In the history of the early Ming Dynasty, the cruel habit of sacrificial burial has always been criticized. This bad practice was not abolished until the death of Ming Yingzong Zhu Qizhen. This article focuses on sorting out whether there was an institutionalized large-scale burial custom in the Ming dynasty's clan in the previous century.
1. Taizu Gao Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang Hongwu dynasty
The clan elder who died in the Taizu dynasty (here only refers to the princes and princes who have been married in adulthood). In chronological order, they are Lu Wang Zhu Tan, Tan Wang Zhu Zi, Crown Prince Zhu Biao, Qin Wang Zhu Xiao, Jin Wang Zhu Xi
Among the five people, the only real princesses were buried in the burial of the princess, only the princess of Qin who died in March 28th, Hongwu. Wang is the sister of the famous Meng Yuan general Wang Baobao, who is also the prototype of Zhao Min in the martial arts novel "Yitian Shoulong". The marriage between Wang Clan and Qin Wang originally had a strong political meaning, and her burial was more political.
Tan King Zhu Zi and Princess Yu died of suicide together. Strictly speaking, it can be regarded as an alternative burial.
However, apart from these two special cases, the Crown Prince's Step Consort Lu, Jin's Step Consort Xie, and Lu Wang's Concubine Tang were not sacrificed. The Lu family was revered as the Queen Mother after Zhu Yunshou ascended the throne. Xie died in the first month of the eighteenth year of Yongle (23 years before the death of King Jin), and Tang died in March of the eighth year of Xuande (45 years after the death of King Lu).
Some people might say that the Lu family and the Xie family do not need to be buried because they have heirs, but the Lu Wang concubine Tang family also has no heirs. The biological mother of Zhu Zhaohui, the only son of King Lu Zhutan, was Geshi, and when the father of Concubine Tang Xin Guogong Tang and became ill in the 23rd year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang used to "send his daughter, Princess Lu, to Ning." (" Records of Ming Taizu-Volume 240") shows that Zhu Zhaohui's nurturing task is not entirely on Tang's body.
can conclude from this that there is no institutionalized burial custom in the clan of the Taizu dynasty. After the death of Zhu Yuanzhang, the grandson of
, the grandson of the emperor Zhu Yunshou came to the throne. During his short four-year reign, only the king of Hunan Zhu Bo and the princess Wu committed suicide due to cruel persecution. However, considering that Zhu Yunxi did not hesitate to implement the funeral plan of the Hongwu concubine after his grandfather's death, Emperor Jianwen was obviously supportive of this custom.
In the TV series "Jiangshan Ji", Mr. Chen Baoguo's Zhu Yuanzhang acted as
2, Emperor Taizong Wen Emperor Zhu Die of Emperor Yongle Dynasty Z4z
, Zhu Yu Wang of Emperor Yongle of Yongle Dynasty Z4z
, Zhu You of Emperor Yongle of Tang Dynasty Z4z
, Prince Zhu Yi of Emperor Taizong Yongle Dynasty Yan, An Wang Zhu Ying, Su Wang Zhu Mei, Shu Wang Zhu Chun, Chu Wang Zhu Zhen, Qin Wang Zhu Zhi Hun, and Liao Wang Zhu Zhi.
These cases can be roughly divided into the following three situations:
1, the princess did not die after the prince’s death:
Han Wang Zhu Song's princess Feng had lived until the first month of the second year of Jingtai, at which time it had been 45 years since Zhu Song died. And Zhu Song died in Nanjing, and the cemetery is also in Nanjing. After the death of Concubine Feng, the king of Han Zhu Zhengpo asked the court to grant manpower to send his great ancestor to the graveyard of King Han Xian. Emperor Jing Zhu Qiyu rejected it as "it is difficult for people to travel far away."
The princess Liu of Qin King Zhu Shangbing lived until the fourth year of orthodox December, 28 years after Zhu Shangbing's death.
Zhu Yan, the king of Tang Dynasty, died in the eighth year of the thirteenth year of Yongle, while the princess Wu died in July of the sixteenth year of Yongle. Concubine Wu has two sons, one is Tang Jing Wang Zhu Qiongqi, the other is Tang Xian Wang Zhu Qiongzheng.
An Wang Zhuying died in August 15th year of Yongle, while Princess Xu died in June 14th year of Orthodox, 33 years after Zhu Ying's death. Princess An was also childless, but she was not buried either, probably because she was the daughter of Wei Guogong Xu Da and the younger sister of Queen Zhu Di Xu.
Su Wang Zhu Mu died in December of the 17th year of Yongle, and the princess Sun died in July of the 21st year of Yongle. Concubine Sun had no children and was not buried.
The princess Guo of Liao Wang Zhu Zhi died in February of the fourth year of orthodoxy, 16 years after Zhu Zhi died. In addition, Guo Fei is the daughter of Wuding Hou Guoying.
2, the princess died before the death of the prince, or the time of death is not recorded:
's successor to the Qin king Zhu Zhihou is not recorded in the "Ming Taizong Record". Considering that Zhu Zhihou was only 21 years old when he died, it may not have been enrolled at that time.
Yi Wang Zhu's princess is Zuo Dudu LiuZhen's daughter, Liu, married in November of the third year of Yongle. There is no record of Liu's ending in the "Records", so it is difficult to guess whether he was buried.
Shu King Zhu Chun died in February 21st of Yongle. His princess was the daughter of Liang Guogong Lanyu. There is no record of her ending in the Record. It is not clear if she was dealt with together during the Lanyu case. But there was certainly no burial.
The princess of Chu King Zhuzhen was the daughter of Dingyuanhou Wangbi, but was not implicated by her father. She died in November 30th year of Hongwu, before Chu King Zhuzhen.
3. The princess was buried after the death of the prince:
has only one case, and that is the princess Ying Guo. Ying Wang Zhu Dong died in December of the 12th year of Yongle, and Princess Guo committed suicide in the first month of the 13th year of Yongle. Until Guo is also the daughter of Wuding Hou Guoying, and she has a daughter herself, there is no need for burial. The record of Concubine Guo at that time was: "Guo cried and said: "Who is still the one who has no deceased and no children? "Quoting the mirror to write Rongfu Palace," said: "The eldest daughters, let the mother know. "From the scriptures." From this perspective, the funeral of Concubine Guo was only her personal decision.
Based on the above case analysis, the Yongle dynasty continued the habit of the Hongwu dynasty, and did not require burial to the clan.
In "Daming Fenghua", Wang Xueqi’s Zhu Di was disguised as
3. It is impossible to judge that Emperor Renzong Zhao Zhi Hong Qiaozhao
died in the tenth month of Zhu Gaochi.
IV. Emperor Xuanzongzhang Zhu Zhanji Xuande Dynasty
The princes who died in Xuanzong Zhuzhanji Xuande Dynasty are: Teng Wang Zhu Zhankai, Zhou Wang Zhu Zhu, Qin Wang Zhu Zhijun, Tang Wang Zhu Qiongqi, Shen Wang Zhumo, Zhao Wang Zhu Gaosui, Shu Wang Zhu Youyu and Shu Wang Zhu Youyi. Among them, Teng Wang Zhu Zhankai died in the first year of Hong Xi in the first year of Leap July, when he was only 17 years old and was not married. The remaining cases of
can also be divided into three categories:
1, the princess was not buried after the death of the prince:
Qin Wang Zhu Zhijun's princess Zhang died in December 17 of Chenghua, 56 years after the death of Qin Wang. It is worth mentioning that the marriage date of Concubine Zhang and Zhu Zhijun was September of the first year of Xuande, but Zhu Zhijun died a month later, and Concubine Zhang had been a widow for 56 years.
Zhao Wang Zhu Gaosui died in August of the sixth year of Xuande, and his third princess Weng died in June of the fifth year of orthodoxy, 10 years after Zhu Gaosui's death.
2, the princess died before the death of the prince:
Zhou Wang Zhu Xun died in the first year of Hongxi in July, the princess Feng died in June of the 20th year of Yongle before him. In addition, Fei Feng is the daughter of Song Guogong Feng Sheng. It can be seen that Feng Sheng's death did not involve his daughter.
Shen Wang Zhu Mo died in May of the sixth year of Xuande, and the princess Zhang died in August of the fourth year of Yongle before him.
Shu Wang Zhu Youyi died in June of the ninth year of Xuande, and his princess Zhao died in the first month of the fourth year of Xuande when Zhu Youyi was king of Luojiang.
3, the princess was buried after the death of the prince:
in October of the first year of Xuande, Tang Wang Zhu Qiongqi died. The daughter of Gaopan from Jiaxian County of Ruzhou has been selected as the princess, and the registration has not yet been awarded. After hearing the news of Zhu Qiongzhi's death, Gao committed suicide and was buried. Xuanzong "On the Jiaqizhi Festival, he was specially appointed to post the title of Princess Tang, and to give sacrifices to the funeral Xiruli." ("Ming Xuanzong Records-Volume 22")
Shu Wang Zhu Youyu died in September of the sixth year of Xuande, the princess Li Shi Ji Huang and Shi Ji Huang were all buried. Xuanzong Zhu Zhanjit presented Huang's wife as Shu Wang. The case of
's death in the Xuanzong dynasty was not only significantly higher than that of the Yongle dynasty, but it was also praised by the court.
Portrait of Ming Yingzong Zhu Qizhen
Five, the Emperor of Ying Zongrui Zhu Qizhen is orthodox, the two dynasties of Tianshun and the Emperor of Jing, Zhu Qiyu, the prince of Jingtai, and the princes of Zhu Qiyu and Jingtai
z0 have died in the Qing Dynasty Zhou Wang Zhu Youdun, Yue Wang Zhu Zhanyong, Chu Wang Zhu Mengfan, Liang Wang Zhu Zhan Bian, Jin Wang ZhuMei Kyu, Chu King Zhu Jichen, Han King Zhu Fanwei, Huai King Zhu Chanyu, Dai King Zhu Gui, Ning King Zhu Quan, Min King Zhu Yan, Zhou King Zhu Youxuan, Jing King Zhu Zhan, Zhao Wang Zhu Zhanyan, Zhou King Zhu Zi'an , Shen Wang Zhu Jiyan, Zhao Wang Zhu Qiyun, Jing Wang Zhu Qihao, Shu Wang Zhuyue, Chu Wang Zhu Jiyi, Yi Wang Zhu Yingyne, Shu Wang Zhu Youyi, Min Wang Zhu Huixuan and Dai Wang Zhu Shixi. Due to the large number of people, this article will not list them one by one. I just want to point out that the atmosphere of burial has greatly increased.Orthodox three years in October Wei Wang Zhu Zhanmen passed away, November Wang Concubine Yang mourned. The official attitude to this is based on the record of "Mingyingzong Records-Volume 48": "Heard the obituary, send the middle official to pay a sacrifice. The posthumous posthumous name is Zhenlie, and he is buried with the king."
Orthodox four years and June Yue Wang Zhu Zhanyong passed away , Princess Wu died. This time, Yingzong’s attitude is a step further than that of the princess Wei Wei. According to the "Records of Ming Yingzong-Volume 56", it is: "Upon hearing the obituary, stopping to watch the day. Send the middle official to pay tribute, posthumously called Zhenzhen Hui, I ordered a burial."Z4z
Zhao Wang Zhuzhanyan passed away in July in the fifth year of Jingtai. His successor, Shaw, hanged himself, and Daizong bestowed a posthumous posthumous title of Zhenshun.
In addition, when Zhu Qiyu died, except for the deposed Queen Wang, Zhu Qizhen buried all the other concubines in his younger brother's harem. Therefore, when Zhu Qizhen died on the 16th day of the eighth year of Tianshun, he said: "Martyrdom is not an ancient ritual. The benevolent cannot bear it, and the concubines should not be buried." There is still a big difference between and his previous performance. But in any case, the burial of the concubine of the Ming Dynasty was abolished at the hands of Yingzong, and his son Xianzong Zhu Jianshen also strictly enforced it. In July of the tenth year of Chenghua, the king of Liao Dynasty Zhu Haomai claimed that his eldest son Zhu Enlu died of illness, and his successor Feng and his concubine Cao had nothing to do, so he should be buried. In his reply, Xianzong made a conclusion on whether there was a burial custom in the Ming Dynasty clan. The original text is as follows: "The first emperor and the guest, Gu Mingwu ordered the harem to be buried, which can be the law of eternity. Moreover, the palace is not a useful martyr. Today. The king of Liao wanted to bury his son with his wife. How could it be against evil? The king of the Ministry of Rites moved his literary office and King Siqi not to die, moved his wife’s room, so that there is no loss." ("Ming Xianzong Record-Volume 100" "Thirty-one")
Through the combing of this article, we can find that although the burial of imperial concubines was the norm in the early Ming Dynasty, there were no hard and fast rules on the royal family. From the time of Zhu Yuanzhang to the death of Zhu Qizhen, there were only 6 cases of burial of princes and concubines, some of which had special reasons.
Reference materials: "Records of Ming Taizu", "Records of Ming Taizong", "Records of Ming Xuanzong", "Records of Ming Yingzong", "Records of Ming Xianzong"
