However, in Jiangsu Province during the Qing Dynasty, there were two governors, one was the governor of Liangjiang who worked in Nanjing, and the other was the governor of the grain transport who worked in Huai'an . The phenomenon of two governors in one province is acceptable. It is called a wonder of the Qing court's political arena.
above_ In 1820, the governor-general of the Qing Dynasty was the governor-general of the Qing Dynasty. The governor-general of the Qing Dynasty was
- Governor-general of Liangjiang: a high-ranking official with respect for status
The title of Governor-general of Liangjiang began in the 21st year of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty (1682 AD) because its jurisdiction was Jiangnan Province It is named after the "two rivers" in Jiangxi Province. Later, Jiangnan Province was divided into Anhui and Jiangsu provinces, so the Governor of Liangjiang became the only senior member in charge of the three provinces, and his resident was Nanjing. The Governor of Liangjiang himself belonged to the second rank, and later many Governors led the title of Minister of War at the same time, so they were promoted to the first rank (of course, this leadership was only to enjoy his political treatment, not to be granted the actual position of Minister of the Shang Dynasty). After the Opium War , the Governor of Liangjiang also served as Minister of Commerce of Nanyang, echoing the Governor of Zhili as the Minister of Commerce of Beiyang, thus increasing the special powers in diplomacy and economic and trade. Therefore, the Governor of Liangjiang is not only a local boss, but also an extremely prominent and important existence in the entire court.
above_ Huaian, the ruins of the Governor's Office
- Governor's Office: a professional official with a wide radiation surface
In comparison, the history of the Governor's Office has a longer history, and it was set up as early as the second year of Jingtai, Ming Dynasty This official title is mainly responsible for the delivery of food and food supplies to the capital in various southern provinces through the Grand Canal of Beijing and Hangzhou. It continued to be used during the Qing Dynasty, and its resident was the key town on the canal, Huai'an, Jiangsu. Its level is also the second grade, and the first grade is the first grade if the title is added. Like the local governors such as the Governor of Liangjiang, the Governor of Cao Transport also has its own army directly under its jurisdiction, and because of its professionalism, it also has a naval camp that the general governor does not have. The difference is that the army of the local governor is called "Dubiao", and the governor of the canal transport is called "Caobiao", so the governor of the canal transport can also be called "Caozheng", and his yamen is called "Caozheng", and his yamen is called "Caojun Office of the General Cao Department" and the local yamen. There are differences between the "Governor's Office".
It sounds like the Governor of the Canal Transport seems to be just managing transportation logistics. In fact, it is not the case. Except for waterway transportation, all docks, warehouses, fleets, shipyards, etc. related affairs related to canals are under its jurisdiction. In fact, its power radiates to Shandong, There are as many as eight provinces including Henan, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Hubei, and Hunan.
In addition, in the Qing Dynasty, the famous "society organization" Caobang (the predecessor of Qinggang ) had to obey its orders and control it. Not only that, in some special periods (such as suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom ), for the sake of military use, the Governor of the Grain Transport could also manage military and political jurisdiction over some areas along the canal. It can be said that the self-contained system of the Governor of the Canal Transportation Transportation is by no means just a "transportation captain".
above_ The ancient canal transportation scene
- one gradually declined, and the other continued to rise
only in terms of grade, status, etc., it can be said that the two sides are basically in a reciprocal state, but the difference is that the development trends of both sides are different. In the middle and early Qing Dynasty, the Governor of the Valley Transport was in a crucial position because it was related to the lifeline of the country, so it was in a transcendent position at the level of the Governor. For example, Emperor Kangxi said that "the three major events of , the Three Feudals of the City, the river affairs and the canal transportation are the three major events, and they are memorized by me day and night, and I personally wrote a general idea, hanging on the pillars in the palace." The status of the canal transportation can be seen.
However, from the late Qing Dynasty, this situation began to undergo earth-shaking changes.First of all, Yellow River basin natural disasters frequently occurred, and many breaks and diverted routes caused the canal to gradually block and could not be used normally. The productivity level and corruption at that time could not be effectively managed, so the canal had already been Out of a waste state.
At the same time, with the progress of the times and the development of science and technology, sea transportation and railway transportation have flourished and developed rapidly, greatly impacting inland river transportation and gradually replacing it. Therefore, the Governor of the Canal Transport gradually became nothing to do The "lying flat" state was only preserved because of the inertia of the already corrupt feudal bureaucratic system of the Qing court.
above_ Westernization Movement Shipbuildings
In comparison, the Governor of Liangjiang is indeed in a gradual rise. The agriculture and handicrafts in his jurisdiction are very developed and have always been the economic center of the Qing Dynasty, especially after the Opium War. With the development of Westernization Movement , the jurisdiction has gathered more modern enterprises and the economy has developed rapidly. At the same time, many of the jurisdictions are riverside and coastal ports, so they are given a part-time job as the Minister of Commerce of the Nanyang and the foundation of local officials. The upper class was given diplomatic and economic power, which was in sharp contrast to the decline of the Governor of the Cao Transport.
A typical example is that the important official in the late Qing Dynasty, Wu Tang, , relied on the identity of Empress Dowager Cixi as a confidant and favorite minister, and the military achievements of suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and , Nian Army, , were appointed as the governor of Jiangning in 1861 (from the second rank) He was in charge of the Grain Transport Office and officially became the Governor of the Grain Transport in 1863 (Wu Tang was only a seventh-rank county magistrate in 1853. This "rocket-like" promotion and promotion indeed reflects the empress dowager's favor). However, Wu Tang believed that the Governor of the Valley Transport had long been unworthy of his name and had no real power, so he was concerned about taking the position of Governor of Liangjiang, whom Zeng Guofan served as the Governor of Liangjiang. Although Wu Tang had Empress Dowager Cixi as her backing, Zeng Sham, who had more than 100,000 , Hunan Army , was reluctant to give up his head easily, and the two sides were in a stalemate.
In the end, Empress Dowager Cixi was in the middle and mediated, allowing the then governor of Fujian and Zhejiang to be replaced by the governor of Liangjiang (I didn't expect that I would die two years later, Zhang Wenxiang's hand), which temporarily calmed down the dispute ( Cixi changed his appointment to Zeng Guofan as the governor of Zhili, and Wu Tang as the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, which was a joy to everyone). It can be seen from this that the weight of the Governor of Liangjiang and the Governor of Cao Transport was already judging.
above picture_ Cixi (1835-1908), that is, Empress Xiaoqinxian,
- , has overlapping and intersection of jurisdiction, but basically all is peaceful
Although one is mainly local military and political affairs and the other is mainly can transport transportation, in fact, both cannot There are many intersections and overlaps that are avoided. The jurisdiction of the Governor of Liangjiang was also an important agricultural production area in the Qing Dynasty, and it was an important supply place for food, grass and materials transported to the capital. One of the important responsibilities of the Governor of Liangjiang also included the transportation of grain and grass, which coincided with the certain functions of the Governor of the Governor of the Governor of the Governor of the Governor of the Governor of the Governor of the Governor of the Governor of the Governor of the Governor of the Governor of the Governor of the Governor of the Governor of the Governor of the Governor of the Governor of the Governor of the Governor of the Governor of the Governor of the Governor of the Governor of the Governor of the Governor of the Governor of the Governor of the Governor of the Governor of the
The Governor of the Valley Transport also had military and political jurisdiction over some river-along areas in northern Jiangsu in the late Qing Dynasty, which originally belonged to the management scope of the Governor of the Two Rivers, so there was a certain intersection. Since the scope of jurisdiction and boundaries of power are not clear, two governors in the same province will inevitably have power disputes. However, in comparison, the nature of the main business is completely different, and conflicts are not common.
above picture_Mu Tianyan (1624-1696) characters Gongji,
In comparison, the governor of the canal transportation has more business disputes with the governor of the river that also manages water business and focuses on flood control ( For example, in 1688, the then governor of the grain transport of the Kangxi reign, Mu Tianyan believed that the river channel governor Jin Fu , using the method of building dikes to control water, would affect the canal transport, and there was a fierce conflict with it. Most important officials in the court supported Mu Tianyan. ).
And for the Governor of Liangjiang, the governor of Jiangsu who was in charge of Suzhou may be even more terrible opponents (for example, in 1711, the 50th year of Kangxi, the then governor of Liangjiang Galli and the governor of Jiangsu Zhang Boxing are two people who are mutually connected. The participants attacked the other party, causing a sensational "cross-participation case").
The Governor of the Cao Transport, which lost its meaning in the late Qing Dynasty, was finally officially abolished by the Qing court in 1905. The seemingly glorious Governor of the Liangjiang River disappeared with the demise of the Qing Dynasty a few years later. Two Governors of one province and one year, and finally the end of the day. All disappeared into the long river of history.
Author: Yang Shang Liu Xia Correction/Editor: Lilith
Reference: "There is a Zeng Guofan in the late Qing Dynasty", written by Zhao Yan, Guangxi Normal University Press
Text was created by the team of the History University, and the pictures are from the Internet Copyright belongs to the original author
