Yao Chuan-shun, Shun Chuan-yu, the story of “remise” in ancient times has been talked about by the world for thousands of years, and was even regarded as a history of faith.
However, in modern times, with the rise of "skepticism about the ancient", the authenticity of the "yet system" has begun to be questioned. It has been debated for more than a century, and there is still no conclusion. .
What is the truth behind these power changes 4200 years ago?
Between Yao, Shun and Yu, is it a selfless "concession" or a cruel "usurpation", or is there a third possibility ?
"Zhan Zhan"
If you trace the origin, the record of "Zhan Zhan" can be found in Shang Shu, and thereafter, the Analects, Mencius, and "Mozi" and other Confucian classics also affirmed the existence of "concession".
When Sima Qian wrote the "Historical Records", he also adopted the "concession". For example, in the "Historical Records·Five Emperors Benji", there is " Yaozhizi Dan Zhu is not good enough to teach the world, so he is authorized to grant Shun ." In addition, there are records such as " Emperor Shun recommends Yu Yutian, as Si ".
However, all of these are just the words "回回性" compiled on the basis of legends by later generations. is not "documented and certified." According to the first-hand evidence.
Even if it is the earliest "Shangshu", its writing time is only in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (about the 5th century BC), and it is 1600 years apart from the Yao, Shun and Yu era, and the gap between the two is so long. In the era when there is no written record, let alone any video data, how can the "history" written by only rely on dictation to convince everyone?
"Urger" said
Sure enough, when you open up the contemporary classics of Shang Shu and The Analects, you can easily find many completely different ones. opinion.
For example, 韩非 bluntly stated in "Speaking Doubt": " Shun forced Yao, Yu forced Shun, Tang Fangjie, and King Wu defeated him. The four kings are also the kings and the kings. ”
杨朱 criticizes the so-called "concession" as a hypocritical act of reluctance:
" and the Zen of Shouyao, the years have grown, the wisdom has declined . Shang Jun is not cautious, Zen is located in Yu, sorrowful to death: the poor of the heavens and the people are also...
And Shou Shun Zen, humble palace room, beautiful rimmed mian, grief to death: the sorrows of the heavens and the people are also.
Really nameless, nameless. Named, fake only "
Even among the Confucian scholars, there are opposite voices. For example, 荀子 once pointed out: " Fu said, "Yao and Shun are good at letting them", which is a false statement and a legend of the shallow. ”
In addition to the philosophers and hundreds of schools, historians are not a common word, for example, , written hundreds of years earlier than in the "Historical Records" "Zhu Shu Ji Nian" , which also records the "usurpation" history of " Yao was imprisoned by Shun and Shun was exiled by Yu ".
Even modern archaeological prospecting seems to corroborate the "usurpation" from the side.
The Taosi Ruins of Xiangfen, Shanxi (2300-1900 BC), known as " the capital of Tangyao," archaeologists discovered destroyed superimposed old in the late cultural layer City walls, a large number ofCut and slash the dismembered young male bones , and ancestral temple altars and tombs that were destroyed.
Various signs indicate that in the middle and late Taosi period, that is, 4100 years ago , it was destroyed by large-scale violence.
Inferred from the phenomena of destroying the ancestral temple and disturbing the ancestral mausoleum, is very likely to be a subversive coup or invasion war, and the result is the complete annihilation of the old regime.
If the Taosi site is really the capital of Yao and Shun, then the history of "usurpation" is likely to be confirmed. Unfortunately, people have not found decisive evidence here after all, so everything is still speculation.
Generally speaking, the history of Yao, Shun and Yu is indeed misty and confusing at first glance.
Re-interpreting
However, if we jump out of these controversial circles and re-examine the historical background at the time, combined with the existing archaeological results, we may be able to restore a paragraph A more objective and reasonable history.
The Yao-Shun-Yu era did not appear out of thin air, it inherits the primitive society of the Neolithic Age, and the slave society of the Qi, Xia, and Shang dynasties . If you want to understand it, can’t regard it as an isolation. Of historical events to look at .
Combining archaeological and historical data shows that in our country 5000 years ago, private ownership began to sprout , conflicts broke out between the tribes from time to time, and for the needs of war, various tribes tried Cooperation to form a loose 部落联盟.
Among them, the famous "涿鹿之战" is an example of the alliance between the Yan and Huang tribes to jointly fight the Chiyou tribe.
Chief State "Recommendation System"
The Yellow Emperor era is also called the Chiefdom Stage by historians.
At that time, most of the leaders of the alliance were "recommended" by the people. . Although the leaders at this time had greater influence, the important decision-making activities in the alliance were still in the " collective It is carried out under the will , which has a certain degree of " Democratic ".
The so-called "remittance system", its source and essence is the "recommendation system".
到了唐尧时代, which is the end of primitive society, social stratification is becoming more and more obvious , the rights struggle within the alliance has become increasingly fierce, the desire for "hereditary kingship" is led by the alliance leader The heart keeps growing, "Dhyana System" has existed in name only .
For example, in many historical materials, Danzhu has been mentioned many times. Danzhu is Yao’s son. Yao originally wanted to pass the throne to him, but this intention is obvious It seriously violated the traditional rules of the game and violated the interests of other noble groups. Therefore, Yao's morality was weak and the people's sentiment was unstable. Therefore, Yao could only retreat and pass the throne to Shun .
And this move has actually knocked on the shell of the "recommendation system" and laid the foundation for the "hereditary system". Why do you say that?
Because Shun is Yao’s son-in-law, this time the inheritance of the throne is essentially completed within the same family, and the fertile water has not flowed outsider Tian .
In the later period of Emperor Shun, the contradictions between the various interest groups became more acute. Shun’s “concession” to Yu Yu was actually a political game and power struggle.result.
Both "Shangshu" and "Historical Records" record that Shun used the failure of water control as an excuse to kill Gun (Yu's father), and then use Yu to continue to control the water.
For the time being, the reason behind this series of operations of Shun will be aside. Just looking at the results, it is that Yu succeeded in controlling water and won the hearts of the people and accumulated important politics for the subsequent seizure of power. Capital , with the support of other aristocratic groups (Rugao Tao), forced Shun to give way to himself and successfully became Emperor .
Transition from Chiefdom to "Family World"
After becoming the supreme leader of the alliance, Yu wanted to start with the ambition of "Family World" all around. 定国号, Zhu Jiuding , etc. It is to further centralize power and consolidate the throne;
After that, he inserted his son Qi'an into the alliance as a senior official, so that he can take the opportunity of to cultivate personal power .
Finally, with painstaking efforts, the father and son defeated all opposition forces, successfully completed the transition from "recommendation system" to "hereditary system" , opening the era of China's "home world".
archaeological data also supports this point. In 龙山文化资源, which is consistent with the Yao and Shunyu era, archaeologists have discovered that at this stage, the power and wealth of the powerful and wealthy are constantly increasing. .
The chiefdom alliance has also developed to a considerable scale, infinitely close to the state, and at the same time, bureaucracy and laws have emerged. The leader of the alliance is even more centralized and administrative. In Yishen, the personal power of expanded rapidly, and “authoritarianism” came into being . On this basis, “monarchy” is naturally not far away.
It can be said that 尧顺禹的时代, China is in the transitional stage of the alliance chiefdom to hereditary monarchy, is dubbed "Concession" The "recommendation system" is faltering, and its essence has developed into a "personal dictatorship."
The formation of the leader of the alliance is neither "recommended" nor "hereditary", but "personal designation " in between.
This kind of dictatorship is obviously not a stable political system, and its final evolution result is either transformed into a "democracy" or replaced by a "monarchy".
Facts also proved that the "dictatorship" of only appeared for three generations, and was quickly replaced by the "monarchy" of the Xia Dynasty.
Any political system will not exist in isolation, and its emergence and demise have a "quantitative change to a qualitative change" process , the same is true for the system of Yao, Shun and Yu.
is also because of the complexity behind it, which makes future generations confused and divergent.
In the era of Yao, Shun and Yu, although it was not a utopia eulogized by Confucianism, it was not full of bloody struggles full of intrigues. It was a special transition period from primitive society to slave society. The end of it also indicates that Chinese civilization is about to enter a new era.
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