taizu said that the empress pays attention to agriculture, and he appointed Zhang Quanyi as Henan Yin to restore production in Henan. In 908 AD, the prefectures were ordered to exterminate locusts to benefit from Nongsang. During the late Tang Mingzong rule, he advocated frugality, built water conservancy projects, and cared about the suffering of the people, so that the people could respite. In the later weeks, in order to reduce the pressure on the farmers, Guo Wei, Taizu of the Later Zhou Dynasty, directly granted the camps of the Bingtun to the tenants in 952 to increase tax revenue; and abolished the "cattle rent" implemented by the Emperor Liang Taizu Zhu Wen to exempt farmers from dead cattle rent. The burden of saving. By the time of Shizu Zhou, a land equalization system was established and taxes were levied on the actual land occupied. This is different from the old system in the early Sui and Tang Dynasties, but is consistent with the general implementation of taxation after the two tax laws.
The ten southern countries advocate economic development, and attach importance to the construction of water conservancy projects and waterproofing. For example, Wuyue and Nantang rewarded farming mulberry; Fujian and the Southern Han Dynasty promoted overseas trade; the former Shu and Houshu also developed agricultural silk weaving, all of which can promote the economic development of the south. The Bashu area was very prosperous in the Tang Dynasty and was known as a country of abundance. After the war, under the management of the former Shu Wangjian and the later Shu Meng Zhixiang and Meng Chang father and son, the political stability was relatively stable. They also paid attention to the construction of water conservancy, extensive cultivation, and also set up farmland in the Baozhong area, which made agricultural production more developed. In the post-Shu period, "people are rich" and "three pennies for fighting rice", rice was as cheap as a penny for three cents. Many people have moved to the Guangdong and Guangxi regions. For fifty years, nothing happened to the south of Nanling, which has gradually enriched the Nanhan Fukuoka.
Lianghuai, Jiangnan and Taihu Lake where Wu and Nantang and Wu Yue are locatedThe region was very prosperous during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and it was an important food town in the Tang Dynasty. After Pang Xun’s change and the Huangchao rebellion, the local court supported large-scale reclamation of wasteland and built waterways. Wu and Nantang dredged the training lake in Danyang, Jiangyan Lake in Jurong, Baishui Pond in Chuzhou, and Anfeng Pond in Shouzhou. The few were irrigated by thousands of hectares, and the larger by 10,000 hectares. The king of Wuyue built the Qiantang River Shitang on the Qiantang River to prevent sea tides, and dredged the West Lake, Taihu Lake and Jianhu Lake, etc., and recruited people to reclaim wasteland and exempted land tax, making Hangzhou a prosperous city in the south of the Yangtze River. However, the economic power of Fujian was not strong in the late Tang Dynasty. After the brothers Wang Chao and Wang Shenzhi took possession of Min, they persuaded the people to farm mulberry and build embankments around Chehu Lake in Lianjiang County, which could irrigate more than 40,000 hectares of land. The peasants of Nantang and Wuyue also built a kind of polder, that is, fenced fields. Drought opens the gate to divert water
Tang Guotongbao
of the Southern Tang irrigates the field, and when floods closes the gate to repel water, turning low-lying waterlogged land into good farmland. The land of Huguang has also flourished since the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties. After the establishment of the Chu State in Hunan, Ma Yin continued to increase the grain output in central and western Hunan. When Zhou Xingfeng took possession of Hunan, the people "had a lot of money, and in four or five years, the warehouses were enriched." All these have made the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River become a surplus grain area that "gives from the world, and the south of the Yangtze River inhabits the nineteenth." In the Song Dynasty, there was a saying that "Suchang (or lake) is cooked and the world is sufficient". In addition to the prosperity of food crops in the South, economic crops such as tea, silk and cotton are also prosperous and are becoming specialized. In addition to being planted in mountainous areas, tea was also built on flat hills. According to the "Si Shi Zhuan Yao" records, it was distributed at the time of Jiangnan Tea Garden. During the Five Dynasties, Chu State Ma Yin was very prosperous in tea, mulberry planting, sericulture and cotton, which drove the development of commerce and trade in Chu State. Fujian develops tea, an economic product, and rewards maritime trade, greatly enhancing the local economy. Although the melee in handicraft industry has severely damaged the social economy, social production has not been interrupted. Even in North China, during the reigns of the late Liang Jianguo and the late Tang Mingzong, certain measures were taken to restore production. In the next week, handicraft industries such as textiles, paper making, tea making, and sun-boiled salt production also developed. The
engraving printing was initially popular among the folks, and it was particularly prominent during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. Among them, Jiangnan and Bashu were more developed. Not only Buddhist scriptures and daily books sold by folk bookstores, but also Confucian classics read by the scholar-official class. Issued with engraving printing. In Qianshu, where engraving printing is more developed, the printed materials are mainly fortune-telling books and calligraphy books. It was specially printed in Houshu, which led to "the resurgence of literature in Shuzhong". After 932 AD, Feng Dao, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty, suggested that the official engraving and printing of the "Book of Songs", "Book of Books", "Book of Rites" and other nine classics was adopted, and large-scale official printing appeared. This plan was realized by the Imperial College and was not suspended due to the chaos of the war. It was not completed until the Zhou Dynasty in 953, a total of 22 years. Since then, the block-printed version of the "Nine Classics" has spread widely. Since then, the number of printed scriptures published by the imperial court increased, and this task was also assigned to the Imperial College, and the book editions were also stored in the Imperial College, which was called the "Jianben". The five generations of
are also an important period of transformation of ceramic art, and it is also an official kiln-making period from the private sector. Civil kilns and official kilns parted ways and competed with each other, which became the period when Yishi glaze porcelain became popular. The official establishment of the official kiln was dedicated to the royal family and officials. In the north there are imperial kilns from the Later Tang Dynasty and Zhou Dynasty, in the south there are secret color kilns from Wuyue Kingdom, and to the southwest there are official kilns from Qianshu and Houshu. The folks also maintain fine traditions. For example, Dingyao in Hebei is very prosperous. The Yue ware of Wu Yue State is very famous for its excellent firing technology. The potters of the five generations even created the "rain over the sky", which has become a major innovation in the history of ancient Chinese ceramics. Kiln-making technology was also spread abroad. In the late Liang Dynasty in 918, Korea learned Chinese porcelain-making technology and set up a kiln factory in Kangjin. After that, it spread to Japan and Western countries.
Chengxintang paper is one of the famous papers in the Five Dynasties period. After the Five Dynasties of the Southern Tang Dynasty, the postmaster was good at writing poems and liked to collect books and papers. For this reason, a house in the Jinling official mansion was named Chengxintang as a place for poetry and book collection. The postmaster of the Southern Tang Dynasty also specially sent Sichuan paper-making craftsmen to Chengxintang, imitating Shu paper to make a new paper with excellent texture, and named it "Chengxintang paper". Because the quality of Chengxintang paper is very good, and even a piece of paper is worth a hundred gold, it is the best paper product. After that, the Song and Qing dynasties also learned the techniques of the Southern Tang and produced and used this paper.
Foreign trade
Because of the numerous countries, military disasters have been repeated for years, and business exchanges have been seriously affected. For example, according to the law of the Kingdom of Shu: "No strange goods are allowed to be exported"Transport salt shall not cross the Zhanghe River. However, the general trend of commerce, trade and exchange. The tea needed by North China is often trafficked by merchants from the south, and the southern tea merchants also travel as far away as Henan and Hebei. They sell tea and buy back stalks and war horses. Part of the salt needed by the people in Jiangnan also depends on the supply of North China. The northern countries bought horses from Khitan, Uighurs, and Dangxiang to various ethnic minorities in the west. In the south, Wuyue, Southern Tang, Chu, and Southern Han countries traded with the north by way of tribute. The trade between Wuyue, Fujian and the North is mainly by sea. The foreign trade of
is also very prosperous. There are commercial contacts from Korea, Silla, and Japan in the east, Taishi to the west, and Champa and Sanfoqi to the south. Mingzhou, Fuzhou, Quanzhou, and Guangzhou are all important ports for foreign trade. Wuyue, Nanwu, and Nantang imported "hot oil" from overseas for use, and then exported it from the sea to Khitan.
Technology
Due to wars and natural disasters, the development of science and technology in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms was not as good as that of the Tang Dynasty, while the development of science and technology in the Ten Countries in the South was more prosperous than the Five Dynasties in the North. However, overall, there is still room for development in the areas of porcelain engraving, agricultural water conservancy and firearms. The almanac of the
astronomy
imperial court was unable to spread all over the country because of the separatist rule of the vassal and towns. The people used folk almanacs one after another in order to be able to use them. Among them, the "Fu Tianli" compiled by Cao Shi of the Tang Dynasty was popular among the people of the late Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty for hundreds of years. "Fu Tianli" takes the fifth year of Xianqing as the epoch, with rain as the head, and 10,000 as the denominator of the basic astronomical data, which greatly reduces the calculation work. Since it is not an official calendar, it is relegated to a small calendar.
Medicine
In medicine, official medical officers appeared in the Five Dynasties, and the post of Hanlin medical officer was added during the later Tang Dynasty in Qingtai. After the Northern Song Dynasty, the Imperial Medical Office was changed to the Imperial Medical Bureau, and the Hanlin Medical Court was established. Han Baosheng of Hou Shu was a herbalist. He carefully inspected medicines and knew the properties of medicines. With the support of the Emperor Meng Chang of the Later Shu, he re-edited the book "Shu Zhong Guangying Gong's Materia Medica" based on the "Xinxiu Materia Medica" of the Tang Dynasty, which was called "Shu Materia Medica" in history, which was later lost. Engraving printing
Engraving printing
Engraving printing In the late Tang Dynasty, the engraving printing was relatively developed in Western Shu, and the printed materials were mainly fortune-telling books and calligraphy books. In the later Tang Dynasty, the "Nine Classics" began to be carved. In the third year of Changxing (932), Mingzong ordered the Imperial College to correct the "Nine Classics" based on Xijing's stone scriptures, copy them as annotations, and hire engravers to engrave and sell them. This project took twenty years, and it was not completed until June of the third year (953) of Zhou Guangshun. Since then, the block-printed version of the "Nine Classics" has spread widely. Later Shu was also specially printed, leading to "the resurgence of literature in Shuzhong". In the later Han Dynasty, the unpublished "Four Classics" such as "Zhou Li" were engraved and printed. The engraving of the "Nine Classics" promotes the popularization of Confucian classics and is conducive to the spread of culture.
Agriculture and water conservancy
In agriculture and water conservancy, the Five Dynasties also have a very high development. Han E is generally considered to be from the Five Dynasties in the late Tang Dynasty. He wrote the "Si Shi Zhuan Yao" by referring to agricultural books before the Tang Dynasty such as Qi Min Yao Shu, which is another book after Qi Min Yao Shu. An important agricultural book. The book adopts the form of "monthly orders" to arrange the matters that farmers should do each month, with agriculture as the main part. In addition, many contemporary agricultural techniques are also recorded, including the cultivation techniques of tea trees, cotton, shiitake mushrooms and yam, and artificial beekeeping for the first time. Tea research in the Tang Dynasty was still prevalent in the Five Dynasties, among which the former Shu Mao Wenxi wrote "Tea Book" and so on. Due to the increase in river disasters during the Five Dynasties, the scale and frequency of river control were greater than those of previous generations. In addition, the ten southern countries are vigorously developing their economies, and some coastal dikes or river projects are also actively constructing. In the Five Dynasties, remote embankments have appeared. In 924, the Suanzao River embankment was built in the later Tang Dynasty and was successfully restored by Fu Xi the following year. The Five Dynasties also used "broom workers" to protect the hydraulic structures of banks, mouths and dikes. It is mainly used to bundle firewood, bamboo wood, soft grass, etc. with soil and stone into broom bundles, and then connect them, which has a good effect of resisting water impact. Finally, it matured in the Song Dynasty and was widely used. In the Five Dynasties, the Jiangnan Wu Kingdom, Wu Yue Kingdom and Southern Tang rebuilt rivers to divert the lake water for transportation, and continued to develop the Tangpu polder system of the Tang Dynasty. Wu Yue Kingdom also built Qiantang River stone ponds to prevent sea tides.
Culture
The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period is one of the most chaotic periods in Chinese history. Wars and frequent regime changes have led to the loss of a large number of documents and the decline of science and technology and civilization. However, the subsequent Song Dynasty has become the most technologically developed in Chinese history. One of the dynasties, the protection and accumulation of scientific and technological documents during the Five Dynasties played an important role.
This period is a critical period for the development of Ci, and Zen Buddhism also enters the period of full prosperity in this period. FivesThe engraving and printing of the "Nine Classics" was promoted and many Confucian classics were preserved. In terms of painting, both the north and the south are unique.
History
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms·Wuyue Qianwang Temple
History has made important achievements. "Old Tang Book" is the most important historical work written in this period. The previous dynasty history compiled by Wu Jing and Wei Shu in the Tang Dynasty is also relatively complete. However, due to the Anshi Rebellion and the war between the vassal and vassal vassal, many historical records were lost, especially the record of Wuzong's sixty years later was not passed down. This made the compilation of Tang history difficult. In the Five Dynasties, the work of collecting historical materials of the Tang Dynasty was firstly emphasized. The Emperor Later Liang issued an edict to collect the family biography and public and private chapters of the Tang Dynasty; the Mingzong of the Later Tang Dynasty set up Sanchuan to search for pictures and books to search for the Tang facts in Chengdu, and expressly ordered the protection of the Tang Dynasty stele, which was important for the compilation of the "Old Tang Book" And prepare in time. From the sixth year of Tianfu in the later Jin Dynasty (941) to the second year of Kaiyun (945), Liu Zhu, Zhang Zhaoyuan and others wrote two hundred and twenty volumes of "Book of Tang" (both today are two hundred volumes), which is called "Old Tang Book. Although it has always been believed that the "Old Tang Book" has many shortcomings, mainly due to the lack of processing of the original materials. Before Tang Xianzong copied national history and factual records, and Tang Muzong later compiled miscellaneous theories and biographies, he also preserved a large amount of original materials from the Tang Dynasty. , By the attention of later historians. In addition, Wang Renyu's "Kaiyuan Tianbao Legacy" records the anecdotes of the Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Wang Dingbao's "Tang Jiayan" details the Tang Dynasty tribute system, Wei Chiwei's "Zhong Dynasty Story" records old news about the four dynasties of the late Tang Dynasty, and Liu Chongyuan's " "Jinhuazi" narrates the stories of the court and opposition in the late Tang Dynasty, and Sun Guangxian's "Bei Meng Suo Yan" records anecdotes about the natives in the Tang and Five Dynasties, and so on. These works of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period have varying degrees of historical value.
poems
poems in Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms are important development periods of Ci. There were many poets in the Hou Shu and the Southern Tang Dynasty, and their level was relatively high, thus becoming two centers: Western Shu had Wei Zhuang, Ouyang Jiong and others. Their works were later included in "The Collection of Flowers" by Zhao Chongzuo and others; and Feng Yansi in the Southern Tang Dynasty. , Li Jing, Li Jing, Li Yu, and others. The works of Li Jing and his son are engraved as "The Two Main Poets of Southern Tang Dynasty". Li Yu is the most important poet of this period. In the late Tang and Five Dynasties, most of the poems described the enjoyable life of the ruling class, with vulgar subjects, narrow realms, and subdued styles. The works of the Huajian School are representative of this style. The same is true for Li Yu’s early works, but the words he wrote after the country’s death and capture, or lamenting his life experience, or nostalgic for the past, have a vivid image and vivid language, and write deeply and sincerely about his sentimental feelings, breaking through the writing of Fenghuaxueyue since the late Tang Dynasty. The stereotype of love between men and women has innovations in both content and artistic conception, opening up a new field for the development of poetry in the Northern Song Dynasty. The famous painters of
painting
painting Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms include Jing Hao and Guan Tong from Houliang, Dong Yuan, Juran, Xu Xi from Southern Tang Dynasty, and Huang Yun from Houshu. Jing Hao is good at painting high mountains and steep mountains. Guan Tong has developed under the influence of Jing Hao, and he is good at painting Guanhe. They are called "Jing and Guan" together. They are one of the main schools of northern landscape painting in the Five Dynasties. Dong Yuan and Juran were good at using thick or light ink to depict the scenery of the south of the Yangtze River. They were called "Dong and Ju" together. They were one of the main schools of southern landscape painting during the Five Dynasties and Northern Song Dynasty. Huang Yun is good at painting rare birds and flowers in the palace, and Xu Xi is good at painting waterfowls and flowers on the rivers and lakes. The two are called "Huang and Xu". At that time, there was a proverb of "Huang family rich and noble, Xu Xi Ye Yi", describing their works. Different styles. In addition, Gu Hongzhong's "Han Xizai Night Banquet" is also an art treasure handed down.
Society
During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Guanzhong was the political and economic form of self-cultivation, the Central Plains was the political form of subordinate landlord and the economic form of tenant farming, the south was the political form of gentry landlord and the economic form of serfdom, and the overall social form of China was the political form of subordinate landlord. Forms and economic forms of the tenant farming system.
emperor lineage
see: five dynasties and ten emperors
the back beam of the past emperors
after the emperors of the Tang Dynasty
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