Author | Leng Yan Author Team - British and American Garden Love
Word Count: 9663, Reading Time: about 25 minutes
Editor's Note: Among the many original historical materials that study Mongolian history, the most unique one is "Mongolian Secret History". This Mongolian book began to be written shortly after Genghis Khan's death in 1227. The main ten volumes describe Genghis Khan's ancestors and their unification of Mongolia. The sequel two volumes talk about the historical facts of the attack on the Jin Dynasty, the Western Expedition, the destruction of the Xia Dynasty and the Ogedei Dynasty. It is an official record of " Golden Family ", and its readers are limited to people in the court. This is a mysterious work full of contradictions, vague but desirable, and the author's identity further adds to its mystery. This article will talk about this somewhat different Mongolian historical material.
Although Genghis Khan's brother Shijihutuhu (who appeared in the Secret History) is the first candidate for the author, the critical tone adopted by Genghis Khan in many places in the article questioned this speculation. Moreover, the book does not confirm the military ability of Shijihutuhu, but only writes about his defeat by Zalandin. " Historical Collection " at least wrote that Genghis Khan said that he was "always victorious and arrogant" (he was responsible for the finishing work of Malu), so Genghis Khan sent him and several others to fight Jalandin. [1]
, and Tata Tonga, who was appointed to teach the princes, and Zhenhai, who served as Daruwachi of Baoding, are often considered the author of this book, but the possibility is also very low.
The full text of "Mongolian Secret History" records more than 400 characters. According to the image, it can be divided into historical narrative characters (such as Anbahai ), descriptive characters and deified characters (such as Bortechina ). Next, Genghis Khan and three groups are listed from the descriptive characters to explore the ideological tendencies of secret history.
Genghis Khan himself
In the "Outline of the Golden History of Mongolia" and "Mongolia Origin", the records of Genghis Khan contain absurd mythological content and historical facts, which are mixed with a large number of hymns praising Genghis Khan. The Western "History of the Conqueror of the World" and "Shi Ji: Genghis Khan" also use a lot of gorgeous rhetoric to describe Mongolia's conquest (of course, the authors of the two books, Zhifani and Rashit, are very complicated in psychology. The former praises Zalandin and others who resist the Mongolian army without concealing or even exaggerating the killing and destruction of the Mongolian army).
In contrast, there are only two direct praises to Temujin in "Mongolian Secret History": one is that the life-saving benefactor Suoerhansila said that he "has fire in his eyes and light on his face" - interestingly, his wife Borte also received this praise; the other is that the old enemy Jamuka said "born hero" - and the context is about how the people around him are capable [2].
This book is a straightforward story of historical facts, and only shows his military and political talents from a series of actions such as Genghis Khan's military activities, organization of the army, appointing generals and forming the Qiexue. Even so, if you only look at the secret history, you will find that from the teenager's danger to the unification of Mongolia, Temujin has always helped him, and when no one helps him, he can only show that he kills his brother and loses his wife.
The book seems to emphasize in many places that all Temujin's battles on the road to conquest are either based on a group of geniuses he united, or on luck to win. Although he lost the battle of the Thirteen Wings, his opponent Jamuha did not launch a devastating blow; because the hostile forces called Feng and Snow but destroyed their own camp, they won the victory of Kuoyita Battle; defeating the Meierqi tribe was mainly due to Jamuha and Wang Khan, and defeating Kelie tribe was based on Chahuerhan, and his victory over Naiman tribe should be attributed to Duod's suggestions and the fight of the Four Mastiffs. What’s more interesting is that in what Jamuha said when she scared sun sweat , Temujin himself had the lowest evaluation, and only said that he was wearing good armor. [3] It can be said that the focus of the secret history in describing war is more on character portrayal rather than on the war itself.
For the above situations, different conclusions will be drawn from different perspectives.
Even in terms of the narrative of military and political activities, the Secret History does not record the reputation of Temujin assisting the Shouryu tribe in "The Record of the Shengwu Personal End", "Shi Ji", and " Yuan Shi " and the reputation of " riding on others and being the horse, and the person wearing clothes is the ". After describing the complaint against Wang Khan in detail, he did not mention that Jamuha and others broke out from Krei due to Temujin's words, which caused Wang Khan's strength to be weakened (this historical fact is from "Shengwu Personal End Record", see Leng Yan's "The Legend of the Condor Heroes" Huazheng 's story: Temujin defeated his father to become sworn brothers and unified Mongolian grassland ").
When it comes to writing about the interaction between the Khan and the generals, taking the most concentrated 1206 Founding Conference as an example, its length occupies most of the content from the second half of Volume 8 to Volume 9. From this, we can also see that Genghis Khan is good at listening to anyone's opinions patiently and making correct judgments, and knows his general's excellence, so he usually adopts their suggestions.
In this regard, this book implies that Genghis Khan has great personal charm and extraordinary leadership skills, which has brought many outstanding people to his command. He not only rewarded important generals such as the Four Horses and Four Mastiffs, but also gave favors to small figures such as Bada and Qishulihei, and arranged the children of the deceased generals to show his importance to love and righteousness.
Genghis Khan's opponent
Next, let's take "Mongolian Secret History" to deal with Genghis Khan's opponent. Here we take Wang Khan and Jamuha as an example.
Mongol Secret History uses more than one volume (the second half of Volume 5 to the beginning of Volume 7) to record the historical facts of Temujin using differentiation, disintegration and raid to destroy Wang Khan, showing his military talent. But Wang Khan did not appear in a purely negative image, but was more like a helpless and sad old man tricked by his son Sang Kun. [4] The author's attitude towards him is more regretful than disgust.
Jamuka is Genghis Khan's main competitor. He can be said to be the most complex character in the secret history, and his grudges with Temujin are the most exciting storyline in the book. They can be regarded as the template for later novels: the two nominally have the same ancestor [5], and were close friends in childhood, and later parted ways. Although Jamuka often opposes Temujin, when the former An Da (swedding brother) encounters a life-and-dea crisis, Temujin will secretly help him. Until he was defeated in the end, Temujin told him all about his help to himself, hoping to regain his childhood friendship.
But Jamuha refused the forgiveness of his old friend, and calmly chose to die and left a blessing: " If you are promised by Ann, when I die, I will die without bleeding! After my death, my bones are buried on the high ground, and I will always bless your descendants! "
To sum up, it can be said that Jamuha can be a person named after historians in the future. When I was bragging with writers, 80% of them were attributed to the "Mongolian Secret History", and the Yin Zhannashi talent who did not directly refer to the secret history, wrote him as a complete villain in "Romance of History" (even so, Yin Zhannashi still said in his criticism that if Jamuha had not instigated various ministries to attack Genghis Khan, the latter's unification cause would not have been so rapid) - the same image as Jamuha in "Shi Ji" who also did not directly refer to the "Secret History" and shared the "Taizu Records" with "History History".
"History Collection: Genghis Khan's Chronicle" jumped directly to The Battle of Thirteen Wings (the same as "The History of Yuan Dynasty" and "The Personal Ending of Shengwu"). The historical facts in the middle are only scattered in the introduction of tribes in fragmented form. Jamuka helped Temujin save his wife. He did not write any secret aid during the war twice, and even directly called him " the first person who was jealous of Genghis Khan and the person who had bad intentions towards him. He was extremely cunning and evil by nature. He was finally captured and given to Temujin by his subordinates and gave it to Temujin. When he was captured and given to Temujin, he only said that Temujin was nostalgic and unwilling to kill him, and handed him over to Ale Chidai, who dismembered Jamuka.[6]
▲In the glorious game "Canglang and White Deer 4", Jamuka is the only character who has exclusive lines when he refuses to surrender
In the book, Temujin and Jamuka have four confrontations: the first two were the Battle of Thirteen Wings and the Battle of Kuroyita, and the situation is as above; the third was the Battle of Helan Zhenshatu. In this battle, Jamuka was the helper of Wang Khan on the surface, but secretly informed Temujin of military information; when it came to the fourth Battle of Nahuya, it was not an exaggeration to say that Jamuka was an undercover agent arranged by Temujin - he scared Sun Han to retreat to the desperate situation and left. However, Temujin truly won the Battle of the Terni River independently, but Secret History merged it with the Battle of Kurooita. [7]
Regarding the direct reason for the separation between Jamuka and Temujin, many researchers attach importance to the former sentence in Section 118 of the Secret History: " lives on the mountain, and the horse-wrapping people can live in the tent! Live on water, and the shepherds can eat and eat! ", but the new explanation given to the separation of the two in Sections 127 and 201: Abandoned by the rape. The "traitor" here is actually Temujin's name is Aletan and Huchaer mentioned by Jamuka shortly after Khan. After Jamuka separated, Jamuka regarded the two as the culprit and repeated this statement before his death. [8]
Carefully analyze this is possible: As a tribal elder, Aletan and others saw that Jamuha was difficult to tame and did not agree with each other within themselves, so they introduced Temujin, a young and low-born, as their own tool of compassion, in exchange for a series of benefits (not so much as saying that Temujin was called Khan under the support of Wang Khan, but rather that he was called Khan under the support of these old nobles).
But Temujin gradually broke away from control and promulgated military laws that were not allowed to seek spoils during war. As a result, Altan and others violated them one after another. Temujin sent Zhebei and others to confiscate their spoils. So the group of people joined Wang Khan with Jamuka and provoked a war between Mongolia and Krei. Temujin finally said that Jamuka's persecution of himself only mentioned the Battle of Thirteen Wings, which shows that he recognized Jamuka's reason. [9]
Regarding the biggest black spot of Jamuka cooking after the Battle of Thirteen Wings, some scholars believe that in fact, it should be that the prisoners should be wiped out in many depressions like pots. The following test can be used as a reference:
It is precisely because of Jamuka's extraordinary talent and the complexity of his inner world that historians throughout the ages have mixed reviews. Rast said that he was "extremely smart and cunning" and often "played in conspiracy, betrayal and deceived." Li Wentian's "Note to the Secret History of Yuan Dynasty" praised him for "having the talent of uniting the whole family." In "Genghis Khan", Kobayashi Takashiro strongly claimed that he was a "soldier's role model" and a "grassland knight" and a "heroic character".
Finally, it is added that in 1981, archaeological experts discovered the tomb of Jamuha on the southern foot of Songgenhairikhan Mountain on the north bank of the Tula River. A gold belt believed to be given by Temujin when he was sworn. This archaeological evidence confirms the correctness of the secret history's "thick burial in the soil".
Mongol generals
Readers must be very surprised to see this. It is obviously an official history book written under the instructions of descendants of Genghis Khan. Who can Genghis Khan be blown away if he doesn’t blow up? Next, let’s take a look at the group that is truly praised by "Mongol Secret History".
as mentioned above, compared to Genghis Khan himself, the Secret History is more of a compliment to the people around him, especially the generals and soldiers, and may even beautify the facts. There is a detail: When Temujin, who was having a difficult life, the Secret History said that his father-in-law De Xue Chan betrothed his daughter to him as agreed on the spot, but the "Shi Ji" says that De Xue Chan was trying to stop him in every way, and he also needed the help of his brother-in-law Alechi (later the 86th hero) to get married. [10]
lists in detail the 88 heroes who were enfeoffed as 95 thousand households in Section 202, but there are big questions about the list. Professor Yao Congwu has examined the details of each hero, but left nearly ten unexamined figures.
The biggest problem is one of the "Four Horses". Temujin's savior Chi Lao Wen was actually on the list. There are three speculations about this:
1. The sixty-seventh hero, Shilahule, is Chi Lao Wen - but Na Ke Tongshi believes that he should be the Krei people, Shilahule, in "The Legend of Yuan Dynasty: The Legend of Yeshenbuhua".
2. He and his father Suoer Hanshila (the 27th meritorious officials) share a thousand households - but in the secret history, there are situations where fathers and sons each occupy one thousand households, such as the sixth meritorious officials Shu Chitai and the fifty-eighth meritorious officials Ketai.
3. He died before the founding of the country in 1206 - but the 25th meritorious official Chaga Anwua (after the Battle of Thirteen Wings) and the 21st meritorious official Hu Yiledaer (after the Battle of Helan Zhenshatuo) were both clearly deceased.
Therefore, the credibility of this heroic title is greatly reduced. It is more like a list of hashtags. The generals who contributed to Mongolia's unification have added no matter how big or small the credits are, and a decent list is formed. There are many mistakes in it. In comparison, the " has been completed in the "History of Yuan Dynasty: The Biography of the Chitai" may be more in line with history.
Although the whole nation of nomadic people is traditionally soldiers, the initial Mongol could send very few troops due to the loss of the unified war. By the time of the large-scale attack on the Jin Dynasty, it may not have been less than 60,000 to 70,000 people.
The above mentioned Shu Chitai (the master of the secret history) has made many contributions in the war with Krei and even saved Temujin's life, so after Genghis Khan ascended the throne, he gave him his concubine Yibahe. Yibahe's father, Zhaha Kan, is not Wang Khan's younger brother. He once dedicated his daughter to Temujin as a concubine to share power. However, this political marriage ended because Zha Kan, who defected, and Genghis Khan had to divorce to show that Da Kan, also had to give up his personal wishes for the needs of the country. He arranged the best marriage for Yibahe outside his family. In order to show his sincerity and respect for her, she allowed her to retain her title, ordered her family members to respect her completely, and still regard her as a member of the family. Everyone should treat her as her concubine forever. [11]
Mongolian Royal Family
Finally, let’s take a look at what the image of the Mongolian royal family in "Mongolian Secret History".
For Genghis Khan's sons, the author of the Secret History obviously did not like the eldest son Shu Chi , and was willing to spend a lot of space to describe his birth problems [12]; he also focused on portraying the reckless side of the second son Chagatai, allowing him to expose his father's scars in person; the third son and the second generation of Khan Wogedei said the negative manifestations of good wine, lust, believing, slander and greed in the penultimate self-blame [13]. Although these trivial matters are insignificant compared to his achievements, three and four of the four are related to the heroes of relatives, and the second one refers to Genghis Khan's younger brother Timge Oti Chijin.
Temuge and Genghis Khan's four sons Torlei can be said to be the two with the most perfect image in the book. The former has been emphasized many times as the favorite of the highly respected mother of Genghis Khan Hoerun [14]. The latter is a tragic hero who made great achievements and was willing to die for his brother. [15]
has a very interesting detail. In the Secret History, Ogedei was selected as the heir by Genghis Khan. There was such a conversation:
Ogeda said: "... In the future, I am afraid that among my descendants, I will be born in green grass and don't eat cattle, and wrapped in fat and don't eat dogs, so that elk crosses, wild rats jump, and make mistakes. These are what I want to say, what else can I say? "... Genghis Khan said, and issued an imperial edict and said: "... Thinking of this, one of my descendants should manage my throne. Don't violate my imperial edict! If you don't destroy it, you will not have any deviations or mistakes.Even among the descendants of Ogede, the cows are not eaten in the grass, and the dogs are not eaten in the fat; can't my descendants be born one of the good ones? "
And in "History Collection", the metaphor " packed in green grass and cows don't eat it, and dogs don't eat it in fat" has a completely opposite interpretation:
Seeing many sect kings recommending Mengge as a great khan, Ele only brought him to stand up and objected, saying: " You all unanimously decided and said: Until then, as long as you come out of Ogedei Hehanzi, even a piece of stinky meat, if you wrap it on grass, the cow will not eat that grass. If you apply grease, the dog will not take a look at the grease. We still have to accept it as sweat, and no one else can ascend to the throne. Why do you do another one? "… Kublai replied: "It was such a promise..."
In other words, the kings made a vow when Ogedei ascended the throne to protect the Khan's throne forever, and the candidates of Khan can only be found among the descendants of Ogedei. The author of "Shi Ji" Rast is the prime minister of the Il Khanate who was established by Torei's son Hulagu . Although the Il Khanate and the Il Khanate shared weal and woe, the Khanate he was loyal to was not the direct beneficiary of the Khanate, so he did not deny it for the respected The need to tamper with history, so we can record the "testimonies" that are unfavorable to the Tolei family.
Among the royal family who appeared in the Secret History, the most unbearable image was the third-generation Khan Guiyou . The author used Ogedei's mouth to criticize him as worthless [16]. Even the late compilation of "History Collection" and "History of Yuan Dynasty" did not say a few essentially good words to him. Looking at the original materials, the one who described the best to Guiyou was the guest of the foreign envoy, Berlang. He said that Guiyou " has a medium figure, very smart, extremely shrewd, and has extremely serious and solemn behavior. Never saw him laughing loudly or having fun. " This was when he heard Guiyu sending out a bold statement to let the pope come to see him in person in exchange for peace.
It should be noted that after Ogedei's death, his queen was promoted to , and Timuge, who relied on his own power, sent troops to Helin. After Guiyu ascended the throne, it was cleared that although Timuge was unlikely to be executed, it was a fact that he withdrew from politics from then on.
The "Shi Ji" mentioned above, Ele, who maintained the Ogedei family, was a close minister of Guiyu. He only had two scenes in the Secret History: one was arrested for walking near the Secret Guard by Genghis Khan and Ogedei, and the other was to place him as the leader of the guards. The last paragraph of the Secret History is "In July of the year of the Rat, Dahulin Leta is being held... finished. " Generally, according to the main storyline of this book, the lower limit is the Ogedei era, and it is believed that this Year of the Rat was 1240 years before his death, but combined with the changes in metaphor and attitude towards Guiyu, it is basically certain that the Secret History (at least this part) was written in 1252 when Mongo ascended the throne. This is one of the political struggles hidden behind this book.
is only reduced in the role of Ele, Mongolia There is another hero of the founding country who should be extremely important. This person is not directly investigated - Yelu Chucai . He should not praise his contribution to Ogedei's rule and the stability of Mongolia's rule in the Central Plains. If it is said that the author does not value foreign officials, but Chapter 11 of "Mongolian Secret History" clearly records Yalao Wachi's father and son. "Shengwu Personal End Record" clearly writes about Yalao Wachi's Yelu Chucai, who is ranked alongside in the Western Regions (using Mongolian Gudu Sahan) manages the historical facts of the Han area [17]. This is the second implicit political struggle.
summary
summarizes the attitude of the secret history towards the characters: affirming Genghis Khan as the leader, denying Temujin who was alone; expressing sympathy for Wang Khan, focusing on shaping Jamuha; As much as possible, the names and deeds of generals are mentioned; praise Timge and Tolei, belittle the nobles by the monarch and ministers, and ignore Yelu Chucai.
Conclusion is: The author of "Mongolian Secret History" is a close confidant around Timge, and the handling of various characters in the book must consider the background of the times.
The secret history was written from the 1330s to the 1350s.In the late period of Genghis Khan's rule, two political orientations emerged in Great Mongolia: one was to follow the traditional military, wanting to expel Han people, turn arable land into a pasture, representing primitive plunder; the other was to guide Yelu Chucai, trying to introduce farming culture into the nomadic empire to establish rule in the Central Plains that conforms to the Han norms.
From the ideological tendency of "Mongolian Secret History", it can be seen that the author obviously supports tradition. Timug is the object of his loyalty, and Tolei represents the military. In the author's view, Jamuka is the carrier of ancient Mongolian traditions (i.e. the authentic "prairie knight"), and these traditions are gradually disappearing with the changes of the times. Therefore, Jamuka is whitewashed in the book.
The author wants to celebrate the bravery of the ancient Mongols, so he will emphasize the warriors including hostile camps (such as Hedahei, who protected Wang Khan, who was favored by Temujin himself for his bravery). The descendants of the founding generals enjoyed a high status when writing the book. As the saying goes, the dead Khan is not as important as the living generals. Therefore, the Secret History emphasizes that it is not the great Khan but the heroic army that created this empire. Khan can make mistakes, but his veterans must be respected and cherished.
"Mongolian Secret History" was written by the court civil servants for publicity with the permission of the Khan. With the evolution of history, the Mongol Empire gradually split and was influenced by various settled nations, so the secret history has become a state secret, and the views in it are no longer public.
Because of this writing purpose, the author is not concerned about areas outside Mongolia and does not record too much about the relationship between the early Mongolian tribes and surrounding ethnic groups. A typical example is that the previous Khan Ambahai was sent to , Jin and killed by the Tatar people. Before his death, he asked his descendants to take revenge. The "Shi Ji" records that after , Hutula, , was elected as Khan, he led his army to defeat the Jin army, forcing the Jin Dynasty to ced the 27th Regiment north of the Xiping River. However, the Secret History only talked about the many wars between Hutula and Tatar, and the Jin Dynasty launched the "reduction of dynasties" against Mongolia without mentioning it.
The war history in the last two volumes of the Secret History are compared with other Eastern and Western historical books, and even two narratives occur: the attacks that occurred in 1211 were repeated again in 1231 [18], which also caused some earlier Western historical maps to appear in the territory of the Mongol Empire when Genghis Khan died.
References:
[1] But Jalandin held twice the strength of the Mongolian army, and the second came from his strong strength. The Mongolian army lost half of its troops in the Battle of Balu Bay. Later, Genghis Khan led 50,000 troops to almost wipe out 30,000 soldiers of Jalandin in the Indus River. This was the first time in his life that he had a significant advantage in the number of troops.
[2] "Mongolian Secret History" Section 201: An Da has a wise mother, you are born a hero, you have talented younger brothers, powerful Na Keer, you have seventy-three horses to serve, so I was defeated by An Da.
[3] "Mongolian Secret History" Chapter 195: What came after them was Timuzhen Anda. He was wearing iron armor, and there was no room for needles all over his body; he was wearing heavy armor, and there was no room for needles all over his body. It seems like a hungry eagle soaring; it seems like an angry beast jumping.
[4] "Mongolian Secret History" Chapter 167: Wang Han said: "How can you give up your descendants? You are relying on others and have a different intention towards them. God will not tolerate us." You sangkun's son was angry and took the door out. Because Wang Han loved his son, he summoned Sangkun back and said, "I am afraid that God will not tolerate him, so how can I give up my son? If you have a way, what to do? You will know how to do it yourself."
Chapter 178: Wang Han heard this and said, "Oh! I left my good son and lost the prestige of the tribes; I split up with my precious son and did something confused."
[5] According to Section 40 of the Secret History, Boduan Chaer, the tenth-generation ancestor of Temujin, once captured a woman as a concubine. After this woman was captured, she gave birth to her ex-husband's son, who was the distant ancestor of Jamuha.
[6] "Shi Ji·Zhao Lieti Tribe (Zhao Lieti and Zhazhilati are confused here)":
Because Genghis Khan called Jamuha "Anda", he did not want to kill him, so he, along with the Ke'er and all his tents and property, gave him, Ele, his favorite cousin, Ele, only brought him (not the same as Guiyou's close ministers), and a few days later, Ele, only brought him to his favorite cousin, Ele, only brought him (not the same as Guiyou's close ministers). It is said that Elepai had ordered him to be dismembered. Jamuha said, "This is your right! I thought that if I get Tianyou, I will cut you into pieces. Since Tianyou is in your side, cut me down quickly!" He urged them, showed their joints to them and said, "Cut it here!" He was not afraid at all.
[7] In the order of the mid-term wars that unify Mongolia, "Mongolian Secret History" is completely different from "Shengwu Personal Envoy":
Secret History: 1201 Battle of Kuoyitian, 1201 Destroy Taichiwu tribe, 1202 Destroy Tatar tribe, 1202 Wang Khan attacked the Meierqi tribe, 1202 Wang Khan attacked the Naiman, 1202 Wang Khan attacked the Naiman, 1202 Wang Khan attacked the Naiman, 1202 Wang Khan attacked the Naiman
Personal Envoy Records and History Collection: 1197 Temujin attacked the Maiman, 1198 Wang Khan attacked the Maiman, 1199 Wang Khan attacked the Naiman, 1199 Wang Khan attacked the Naiman , 1200 to destroy Taichiwu tribe, 1201 to the Battle of the Tini River, 1202 to destroy the Tatar tribe, 1202 to the Battle of Kuoyitian
[8] "Mongolian Secret History" Chapter 127: Jamukha said: "Tell Aletan and Huchaer that Aletan and Huchaer, you separated from Timujin Anda and left like a stab in the waist and a knife in the chest! Why didn't Timujin regard him as Hehan when he was with us? Why is it because of him as Hehan? Aletan and Huchaer, you two must fulfill your promise and make Timujin feel at ease , as a good friend of Timujin Anda. "
Section 201: Jamuka said: "I remember that back then... I was instigated by others and was slandered by bad people and was alienated by evil people, and I and Hehan Anda separated."
[9] "Mongolian Secret History" Section 201: Gengsi Hehan heard these words and said: "Jamuka Anda, although he left, he did not make a deep enemy, and he had never heard him say that he harmed my life. He could have changed, but he didn't want to change. I once asked for divination, and it seemed that he was not yet Death period. People born from aristocratic families should not be killed easily. There should be serious reasons for killing people.
Speaking of this reason, it is that when Zhuchidaermala and Fuchaer stole horses from each other, Jamuhaan replied that you had bad intentions and we fought in the place of Dalanbalezhuti. You forced me into the narrow land of Zhelier, did you remember this? "
[10] "Mongol Secret History" Section 94: Timuzhen has never met again since he met Bortewuzhen at the age of nine. Now Timuzhen and Belegutai are following the Kelulian River to search for Bortewuzhen. De Xue Chan, a native of Wengjila, lives between the two mountains of Sakecheer and Chihuergu. When Dexue Chan saw Timuzhen, he said happily: "I know that the brothers of Taiyichiwuti hate you. I was worried and thought I was desperate. I didn't want to meet you again now." Then he married Bortewuzhen to Timuzhen.
"Hongjilati Tribe": The Hongjilati people have another army, and their leader is Denayan. He had two sons: Alchinayan and Huoxunnayan, and a daughter named Bortewuzhen. Genghis Khan proposed to her when she was young, but her father tried every means to stop her. Because Alechinayan was friendly with Genghis Khan, he tried his best to get this sister to marry him. She is older than Al Chi.
[11] "Mongolian Secret History" Section 208: Genghishehan gave Yiba Hebiao to the master. He also said to Yiba Hebeqi: "It's not that your temperament is bad, it's not that your appearance is not beautiful, it's not that your feet are dirty, it's not that your sweat is smelly, I will give my concubine to the master who has performed great achievements in the founding of the country.
During the war, he was a shield and a discrete tribe, gathered for me; during the war, he was an armor and a scattered tribe, collected for me. In order to repay the master's great achievements, I gave you to him.From then on, my descendants should always remember to repay those who have made such great contributions. If you don’t change me, don’t cut off Yibahe’s position (fame)! "
Genghishehan said to Yibahe again: "Your father Zahe dared not give you two chefs, Ashihei Timur and Alechihei, and give you two hundred followers. Now you go to the Wuluwuti tribe. In order to commemorate, take the chefs from Ashihei Timur and a hundred followers here! "Genghishehan told the master again: "Give Yiba Hehedun to you." I will order you to govern the four thousand Wuluwuti clans! "This is a gift.
[12] Although Shu Chi's actual bloodline is doubtful, he has always been regarded as the descendant of Genghis Khan in name. He received the most people (9,000 households) and the widest fiefdom among his sons during his lifetime. His descendants, Kazakhs and Uzbek upper class, were actually descendants of the Golden Family, after all, they are all products of the White Horde and the Blue Horde.
[13] "Mongol Secret History" Chapter 281: Ogeda said: "...I have been in love with drinking wine since I took up the throne of Hanfu and accepted the great cause of rule over all countries. This is my first mistake. Second, it was not right to obey the woman's words and marry a woman among the tribes under Uncle Oti Chijin. As the king of the country, you should not do such bad things inappropriately. Third, we should not assassinate Duohulehu. Why is this wrong? Because he was the first-class soldier in front of my Hanfu, I believed the slander and hurt him. Now, who else can catch up with him? I assassinated the loyal and righteous people in front of Hanfu, and I know my mistakes. Fourth, in order to avoid the wild beasts born to bear the destiny, they ran to their brothers' pastures and blocked the walls of the building, causing the brothers to complain. This is also a mistake for me. "
[14] "Mongolian Secret History" Chapter 195: Nahoelun's mother's youngest son, his name is Oti Chijin. Because he was spoiled, he went to bed early, but he was a brave person. Because he was the last son, although he got up late, he was a capable man. During the war, he never retreated, and Oti Chijin brought Atuer.
[15] "Mongolian Secret History" Chapter 272: Tolei said in front of him: "...Indeed, if Brother Han makes any mistakes, Mongolia is isolated, and the Jin Kingdom will be happy. I will redeem my life on behalf of Brother Han! I split the back of the trout, I broke the back of the sturgeon, I defeated the open enemies and suppressed the hidden enemies. My face is beautiful and my back is tall. Wizard, chant the spell! ”
[16] "Mongolian Secret History" Chapter 276: When Oge Dehehan heard Ba Tu's words, he was very angry and did not ask Gu Yuke to pay his respects, saying, "Who did you hear such a lowly thing? How dare you scold your brother? This bad guy is rotten and dares to oppose his brother. ”
Chapter 277: He Han was angry and asked Gu Yuke to come to see him, scolding him and said, "I heard that you slapped all the people with butts on the way to the war, and you threw away the soldiers' shame. Do you think the country of Olusuti was conquered because of fear of your irritability? Do you think you miss you so much that you can subdue the country of Olusuti, and become arrogant and dare to resist your brother? "
[17] "Shengwu Personal End": Ji Chou... Hebei is ordered to first attach the Han people's Fu Dian, and Wudu Sahan is the leader, Western Regions Fu Dian, and Yaluwa Chi is the leader.
[18] "Mongolian Secret History" Section 247: Later, Gengsi Hehan went to conquer the Jin Kingdom in the year of Yang'er (1211)... The two sent Bie and Gu Yigu Naike as vanguards and arrived at Juyongguan... Those who occupied Juyongguan and crossed the mountains. Gengsi Hehan garrisoned Longhutai. Send troops to capture Zhongdu and other cities and counties.
Section 272: In the Year of the Rabbit (1231), Oge Dahehan went to the Jin Kingdom, and took the van as the van, killing the Jin soldiers as the van, crossing Juyong Pass, and breaking many cities in various places. The absurdity recorded in the second paragraph of
can be seen by just two historical facts: Zhongdu was occupied by Mongolia in 1215, and Zhe Bie (Bie) died in 1224 on his way back from the Western Expedition.
This article is an original manuscript of the Cold Weapon Research Institute. The editor-in-chief Yuan Kuo and the author of the British and American garden visits. No media may reprint without written authorization. Violators will be held legally responsible.Some pictures are from the Internet. If you have any copyright issues, please contact us.
Even in terms of the narrative of military and political activities, the Secret History does not record the reputation of Temujin assisting the Shouryu tribe in "The Record of the Shengwu Personal End", "Shi Ji", and " Yuan Shi " and the reputation of " riding on others and being the horse, and the person wearing clothes is the ". After describing the complaint against Wang Khan in detail, he did not mention that Jamuha and others broke out from Krei due to Temujin's words, which caused Wang Khan's strength to be weakened (this historical fact is from "Shengwu Personal End Record", see Leng Yan's "The Legend of the Condor Heroes" Huazheng 's story: Temujin defeated his father to become sworn brothers and unified Mongolian grassland ").
When it comes to writing about the interaction between the Khan and the generals, taking the most concentrated 1206 Founding Conference as an example, its length occupies most of the content from the second half of Volume 8 to Volume 9. From this, we can also see that Genghis Khan is good at listening to anyone's opinions patiently and making correct judgments, and knows his general's excellence, so he usually adopts their suggestions.
In this regard, this book implies that Genghis Khan has great personal charm and extraordinary leadership skills, which has brought many outstanding people to his command. He not only rewarded important generals such as the Four Horses and Four Mastiffs, but also gave favors to small figures such as Bada and Qishulihei, and arranged the children of the deceased generals to show his importance to love and righteousness.
Genghis Khan's opponent
Next, let's take "Mongolian Secret History" to deal with Genghis Khan's opponent. Here we take Wang Khan and Jamuha as an example.
Mongol Secret History uses more than one volume (the second half of Volume 5 to the beginning of Volume 7) to record the historical facts of Temujin using differentiation, disintegration and raid to destroy Wang Khan, showing his military talent. But Wang Khan did not appear in a purely negative image, but was more like a helpless and sad old man tricked by his son Sang Kun. [4] The author's attitude towards him is more regretful than disgust.
Jamuka is Genghis Khan's main competitor. He can be said to be the most complex character in the secret history, and his grudges with Temujin are the most exciting storyline in the book. They can be regarded as the template for later novels: the two nominally have the same ancestor [5], and were close friends in childhood, and later parted ways. Although Jamuka often opposes Temujin, when the former An Da (swedding brother) encounters a life-and-dea crisis, Temujin will secretly help him. Until he was defeated in the end, Temujin told him all about his help to himself, hoping to regain his childhood friendship.
But Jamuha refused the forgiveness of his old friend, and calmly chose to die and left a blessing: " If you are promised by Ann, when I die, I will die without bleeding! After my death, my bones are buried on the high ground, and I will always bless your descendants! "
To sum up, it can be said that Jamuha can be a person named after historians in the future. When I was bragging with writers, 80% of them were attributed to the "Mongolian Secret History", and the Yin Zhannashi talent who did not directly refer to the secret history, wrote him as a complete villain in "Romance of History" (even so, Yin Zhannashi still said in his criticism that if Jamuha had not instigated various ministries to attack Genghis Khan, the latter's unification cause would not have been so rapid) - the same image as Jamuha in "Shi Ji" who also did not directly refer to the "Secret History" and shared the "Taizu Records" with "History History".
"History Collection: Genghis Khan's Chronicle" jumped directly to The Battle of Thirteen Wings (the same as "The History of Yuan Dynasty" and "The Personal Ending of Shengwu"). The historical facts in the middle are only scattered in the introduction of tribes in fragmented form. Jamuka helped Temujin save his wife. He did not write any secret aid during the war twice, and even directly called him " the first person who was jealous of Genghis Khan and the person who had bad intentions towards him. He was extremely cunning and evil by nature. He was finally captured and given to Temujin by his subordinates and gave it to Temujin. When he was captured and given to Temujin, he only said that Temujin was nostalgic and unwilling to kill him, and handed him over to Ale Chidai, who dismembered Jamuka.[6]
▲In the glorious game "Canglang and White Deer 4", Jamuka is the only character who has exclusive lines when he refuses to surrender
In the book, Temujin and Jamuka have four confrontations: the first two were the Battle of Thirteen Wings and the Battle of Kuroyita, and the situation is as above; the third was the Battle of Helan Zhenshatu. In this battle, Jamuka was the helper of Wang Khan on the surface, but secretly informed Temujin of military information; when it came to the fourth Battle of Nahuya, it was not an exaggeration to say that Jamuka was an undercover agent arranged by Temujin - he scared Sun Han to retreat to the desperate situation and left. However, Temujin truly won the Battle of the Terni River independently, but Secret History merged it with the Battle of Kurooita. [7]
Regarding the direct reason for the separation between Jamuka and Temujin, many researchers attach importance to the former sentence in Section 118 of the Secret History: " lives on the mountain, and the horse-wrapping people can live in the tent! Live on water, and the shepherds can eat and eat! ", but the new explanation given to the separation of the two in Sections 127 and 201: Abandoned by the rape. The "traitor" here is actually Temujin's name is Aletan and Huchaer mentioned by Jamuka shortly after Khan. After Jamuka separated, Jamuka regarded the two as the culprit and repeated this statement before his death. [8]
Carefully analyze this is possible: As a tribal elder, Aletan and others saw that Jamuha was difficult to tame and did not agree with each other within themselves, so they introduced Temujin, a young and low-born, as their own tool of compassion, in exchange for a series of benefits (not so much as saying that Temujin was called Khan under the support of Wang Khan, but rather that he was called Khan under the support of these old nobles).
But Temujin gradually broke away from control and promulgated military laws that were not allowed to seek spoils during war. As a result, Altan and others violated them one after another. Temujin sent Zhebei and others to confiscate their spoils. So the group of people joined Wang Khan with Jamuka and provoked a war between Mongolia and Krei. Temujin finally said that Jamuka's persecution of himself only mentioned the Battle of Thirteen Wings, which shows that he recognized Jamuka's reason. [9]
Regarding the biggest black spot of Jamuka cooking after the Battle of Thirteen Wings, some scholars believe that in fact, it should be that the prisoners should be wiped out in many depressions like pots. The following test can be used as a reference:
It is precisely because of Jamuka's extraordinary talent and the complexity of his inner world that historians throughout the ages have mixed reviews. Rast said that he was "extremely smart and cunning" and often "played in conspiracy, betrayal and deceived." Li Wentian's "Note to the Secret History of Yuan Dynasty" praised him for "having the talent of uniting the whole family." In "Genghis Khan", Kobayashi Takashiro strongly claimed that he was a "soldier's role model" and a "grassland knight" and a "heroic character".
Finally, it is added that in 1981, archaeological experts discovered the tomb of Jamuha on the southern foot of Songgenhairikhan Mountain on the north bank of the Tula River. A gold belt believed to be given by Temujin when he was sworn. This archaeological evidence confirms the correctness of the secret history's "thick burial in the soil".
Mongol generals
Readers must be very surprised to see this. It is obviously an official history book written under the instructions of descendants of Genghis Khan. Who can Genghis Khan be blown away if he doesn’t blow up? Next, let’s take a look at the group that is truly praised by "Mongol Secret History".
as mentioned above, compared to Genghis Khan himself, the Secret History is more of a compliment to the people around him, especially the generals and soldiers, and may even beautify the facts. There is a detail: When Temujin, who was having a difficult life, the Secret History said that his father-in-law De Xue Chan betrothed his daughter to him as agreed on the spot, but the "Shi Ji" says that De Xue Chan was trying to stop him in every way, and he also needed the help of his brother-in-law Alechi (later the 86th hero) to get married. [10]
lists in detail the 88 heroes who were enfeoffed as 95 thousand households in Section 202, but there are big questions about the list. Professor Yao Congwu has examined the details of each hero, but left nearly ten unexamined figures.
The biggest problem is one of the "Four Horses". Temujin's savior Chi Lao Wen was actually on the list. There are three speculations about this:
1. The sixty-seventh hero, Shilahule, is Chi Lao Wen - but Na Ke Tongshi believes that he should be the Krei people, Shilahule, in "The Legend of Yuan Dynasty: The Legend of Yeshenbuhua".
2. He and his father Suoer Hanshila (the 27th meritorious officials) share a thousand households - but in the secret history, there are situations where fathers and sons each occupy one thousand households, such as the sixth meritorious officials Shu Chitai and the fifty-eighth meritorious officials Ketai.
3. He died before the founding of the country in 1206 - but the 25th meritorious official Chaga Anwua (after the Battle of Thirteen Wings) and the 21st meritorious official Hu Yiledaer (after the Battle of Helan Zhenshatuo) were both clearly deceased.
Therefore, the credibility of this heroic title is greatly reduced. It is more like a list of hashtags. The generals who contributed to Mongolia's unification have added no matter how big or small the credits are, and a decent list is formed. There are many mistakes in it. In comparison, the " has been completed in the "History of Yuan Dynasty: The Biography of the Chitai" may be more in line with history.
Although the whole nation of nomadic people is traditionally soldiers, the initial Mongol could send very few troops due to the loss of the unified war. By the time of the large-scale attack on the Jin Dynasty, it may not have been less than 60,000 to 70,000 people.
The above mentioned Shu Chitai (the master of the secret history) has made many contributions in the war with Krei and even saved Temujin's life, so after Genghis Khan ascended the throne, he gave him his concubine Yibahe. Yibahe's father, Zhaha Kan, is not Wang Khan's younger brother. He once dedicated his daughter to Temujin as a concubine to share power. However, this political marriage ended because Zha Kan, who defected, and Genghis Khan had to divorce to show that Da Kan, also had to give up his personal wishes for the needs of the country. He arranged the best marriage for Yibahe outside his family. In order to show his sincerity and respect for her, she allowed her to retain her title, ordered her family members to respect her completely, and still regard her as a member of the family. Everyone should treat her as her concubine forever. [11]
Mongolian Royal Family
Finally, let’s take a look at what the image of the Mongolian royal family in "Mongolian Secret History".
For Genghis Khan's sons, the author of the Secret History obviously did not like the eldest son Shu Chi , and was willing to spend a lot of space to describe his birth problems [12]; he also focused on portraying the reckless side of the second son Chagatai, allowing him to expose his father's scars in person; the third son and the second generation of Khan Wogedei said the negative manifestations of good wine, lust, believing, slander and greed in the penultimate self-blame [13]. Although these trivial matters are insignificant compared to his achievements, three and four of the four are related to the heroes of relatives, and the second one refers to Genghis Khan's younger brother Timge Oti Chijin.
Temuge and Genghis Khan's four sons Torlei can be said to be the two with the most perfect image in the book. The former has been emphasized many times as the favorite of the highly respected mother of Genghis Khan Hoerun [14]. The latter is a tragic hero who made great achievements and was willing to die for his brother. [15]
has a very interesting detail. In the Secret History, Ogedei was selected as the heir by Genghis Khan. There was such a conversation:
Ogeda said: "... In the future, I am afraid that among my descendants, I will be born in green grass and don't eat cattle, and wrapped in fat and don't eat dogs, so that elk crosses, wild rats jump, and make mistakes. These are what I want to say, what else can I say? "... Genghis Khan said, and issued an imperial edict and said: "... Thinking of this, one of my descendants should manage my throne. Don't violate my imperial edict! If you don't destroy it, you will not have any deviations or mistakes.Even among the descendants of Ogede, the cows are not eaten in the grass, and the dogs are not eaten in the fat; can't my descendants be born one of the good ones? "
And in "History Collection", the metaphor " packed in green grass and cows don't eat it, and dogs don't eat it in fat" has a completely opposite interpretation:
Seeing many sect kings recommending Mengge as a great khan, Ele only brought him to stand up and objected, saying: " You all unanimously decided and said: Until then, as long as you come out of Ogedei Hehanzi, even a piece of stinky meat, if you wrap it on grass, the cow will not eat that grass. If you apply grease, the dog will not take a look at the grease. We still have to accept it as sweat, and no one else can ascend to the throne. Why do you do another one? "… Kublai replied: "It was such a promise..."
In other words, the kings made a vow when Ogedei ascended the throne to protect the Khan's throne forever, and the candidates of Khan can only be found among the descendants of Ogedei. The author of "Shi Ji" Rast is the prime minister of the Il Khanate who was established by Torei's son Hulagu . Although the Il Khanate and the Il Khanate shared weal and woe, the Khanate he was loyal to was not the direct beneficiary of the Khanate, so he did not deny it for the respected The need to tamper with history, so we can record the "testimonies" that are unfavorable to the Tolei family.
Among the royal family who appeared in the Secret History, the most unbearable image was the third-generation Khan Guiyou . The author used Ogedei's mouth to criticize him as worthless [16]. Even the late compilation of "History Collection" and "History of Yuan Dynasty" did not say a few essentially good words to him. Looking at the original materials, the one who described the best to Guiyou was the guest of the foreign envoy, Berlang. He said that Guiyou " has a medium figure, very smart, extremely shrewd, and has extremely serious and solemn behavior. Never saw him laughing loudly or having fun. " This was when he heard Guiyu sending out a bold statement to let the pope come to see him in person in exchange for peace.
It should be noted that after Ogedei's death, his queen was promoted to , and Timuge, who relied on his own power, sent troops to Helin. After Guiyu ascended the throne, it was cleared that although Timuge was unlikely to be executed, it was a fact that he withdrew from politics from then on.
The "Shi Ji" mentioned above, Ele, who maintained the Ogedei family, was a close minister of Guiyu. He only had two scenes in the Secret History: one was arrested for walking near the Secret Guard by Genghis Khan and Ogedei, and the other was to place him as the leader of the guards. The last paragraph of the Secret History is "In July of the year of the Rat, Dahulin Leta is being held... finished. " Generally, according to the main storyline of this book, the lower limit is the Ogedei era, and it is believed that this Year of the Rat was 1240 years before his death, but combined with the changes in metaphor and attitude towards Guiyu, it is basically certain that the Secret History (at least this part) was written in 1252 when Mongo ascended the throne. This is one of the political struggles hidden behind this book.
is only reduced in the role of Ele, Mongolia There is another hero of the founding country who should be extremely important. This person is not directly investigated - Yelu Chucai . He should not praise his contribution to Ogedei's rule and the stability of Mongolia's rule in the Central Plains. If it is said that the author does not value foreign officials, but Chapter 11 of "Mongolian Secret History" clearly records Yalao Wachi's father and son. "Shengwu Personal End Record" clearly writes about Yalao Wachi's Yelu Chucai, who is ranked alongside in the Western Regions (using Mongolian Gudu Sahan) manages the historical facts of the Han area [17]. This is the second implicit political struggle.
summary
summarizes the attitude of the secret history towards the characters: affirming Genghis Khan as the leader, denying Temujin who was alone; expressing sympathy for Wang Khan, focusing on shaping Jamuha; As much as possible, the names and deeds of generals are mentioned; praise Timge and Tolei, belittle the nobles by the monarch and ministers, and ignore Yelu Chucai.
Conclusion is: The author of "Mongolian Secret History" is a close confidant around Timge, and the handling of various characters in the book must consider the background of the times.
The secret history was written from the 1330s to the 1350s.In the late period of Genghis Khan's rule, two political orientations emerged in Great Mongolia: one was to follow the traditional military, wanting to expel Han people, turn arable land into a pasture, representing primitive plunder; the other was to guide Yelu Chucai, trying to introduce farming culture into the nomadic empire to establish rule in the Central Plains that conforms to the Han norms.
From the ideological tendency of "Mongolian Secret History", it can be seen that the author obviously supports tradition. Timug is the object of his loyalty, and Tolei represents the military. In the author's view, Jamuka is the carrier of ancient Mongolian traditions (i.e. the authentic "prairie knight"), and these traditions are gradually disappearing with the changes of the times. Therefore, Jamuka is whitewashed in the book.
The author wants to celebrate the bravery of the ancient Mongols, so he will emphasize the warriors including hostile camps (such as Hedahei, who protected Wang Khan, who was favored by Temujin himself for his bravery). The descendants of the founding generals enjoyed a high status when writing the book. As the saying goes, the dead Khan is not as important as the living generals. Therefore, the Secret History emphasizes that it is not the great Khan but the heroic army that created this empire. Khan can make mistakes, but his veterans must be respected and cherished.
"Mongolian Secret History" was written by the court civil servants for publicity with the permission of the Khan. With the evolution of history, the Mongol Empire gradually split and was influenced by various settled nations, so the secret history has become a state secret, and the views in it are no longer public.
Because of this writing purpose, the author is not concerned about areas outside Mongolia and does not record too much about the relationship between the early Mongolian tribes and surrounding ethnic groups. A typical example is that the previous Khan Ambahai was sent to , Jin and killed by the Tatar people. Before his death, he asked his descendants to take revenge. The "Shi Ji" records that after , Hutula, , was elected as Khan, he led his army to defeat the Jin army, forcing the Jin Dynasty to ced the 27th Regiment north of the Xiping River. However, the Secret History only talked about the many wars between Hutula and Tatar, and the Jin Dynasty launched the "reduction of dynasties" against Mongolia without mentioning it.
The war history in the last two volumes of the Secret History are compared with other Eastern and Western historical books, and even two narratives occur: the attacks that occurred in 1211 were repeated again in 1231 [18], which also caused some earlier Western historical maps to appear in the territory of the Mongol Empire when Genghis Khan died.
References:
[1] But Jalandin held twice the strength of the Mongolian army, and the second came from his strong strength. The Mongolian army lost half of its troops in the Battle of Balu Bay. Later, Genghis Khan led 50,000 troops to almost wipe out 30,000 soldiers of Jalandin in the Indus River. This was the first time in his life that he had a significant advantage in the number of troops.
[2] "Mongolian Secret History" Section 201: An Da has a wise mother, you are born a hero, you have talented younger brothers, powerful Na Keer, you have seventy-three horses to serve, so I was defeated by An Da.
[3] "Mongolian Secret History" Chapter 195: What came after them was Timuzhen Anda. He was wearing iron armor, and there was no room for needles all over his body; he was wearing heavy armor, and there was no room for needles all over his body. It seems like a hungry eagle soaring; it seems like an angry beast jumping.
[4] "Mongolian Secret History" Chapter 167: Wang Han said: "How can you give up your descendants? You are relying on others and have a different intention towards them. God will not tolerate us." You sangkun's son was angry and took the door out. Because Wang Han loved his son, he summoned Sangkun back and said, "I am afraid that God will not tolerate him, so how can I give up my son? If you have a way, what to do? You will know how to do it yourself."
Chapter 178: Wang Han heard this and said, "Oh! I left my good son and lost the prestige of the tribes; I split up with my precious son and did something confused."
[5] According to Section 40 of the Secret History, Boduan Chaer, the tenth-generation ancestor of Temujin, once captured a woman as a concubine. After this woman was captured, she gave birth to her ex-husband's son, who was the distant ancestor of Jamuha.
[6] "Shi Ji·Zhao Lieti Tribe (Zhao Lieti and Zhazhilati are confused here)":
Because Genghis Khan called Jamuha "Anda", he did not want to kill him, so he, along with the Ke'er and all his tents and property, gave him, Ele, his favorite cousin, Ele, only brought him (not the same as Guiyou's close ministers), and a few days later, Ele, only brought him to his favorite cousin, Ele, only brought him (not the same as Guiyou's close ministers). It is said that Elepai had ordered him to be dismembered. Jamuha said, "This is your right! I thought that if I get Tianyou, I will cut you into pieces. Since Tianyou is in your side, cut me down quickly!" He urged them, showed their joints to them and said, "Cut it here!" He was not afraid at all.
[7] In the order of the mid-term wars that unify Mongolia, "Mongolian Secret History" is completely different from "Shengwu Personal Envoy":
Secret History: 1201 Battle of Kuoyitian, 1201 Destroy Taichiwu tribe, 1202 Destroy Tatar tribe, 1202 Wang Khan attacked the Meierqi tribe, 1202 Wang Khan attacked the Naiman, 1202 Wang Khan attacked the Naiman, 1202 Wang Khan attacked the Naiman, 1202 Wang Khan attacked the Naiman
Personal Envoy Records and History Collection: 1197 Temujin attacked the Maiman, 1198 Wang Khan attacked the Maiman, 1199 Wang Khan attacked the Naiman, 1199 Wang Khan attacked the Naiman , 1200 to destroy Taichiwu tribe, 1201 to the Battle of the Tini River, 1202 to destroy the Tatar tribe, 1202 to the Battle of Kuoyitian
[8] "Mongolian Secret History" Chapter 127: Jamukha said: "Tell Aletan and Huchaer that Aletan and Huchaer, you separated from Timujin Anda and left like a stab in the waist and a knife in the chest! Why didn't Timujin regard him as Hehan when he was with us? Why is it because of him as Hehan? Aletan and Huchaer, you two must fulfill your promise and make Timujin feel at ease , as a good friend of Timujin Anda. "
Section 201: Jamuka said: "I remember that back then... I was instigated by others and was slandered by bad people and was alienated by evil people, and I and Hehan Anda separated."
[9] "Mongolian Secret History" Section 201: Gengsi Hehan heard these words and said: "Jamuka Anda, although he left, he did not make a deep enemy, and he had never heard him say that he harmed my life. He could have changed, but he didn't want to change. I once asked for divination, and it seemed that he was not yet Death period. People born from aristocratic families should not be killed easily. There should be serious reasons for killing people.
Speaking of this reason, it is that when Zhuchidaermala and Fuchaer stole horses from each other, Jamuhaan replied that you had bad intentions and we fought in the place of Dalanbalezhuti. You forced me into the narrow land of Zhelier, did you remember this? "
[10] "Mongol Secret History" Section 94: Timuzhen has never met again since he met Bortewuzhen at the age of nine. Now Timuzhen and Belegutai are following the Kelulian River to search for Bortewuzhen. De Xue Chan, a native of Wengjila, lives between the two mountains of Sakecheer and Chihuergu. When Dexue Chan saw Timuzhen, he said happily: "I know that the brothers of Taiyichiwuti hate you. I was worried and thought I was desperate. I didn't want to meet you again now." Then he married Bortewuzhen to Timuzhen.
"Hongjilati Tribe": The Hongjilati people have another army, and their leader is Denayan. He had two sons: Alchinayan and Huoxunnayan, and a daughter named Bortewuzhen. Genghis Khan proposed to her when she was young, but her father tried every means to stop her. Because Alechinayan was friendly with Genghis Khan, he tried his best to get this sister to marry him. She is older than Al Chi.
[11] "Mongolian Secret History" Section 208: Genghishehan gave Yiba Hebiao to the master. He also said to Yiba Hebeqi: "It's not that your temperament is bad, it's not that your appearance is not beautiful, it's not that your feet are dirty, it's not that your sweat is smelly, I will give my concubine to the master who has performed great achievements in the founding of the country.
During the war, he was a shield and a discrete tribe, gathered for me; during the war, he was an armor and a scattered tribe, collected for me. In order to repay the master's great achievements, I gave you to him.From then on, my descendants should always remember to repay those who have made such great contributions. If you don’t change me, don’t cut off Yibahe’s position (fame)! "
Genghishehan said to Yibahe again: "Your father Zahe dared not give you two chefs, Ashihei Timur and Alechihei, and give you two hundred followers. Now you go to the Wuluwuti tribe. In order to commemorate, take the chefs from Ashihei Timur and a hundred followers here! "Genghishehan told the master again: "Give Yiba Hehedun to you." I will order you to govern the four thousand Wuluwuti clans! "This is a gift.
[12] Although Shu Chi's actual bloodline is doubtful, he has always been regarded as the descendant of Genghis Khan in name. He received the most people (9,000 households) and the widest fiefdom among his sons during his lifetime. His descendants, Kazakhs and Uzbek upper class, were actually descendants of the Golden Family, after all, they are all products of the White Horde and the Blue Horde.
[13] "Mongol Secret History" Chapter 281: Ogeda said: "...I have been in love with drinking wine since I took up the throne of Hanfu and accepted the great cause of rule over all countries. This is my first mistake. Second, it was not right to obey the woman's words and marry a woman among the tribes under Uncle Oti Chijin. As the king of the country, you should not do such bad things inappropriately. Third, we should not assassinate Duohulehu. Why is this wrong? Because he was the first-class soldier in front of my Hanfu, I believed the slander and hurt him. Now, who else can catch up with him? I assassinated the loyal and righteous people in front of Hanfu, and I know my mistakes. Fourth, in order to avoid the wild beasts born to bear the destiny, they ran to their brothers' pastures and blocked the walls of the building, causing the brothers to complain. This is also a mistake for me. "
[14] "Mongolian Secret History" Chapter 195: Nahoelun's mother's youngest son, his name is Oti Chijin. Because he was spoiled, he went to bed early, but he was a brave person. Because he was the last son, although he got up late, he was a capable man. During the war, he never retreated, and Oti Chijin brought Atuer.
[15] "Mongolian Secret History" Chapter 272: Tolei said in front of him: "...Indeed, if Brother Han makes any mistakes, Mongolia is isolated, and the Jin Kingdom will be happy. I will redeem my life on behalf of Brother Han! I split the back of the trout, I broke the back of the sturgeon, I defeated the open enemies and suppressed the hidden enemies. My face is beautiful and my back is tall. Wizard, chant the spell! ”
[16] "Mongolian Secret History" Chapter 276: When Oge Dehehan heard Ba Tu's words, he was very angry and did not ask Gu Yuke to pay his respects, saying, "Who did you hear such a lowly thing? How dare you scold your brother? This bad guy is rotten and dares to oppose his brother. ”
Chapter 277: He Han was angry and asked Gu Yuke to come to see him, scolding him and said, "I heard that you slapped all the people with butts on the way to the war, and you threw away the soldiers' shame. Do you think the country of Olusuti was conquered because of fear of your irritability? Do you think you miss you so much that you can subdue the country of Olusuti, and become arrogant and dare to resist your brother? "
[17] "Shengwu Personal End": Ji Chou... Hebei is ordered to first attach the Han people's Fu Dian, and Wudu Sahan is the leader, Western Regions Fu Dian, and Yaluwa Chi is the leader.
[18] "Mongolian Secret History" Section 247: Later, Gengsi Hehan went to conquer the Jin Kingdom in the year of Yang'er (1211)... The two sent Bie and Gu Yigu Naike as vanguards and arrived at Juyongguan... Those who occupied Juyongguan and crossed the mountains. Gengsi Hehan garrisoned Longhutai. Send troops to capture Zhongdu and other cities and counties.
Section 272: In the Year of the Rabbit (1231), Oge Dahehan went to the Jin Kingdom, and took the van as the van, killing the Jin soldiers as the van, crossing Juyong Pass, and breaking many cities in various places. The absurdity recorded in the second paragraph of
can be seen by just two historical facts: Zhongdu was occupied by Mongolia in 1215, and Zhe Bie (Bie) died in 1224 on his way back from the Western Expedition.
This article is an original manuscript of the Cold Weapon Research Institute. The editor-in-chief Yuan Kuo and the author of the British and American garden visits. No media may reprint without written authorization. Violators will be held legally responsible.Some pictures are from the Internet. If you have any copyright issues, please contact us.
